Weathering

Progress in Physical Geography

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 1984, Pages 543-569

  Mcgreevy, J P ^a   Whalley, W B ^a  

^a QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0021536499     PISSN: 03091333     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/030913338400800404     Document Type: Article

References (258)

1. Accardo, G., Tabasso, M.L., Massa, S. and Rossi-Doria, P. 1978: Measurements of porosity and of mechanical resistance in order to evaluate the state of deterioration of some stones. UNESCO/RILEM International Symposium on the Deterioration and Protection of Stone Monuments, Paris, Paper 2.1.
2. Accardo, G., Massa, S., Rossi-Doria, P., Sammuri, P. and Tabasso, M. 1981: Artificial weathering of Carrara marble: relationships between the induced variations of some physical properties. Proceedings of the International Symposium, ‘The Conservation of Stone II’, Bologna, 243-273.
3. Adams, A. and Pratt, H.A. 1945: A comparison of absorption and soundness tests on Maine sands. Proceedings of the American Society for Testing and Materials 45, 771-76.
4. Alessandrini, G., Peruzzi, R. and Di Capitani, L. 1975: Investigations on the decay of Candoglia marble used in the Milan Duomo. Proceedings of the International Symposium, ‘The Conservation of Stone I’, Bologna, 137-167.
5. Alessandrini, G., Peruzzi, R. and Giambelli, G. 1976: Tests on the effectiveness of a treatment to conserve Milan Cathedral. Lithoclastia 2, 17-31.
6. Alessandrini, G., Sala, G., Biscontin, G. and Lazzarini, L. 1982: The Arch of Peace in Milan. 1. Researches on stone deterioration. Studies in Conservation 27, 8-18.
7. American Society for Testing and Materials 1982: Standard practice for developing accelerated tests to aid prediction of the service life of building components and materials (Designation: E 632-81).
8. Ansted, D.T. 1860: On the decay and preservation of building materials. Journal of the Franklin Institute 40, 155-63 and 217-23.
9. Arni, H.T. 1966: Resistance to weathering. American Society for Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication 169, 261-74.
10. Arnold, A. 1976: Behaviour of some soluble salts in stone deterioration. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on the Deterioration of Building Stones, Athens, 27-36.
11. Ashton, H.E. and Sereda, P.J. 1982: Environment, microenvironment and durability of building materials. Durability of Building Materials 1, 49-65.
12. Baronio, G. and Cancelli, A. 1981: Behaviour of clastic rocks in polluted atmosphere. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Weak Rock, Tokyo, 173-178.
13. Barton, D.C. 1916: Notes on the disintegration of granite in Egypt. Journal of Geology 24, 382-93.
14. Battle, W.R.B. 1960: Temperature observations in bergschrunds and their relationship to frost shattering. In Lewis, W.V., editor, Norwegian cirque glaciers, Royal Geographical Society Research Series 4, 83-95.
15. Berg, R.L. and Esch, D.C. 1983: Effect of color and texture on the surface temperature of asphalt concrete pavements. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Permafrost, Fairbanks, 57-61.
16. Bisque, R.E. and Lemish, J. 1958: Chemical characteristics of some carbonate aggregate as related to durability of concrete. Proceedings of the Highway Research Board 37, 29-45.
17. Blachere, J.R. and Young, J.E. 1974: Failure of capillary theory of frost damage as applied to ceramics. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 57, 212-16.
18. Blackburn, G. and Hutton, J.T. 1980: Soil conditions and the occurrence of salt damp in buildings of metropolitan Adelaide. Australian Geographer 14, 360-65.
19. Blaga, A. and Yamasaki, R.S. 1973: Mechanism of surface microcracking of matrix in glass-reinforced polyester by artificial weathering. Journal of Materials Science 8, 1331-39.
20. Blaga, A. and Yamasaki, R.S. 1976: Surface microcracking induced by weathering of polycarbonate sheet. Journal of Materials Science 11, 1513-20.
21. Blaga, A. and Yamasaki, R.S. 1978: Effect of surface finish on the durability of GRP sheets. Matériaux et Constructions 11, 175-83.
22. Blaine, R.L., Hunt, C.M. and Tomes, L.A. 1953: Use of internal surface area measurements in research on freezing and thawing of materials. Proceedings of the Highway Research Board 32, 298-306.
23. Blanc, A., Jaton, C. and Orial, G. 1981: Etude des matériaux et des altérations de 1a façade de Notre-Dame-la-Grande de Poitiers avant restauration. Proceedings of the International Symposium, ‘The Conservation of Stone II’, Bologna, 333-354.
24. Bollen, R.E. 1948: Durability of portland cement concrete determined by primary directional freezing and uniform thawing. Proceedings of the Highway Research Board 28, 218-232.
25. Borge, O.E., Paxton, J.A. and Kaden, R.A. 1975: Durability of vacuum saturated concrete and grout. In Durability of concrete American Concrete Institute Special Publication 47, 89-99.
26. Browne, F.P. and Cady, P.D. 1975: Deicer scaling mechanisms in concrete. In Durability of concrete, American Concrete Institute Special Publication 47, 169-90.
27. Buckley, E.R. 1896: On the building and ornamental stones of Wisconsin. Bulletin of the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey 4.
28. Burgess, S.G. and Schaffer, R.J. 1952: Cleopatra's Needle. Chemistry and Industry 42, 1026-29.
29. Butterworth, B. 1964a: Laboratory tests and the durability of bricks. II. The recording, comparison and use of outdoor exposure tests. Transactions of the British Ceramic Society 63, 615-28.
30. Butterworth, B. 1964b: Laboratory tests and the durability of bricks. IV. The indirect appraisal of durability. Transactions of the British Ceramic Society 63, 639-46.
31. Butterworth, B. and Baldwin, L.W. 1964: Laboratory tests and the durability of bricks. V. The indirect appraisal of durability. Transactions of the British Ceramic Society 63, 647-61.
32. Camuffo, D., Del Monte, M., Sabbioni, C. and Vittori, O. 1982: Wetting, deterioration and visual features of stone surfaces in an urban area. Atmospheric Environment 16, 2253-59.
33. Caner, E.N. and Seeley, N.J. 1978: The clay minerals and the decay of limestone. UNESCO/RILEM International Symposium on the Deterioration and Protection of Stone Monuments, Paris, Paper 5.3.
34. Caner, E.N. and Seeley, N.J. 1981: Decay zones of limestone and dolomite. Proceedings of the International Symposium, ‘The Conservation of Stone II’, Bologna, 37-46.
35. Cantrill, C. and Campbell, L. 1939: Selection of aggregate for concrete pavements based on service records. Proceedings of the American Society for Testing and Materials 39, 937-45.
36. Carpenter, S.H., Lytton, R.L. and Epps, J.A. 1975: Pavement cracking in west Texas due to freeze-thaw cycling. Transportation Research Record 532, 1-13.
37. Carrier, R.E., Pu, D.C. and Cady, P.D. 1975: Moisture distribution in concrete bridge decks and pavements. In Durability of Concrete, American Concrete Institute Special Publication 47, 169-90.
38. Charola, A.E. and Lewin, S.Z. 1979: Efflorescences on building stones - SEM in the characterization and elucidation of the mechanism of formation. In Johari, O., editor, Scanning electron microscopy, Illinois: SEM Inc., 379-87.
39. Chatterji, S. and Christensen, P. 1979: A mechanism of breakdown of limestone nodules in a freeze-thaw environment. Cement and Concrete Research 9, 741-46.
40. Clark, E.J. and Roberts, W.E. 1982: Weathering performance of cover materials for flat plate solar collectors. United States National Bureau of Standards Technical Note 1170.
41. Clarke, B.L. and Ashurst, J. 1972: Stone preservation experiments. London: HMSO.
42. Clifton, J.R. and Carino, N.J. 1982: Nondestructive evaluation methods for quality acceptance of installed building materials. United States National Bureau of Standards, Journal of Research 87, 407-38.
43. Cole, W.F. and Beresford, F.D. 1980: Influence of basalt aggregate on concrete durability. American Society for Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication 691, 617-28.
44. Cole, W.F., Wilson, A. and Lancucki, C.J. 1975: Instrumental analysis of brick efflorescences and scums. Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society 11, 7-9.
45. Collins, A.R. 1944: The destruction of concrete by frost. Journal of the Institute of Civil Engineers 23, 29-41.
46. Collins, A.R. 1945: Discussion of ‘A working hypothesis for further studies of frost resistance of concrete’ by T.C. Powers. Journal of the American Concrete Institute 16 (supplement), 272-12-272-14.
47. Cook, H.K. 1952: Experimental exposure of concrete to natural weathering in marine locations. Proceedings of the American Society for Testing and Materials 52, 1169-81.
48. Cooke, R.U., Brunsden, D., Doornkamp, J.C. and Jones, D.K.C. 1982: Urban geomorphology in drylands. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
49. Cooke, R.U. and Doornkamp, J.C. 1974: Geomorphology in environmental management. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
50. Cooke, R.U. and Smalley, J.C. 1968: Salt weathering in deserts. Nature 220, 1226-27.
51. Cope, R. and Revirand, G. 1982: Short-term weathering of polymeric materials. Durability of BuildingMaterials 1, 225-40.
52. Crnkovic, B. 1982: Nondestructive method in determination of technical properties of natural stones. Durability of Building Materials 1, 35-47.
53. Croney, D. 1952: Frost damage to roads in Great Britain. Highway Research Board Special Report 2, 281-84.
54. Dearman, W.R. and Irfan, T.Y. 1978: Assessment of the degree of weathering in granite using petrographic and physical index tests. UNESCO/RILEM International Symposium on the Deterioration and Protection of Stone Monuments, Paris, Paper 2.3.
55. De Beaucourt, F. 1972: Relations entre 1es altérations des pierres calcaires et certaines de leurs caractéristiques. Application à l'église monolithe d'Aubeterresur-Dronne, extension à d'autres cas. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on the Deterioration of Building Stones, La Rochelle, 215-16.
56. Delvert, J. 1963: Recherche sur l'‘erosion’ des grès des monuments d'Angkor. Bulletin de l'Ecole Française d'Extreme-Orient 51, 453-534.
57. De Puy, G.W. 1965: Petrographic investigations of rock durability and comparisons of various test procedures. Bulletin of the American Association of Engineering Geologists 2, 31-46.
58. De Thury, H. 1982: Sur le procedé proposé par M. Brard pour reconaitre immediatement les pierres qui ne peuvent pas résister à la gelée. Annales de Chimie et de Physique 38, 160-92.
59. Dibb, T.E., Hughes, D.W. and Poole, A.B. 1983: The identification of critical factors affecting rock durability in marine environments. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology 16, 149-61.
60. Dolar-Mantuani, L. 1964: The influence of weathering on the quality of the Beekmantown dolomite. Proceedings of the Geologists Association of Canada 15, 115-30.
61. Dunn, J.R. and Hudec, P.P. 1966: Clay, water and rock soundness. Ohio Journal of Science 66, 153-68.
62. Efes, Y. 1974: The corrosion of natural stone at the Cathedral of Cologne. La Tribune du Cebedeau 27, 495-507.
63. Egleston, T. 1886: The cause and prevention of the decay of building stone. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers 15, 647-716.
64. El-Shimi, M., White, R. and Fazio, P. 1980: Influence of facade geometry on weathering. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 7, 597-613.
65. Emerson, M. 1976: Bridge temperatures estimated from the shade temperature. Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Laboratory Report 696.
66. Emerson, M. 1980: Steel box bridge temperatures in Australia and the United Kingdom. Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Supplementary Report 611.
67. Emery, K.D. 1970: Weathering of the Great Pyramid. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 30, 140-43.
68. Evans, I.S. 1970: Salt crystallization and rock weathering: a review. Revue de Géomorphologie Dynamique 19, 153-77.
69. Fagerlund, G. 1974: Critical moisture contents at freezing of porous materials. Proceedings of the 2nd CIB/RILEM Symposium on Moisture Problems in Buildings, Rotterdam, Vol. 2, 1-17.
70. Fagerlund, G. 1977: The critical degree of saturation method of assessing the freeze-thaw resistane of concrete. Matériaux et Constructions 10, 217-29.
71. Fahey, B.D. and Gowan, R.J. 1979: Application of the sonic test to experimental freeze-thaw studies in geomorphic research. Arctic and Alpine Research 11, 253-60.
72. Farjallat, J.E.S. 1974: Physical problems of the degradation of basalts. International Association of Engineering Geologists, 2nd International Congress, Sao Paulo, Vol. 3, 207-29.
73. Fassina, V. 1978: A survey on air pollution and deterioration of stonework in Venice. Atmospheric Environment 12, 2205-11.
74. Felix, C., Amoroso, G.G. and Furlan, V. 1978: Laboratory performance of a calcareous sandstone after treatment with acrylic copolymer and polymethylmethacrylate. Proceedings of the 14th World Congress of the International Society for Fat Research, 3-16.
75. Filonidov, A.M. 1982: Use of ultrasound for checking the frost resistance of concrete. Hydrotechnical Construction 16, 239-45.
76. Fischer, W. 1927: Verwitterungsercheinungen am Dresdener Zwinger. Natur und Museum 57, 505-16.
77. Flack, H.L. 1957: Freezing and thawing resistance of concrete as affected by the method of test. Proceedings of the American Society for Testing and Materials 57, 1077-95.
78. Fookes, P.G. and Collis, L. 1975: Problems in the Middle East. Concrete 9, 12-17.
79. Fookes, P.G. and Poole, A.B. 1981: Some preliminary considerations on the selection and durability of rock and concrete materials for breakwaters and coastal protection works. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology 14, 97-128.
80. Franchi, R., Galli, G. and Manganelli Del Fa, C. 1978: Researches on the deterioration of stonework. VI. The Donatello pulpit. Studies in Conservation 23, 23-37.
81. French, W.J. 1978: The migration and precipitation of water-soluble ions in concrete. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on the Effects of Alkalies in Cement and Concrete, Purdue University, 42-67.
82. Frohnsdorff, G. and Masters, L.W. 1980: The meaning of durability and durability prediction. American Society for Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication 691, 17-30.
83. Furlan, V. and Girardet, F. 1975: Methode d'essai de vieillissement accéléré pour l'étude des traitements des pierres. Proceedings of the International Symposium, ‘The Conservation of Stone I’, Bologna, 713-729.
84. Garden, G.K. 1965: Damage to masonry constructions by the ice-lensing mechanism. Proceedings of the RLEM/CIB Symposium, ‘Moisture Problems in Buildings’, Helsinki, Paper 2-6.
85. Gauri, K.L. 1980: Deterioration of architectural structures and monuments. In Toribara, T.Y., Miller, M.W. and Morrow, P.E., editors, Polluted rain, New York: Plenum, 125-45.
86. Gauri, K.L. and Holdren, G.C. 1981: Pollutant effects on stone monuments. Environmental Science and Technology 15, 386-90.
87. Geikie, A. 1880: Rock weathering as illustrated in Edinburgh churchyards. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 10, 518-32.
88. Gerard, R. 1972: Etude du comportement des pierres calcaires exposées aux intempéries et à des agents de pollution. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on the Deterioration of Building Stones, La Rochelle, 33-39.
89. Gillott, J.E. 1978: Effect of de-icing agents and sulphate solutions on concrete aggregate. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology 11, 177-92.
90. Gillott, J.E. 1980: Effect of microstructure and composition of limestone, marble, basalt, and quartzite aggregate on concrete durability in presence of solutions of calcium chloride and magnesium culphate. American Society for Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication 691, 605-16.
91. Gonnerman, H.F., Timms, A.G. and Taylor, T.G. 1937: Effect of calcium and sodium chlorides on concrete when used for ice removal. Proceedings of the American Concrete Institute 33, 107-22.
92. Goudie, A.S. 1977: Sodium sulphate weathering and the disintegration of Mohenjo-Daro, Pakistan. Earth Surface Processes 2, 75-86.
93. Grieb, W.E. and Werner, G. 1964: Natural weathering of concrete specimens prepared with cements used in the long time study. Public Roads 33, 57-67.
94. Gruber, P. and Stemad, B. 1981: The detection and identification of gypsum alteration products in stone by means of ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy. Studies in Conservation 26, 161-67.
95. Hansen, W.C. 1963: Crystal growth as a source of expansion in portland-cement concrete. Proceedings of the American Society for Testing and Materials 63, 932-45.
96. Hanson, L.O. 1933: Weathering tests on concrete. Proceedings of the Highway Research Board 13, 303-26.
97. Hardesty, J.M. 1944: Disintegration of face brick by dissolved salts. Bell Laboratory Record 22, 222-24.
98. Harnik, A.B., Meier, U. and Rosli, A. 1980: Combined influence of freezing and de-icing salt on concrete. American Society for Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication 691, 474-84.
99. Harvey, R.D., Baxter, J.W., Fraser, G.S. and Smith, C.B. 1978: Absorption and other properties of carbonate rock affecting soundness of aggregate. Geological Society of America, Engineering Geology Case Histories 11, 7-16.
100. Hatfield, R.G. 1873: Experimental tests of building stones. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers 48, 145-51.
101. Hayden, J.D. 1945: Salt erosion. American Antiquity 10, 373-78.
102. Haynie, F.H. 1982: Deterioration of marble. Durability of Building Materials 1, 241-54.
103. Helmuth, R.A. 1960: Capillary size restrictions on ice formation in hardened portland cement pastes. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on the Chemistry of Cement, Washington DC, 855-69.
104. Henley, K.J. 1967: Some mineralogical aspects of air pollution damage to limestone. Proceedings of a Conference of the National Society for Clean Air, Blackpool, 3-8.
105. Henry, J. 1856: On the mode of testing building materials and an account of the marble used in the extension of the United States Capitol. American Journal of Science 72, 30-38.
106. Higgs, N.B. 1976: Slaking basalts. Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists 13, 151-62.
107. Hilger, A. 1897: Uber Verwitterungsvorgange bei Krystallinischen und Sedimentargesteinen. Landwirschaftliche Jahrbücher 8, 1-11.
108. Hirschwald, J. 1912: Handbuch der Bautechnischen Gesteinsprufung. Berlin: Borntraeger.
109. Hochstetter, R. 1974: The pore structure of some building materials and their resistance against the combined action of frost and salt solutions. Proceedings of the RILEM/IUPAC International Symposium, ‘Pore Structure and Properties of Materials’, Prague, Vol. VI, F51-F66.
110. Hoke. E. 1978: Investigations of weathering crusts on Salzburg stone monuments. Studies in Conservation 23, 118-26.
111. Honeyborne, D.B. 1965: A laboratory freezing test for natural building stone. Building Research Station (United Kingdom), Miscellaneous Papers, 3.
112. Honeyborne, D.B. and Harris, P.B. 1958: The structure of porous building stone and its relation to weathering behaviour. The Colston Papers 10, 343-65.
113. Hornibrook, F.B. 1939: Application of sonic method to freezing and thawing studies of concrete. Bulletin of the American Society for Testing and Materials 101, 5-8.
114. Hudec, P.P. 1978: Durability of carbonate rocks as function of their thermal expansion, water sorption, and mineralogy. American Society for Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication 691, 497-508.
115. Honeyborne, D.B. and Harris, P.B. 1958: The structure of porous building stone and its relation to weathering behaviour. The Colston Papers 10, 343-65.
116. Hudec, P.P. 1978: Rock weathering on the molecular level. Geological Society of America, Engineering Geology Case Histories 11, 47-51.
117. Hudec, P.P. 1980 a: Durability of carbonate rocks as functions of their thermal expansion, water sorption, and mineralogy. American Society for Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication 691, 497-508.
118. Hudec, P.P. 1980 b: Effect of de-icing salts on deterioration and dimensional changes of carbonate rocks. American Society for Testing and Materials, Special Publication 691, 629-40.
119. Hudec, P.P. 1980 c: Durability of shales in embankments and backfills. Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals, New York, 70-80.
120. Hudec, P.P. 1982a: Aggregate tests - their relationship and significnce. Durability of Building Materials 1, 275-300.
121. Hudec, P.P. 1982b: Statistical analysis of shale durability factors. Transportation Research Record 873, 28-35.
122. Hudec, P.P. and Rigbey, S.G. 1976: The effect of sodium chloride on water sorption characteristics of rock aggregate. Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists 13, 199-211.
123. Jackson, F.H. 1955: Correlation of the results of laboratory tests with field performance under natural freezing and thawing conditions. Journal of the A merican Concrete Institute 27, 159-93.
124. Jackson, F.H. and Werner, G. 1932: The resistance of concrete to frost action. Public Roads 13, 32-38.
125. Jackson, K.A. and Chalmers, B. 1958: Freezing of liquids in porous media with special reference to frost heave in soils. Journal of Applied Physics 29, 1178-81.
126. Jeannette, D. 1981: Modifications superficielles de grès en oeuvre dans des monuments alsaciens. Science Géologique, Bulletin 34, 37-46.
127. Jennings, J.E.B. and Kerrich, J.E. 1962: The heaving of buildings and the associated economic consequences, with particular reference to the Orange Free State goldfields. Civil Engineering (South Africa) 4, 221-48.
128. Jessing, J. 1958: Action du gel sur les tuiles. Matériaux et Constructions 43, 103-16.
129. Johnson, A.W. 1952: Frost action in roads and airfields. A review of the literature, 1764-1951. Highway Research Board, Special Report 1.
130. Julien, A.A. 1884: The durability of building stones in New York City and vicinity. United States 10th Census, Vol. 10, Special Report on Petroleum, Coke, Building Stone, 364-84.
131. Kaiser, E. 1929: Uber eine Grundfrage der natürlichen Verwitterung und die chemische Verwitterung der Bausteine im Vergleich mit der in der freien Natur. Chemie der Erde 3, 290-342.
132. Kaneuji, J., Winslow, D.N. and Dolch, W.L. 1980: The relationship between an aggregate's pore size distribution and its freeze-thaw durability in concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 10, 433-41.
133. Karpati, K.K. and Sereda, P.J. 1980: Movement of brick panel cladding. Matériaux et Constructions 13, 3-9.
134. Kayyali, O.A., Page, C.L. and Ritchie, A.G.B. 1976: The effects of freezing and thawing cycles on the microstructure and strength of portland cement paste. Proceedings of Conference, ‘Hydrated Cement Pastes: Their Structure and Properties’, Sheffield University, 204-218.
135. Kennedy, T.B. and Mather, K. 1953: Correlation between laboratory accelerated freezing and thawing and weathering at Treat Island, Maine. Journal of the American Concrete Institute 25, 141-72.
136. Kessler, D.W. 1919: Physical and chemical tests on the commercial marbles of the United States. United States National Bureau of Standards, Technical Paper 123.
137. Kessler, D.W. and Sligh, W.H. 1927: Physical properties of the principal commercial limestones used for building construction in the United States. United States National Bureau of Standards, Technical Paper 349.
138. Klieger, P. 1980: Durability studies at the Portland Cement Association. American Society for Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication 691, 282-300.
139. Knetsch, G. 1960: Uber aride Verwitterung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung natürlicher und Kunstlicher Wände in Agypten. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supplementband 1, 190-205.
140. Knetsch, G. and Refai, E. 1955: Uber Wustenvgerwitternung, Wusten-Feinrelief und Denkmalzerfall in Agypten. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen, 101, 227-56.
141. Koh, Y. and Kamada, E. 1974: The influence of pore structure of concrete made with absorptive aggregates on the frost durability of concrete made with absorptive aggregates on the frost durability of concrete. Proceedings of the RILEM/IUPAC International Symposium, ‘Pore Structure and Properties of Materials’, Prague, Vol. II, F45-F62.
142. Larson, T.D. and Cady, P.D. 1969: Identification of frost susceptible particles in concrete aggregate. National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 66.
143. Laurie, A.P. 1925: Stone decay and the perservation of buildings. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry 44B, 86T-92T.
144. Lautridou, J.P. and Ozouf, J.C. 1982: Experimental frost shattering:15 years of research at the Centre de Géomorphologie du CNRS. Progress in Physical Geography 6, 215-32.
145. Leary, E. 1981: A preliminary assessment of capillarity tests as indicators of the durability of British limestones. Proceedings of the International Symposium, ‘The Conservation of Stone II’, Bologna, 73-90.
146. Leduc, E. 1909: The determination of the gelivity of stones. Proceedings of the 5th Congress of the International Association for Testing Materials, Copenhagen, Paper 12(4), 1-11.
147. Lewin, S.Z. and Charola, A.E. 1978: Scanning electron microscopy in the diagnosis of ‘diseased’ stone. In Johari, O., editor, Scanning electron microscopy, Illinois: SEM Inc., 695-703.
148. Lewis, D.W. and Dolch, W.L. 1955: Porosity and absorption. American Society for Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication 169, 303-13.
149. Lewis, D.W., Dolch, W.L. and Woods, K.B. 1953: Porosity determinations and the significance of pore characteristics of aggregates. Proceedings of the American Society for Testing and Materials 53, 949-58.
150. Lindgren, M.N. 1980: Prediction of the freeze-thaw durability of coarse aggregate in concrete by mercury intrusion porosimetry. Indiana Joint Highway Research Project Report FHWA/IN/JHRP-80/14.
151. Litvan, G.G. 1974: Pore structure and frost susceptibility of building materials. Proceedings of the RILEM/IUPAC International Symposium, ‘Pore Structure and Properties of Materials’, Prague, Vol. II, F17-F30.
152. Litvan, G.G. 1978: Adsorption systems at temperatures below the freezing point of the adsorptive. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 9, 253-302.
153. Litvan, G.G. 1980: Freeze-thaw durability of porous building materials. American Society for Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication 691, 455-63.
154. Litvan, G.G., MacInnis, C. and Grattan-Bellew, P.E. 1980: Cooperative test program for precast paving elements. American Society for Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication 691, 560-73.
155. Livingstone, R. 1981: The air pollution contribution to stone deterioration: investigating the weathering of the Bowling Green Custom House, NY City. Technology and Conservation 12, 36-39.
156. Luquer, L. McI. 1895: The relative effects of frost and the sulphate of soda efflorescence tests on building stones. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers 33, 235-56.
157. Lutenegger, A.J., Wollenhaupt, N.C. and Handy, R.L. 1979: Laboratory simulation of shale expansion by induced gypsum growth. Canadian. Geotechnical Journal 16, 405-409.
158. MacInnis, C. and Beaudoin, J.J. 1968: Effect of degree of saturation on the frost resistance of mortar mixes. Journal of the American Concrete Institute 65, 203-207.
159. MacInnis, C. and Beaudoin, J.J. 1974: Pore structure and frost durability. Proceedings of the RILEM/IUPAC International Symposium, ‘Pore Structure and Properties of Materials’, Prague Vol. II, F3-F15.
160. MacInnis, C. and Nathawad, Y.R. 1980: The effects of a de-icing agent on the adsorption and permeability of various concretes. American Society for Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication 691, 485-96.
161. MacInnis, C. and Whiting, D. 1979: The frost resistance of concrete subjected to a de-icing agent. Cement and Concrete Research 9, 325-36.
162. McBurney, J.W. 1929: The water absorption and penetrability of brick. Proceedings of the American Society for Testing and Materials 29, 711-30.
163. McBurney, J.W. 1954: Masonry cracking and damage caused by moisture expansion of structural clay tile. Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials 54, 1219-38.
164. McBurney, J.W. and Lovewell, C.E. 1933: Strength, water absorption and weather resistance of building bricks produced in the United States. Proceedings of the American Society for Testing and Materials 33, 636-50.
165. McCoy, W.J. and Helms, S.B. 1952: Performance of concrete specimens during 10 years’ exposure to severe natural weathering. Proceedings of the American Society for Testing and Materials 52, 1182-1204.
166. McGreevy, J.P. 1981: Some perspectives on frost shattering. Progress in Physical Geography 5, 56-75.
167. McMahon, J.F. and Amberg, C.R. 1947: Disintegrating effect of repeated freezing and thawing on building brick. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 30, 81-89.
168. Malesani, P.P. and Vannucci, S.A. 1974: Decay of Pietra Serena and Pietraforte, Florentine building stones: petrographic observations. Studies in Conservation 19, 36-50.
169. Mamillan, M. 1972: Connaissances actuelles pour mésurer le degré d'altération des pierres et l'efficacité des méthodes de traitement. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on the Deterioration of Building Stones, La Rochelle, 47-56.
170. Marks, V.J. and Dubberke, W. 1982: Durability of concrete and the Iowa pore index test. Transportation Research Record 853, 25-30.
171. Marschner, H. 1978: Application of salt crystallisation test to impregnated stones. UNESCO/RILEM International Symposium on the Deterioration and Protection of Stone Monuments, Paris, Paper 3.4.
172. Martin, K.G. 1968: Weathering of rigid polyvinylchloride. Part 3. Natural and artificial weathering. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Building Research, Report 02.4-5.
173. Martin, K.G. 1980: Appraisal of durability of organic materials and components - the Australian view. American Society for Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication 691, 106-18.
174. Martin, K.G. and Price, R.E. 1982: Quantitative considerations of moisture as a climatic factor in weathering. Durability of Building Materials 1, 127-40.
175. Mather, K. 1947: Relation of absorption and sulfate test results on concrete sands. Bulletin of the American Society for Testing and Materials 144, 26-31.
176. Matteoli, U., Manganelli Del Fa, C., Frediani, P., Tiano, P. and Piacenti, F. 1981: Humidity in stones. II. Humidity and temperature determinations in various lithotypes. Proceedings of the International Symposium, ‘The Conservation of Stone II’, Bologna, 475-81.
177. Mattimore, H.S. 1936: Durability tests of certain portland cements. Proceedings of the Highway Research Board 16, 135-46.
178. Medgyesi, I., Bleuer, M. and Kraisell, G. 1981: Field examination of load bearing stone structures and the determination of their stability. Proceedings of the International Symposium, ‘The Conservation of Stone II’, Bologna, 503-511.
179. Mello, E. 1981: Recherches sur les causes de degradation d'un grès Lombard: la pierre d'Oggiono de la Chapelle Expiatoire de Monza. Proceedings of the International Symposium, ‘The Conservation of Stone II’, Bologna, 299-313.
180. Merrill, G.P. 1886: The weathering of building stones. Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1886 Part II, 331-45.
181. Millot, G., Cogné, J., Jeannette, D., Besnus, Y., Monnet, B., Guri, F. and Schimpf, A. 1967: La maladie des grès de 1a cathédrale de Strásbourg. Bulletin Service Carte Géologique d'Alsace Lorraine 20, 131-57.
182. Minty, E.J. 1965: Preliminary report on an investigation into the influence of several factors on the sodium sulphate soundness test for aggregate. Australian Road Research 2, 49-52.
183. Nerenst, P. 1960: Frost action in concrete. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on the Chemistry of Cement, Washington DC, 807-834.
184. Netterberg, F. 1970: Occurrence and testing for deleterious salts in road construction materials with particular reference to calcretes. Proceedings of a Symposium on Soils and Earth Structures in Arid Climates, Adelaide, 87-92.
185. Netterberg, F. and Loudon, P.A. 1980: Simulation of salt damage to roads with laboratory model experiments. Proceedings of the 7th Regional Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Accra, 355-61.
186. Niesel, K. 1981: Durability of porous building stone: importance of judgement criteria related to its structure. Proceedings of the International Symposium, ‘The Conservation of Stone II’, Bologna, 47-57.
187. Nireki, T. 1980: Examination of durability test methods for building materials based on performance evaluation. American Socity for Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication 691, 119-30.
188. Orton, E. 1919: A study of the proposed ASTM tentative specifications for building brick and a correlation of their requirements with sodium sulphate treatment and actual freezing. Proceedings of the American Soceity for Testing and Materials 19, 268-304.
189. Owens, J.S. 1912: Experiments on the weathering of Portland Stone. The Surveyor and Municipal and County Engineer 20 September, 380-82.
190. Paquet, J. 1964: Contribution à l'étude de la maladie de 1a pierre. Nouvelle hypothèse sur les causes des transferts et des concentrations de sulfate produisant les effets exfoliants. Les Monuments Historiques 2, 73-88.
191. Pauly, J.P. 1972a: Les procédés de simulation et leurs rapports avec les phénomènes naturels. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on the Deterioration of Building Stones, La Rochelle, 131-36.
192. Pauly, J.P. 1972 b: Relations entre les conditions climatologiques et les alterations dans l'église monolithe d'Aubeterre. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on the Deterioration of Building Stones, La Rochelle, 217-227.
193. Pauly, J.P. 1976: Le rôle des chlorures dans les maladies alvéolaire et désquamante. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on the Deterioration of Building Stones, Athens, 79-91.
194. Pauly, J.P. 1981: Analyse des courbes thermiques enregistrées dans les murs. Proceedings of the International Symposium, ‘The Conservation of Stone II’, Bologna, 107-16.
195. Plenderleith, H.J., Voute, C. and De Beaufort, T. 1965: Mohenjo-Daro. A 5000-year old heritage menaced by destruction. UNESCO Courier 18, 22-26.
196. Potocki, F.P. 1978: Road temperatures and climatological observations in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Supplementary Report 412.
197. Powers, T.C. 1945: A working hypothesis for further studies of frost resistance of concrete. Journal of the American Concrete Institute 16, 245-72.
198. Powers, T.C. 1949: The air requirements of frost-resistance concrete. Proceedings of the Highway Research Board 29, 184-211.
199. Powers, T.C. 1955: Basic considerations pertaining to freezing and thawing tests. Proceedings of the American Society for Testing and Materials 55, 1132-55.
200. Powers, T.C. 1968: The thermodynamics of volume change and creep. Matériaux et Constructions 1, 487-507.
201. Powers, T.C. 1975: Freezing effects in concrete. In Durability of concrete, American Concrete Institute Special Technical Publication 47, 1-11.
202. Powers, T.C. and Helmuth, R.A. 1953: Theory of volume changes in hardened portland-cement paste during freezing. Proceedings of the Highway Research Board 32, 285-97.
203. Price, C.A. 1975: The decay and preservation of natural building stone. Chemistry in Britain 11, 350-53.
204. Price, C.A. 1978: The use of the sodium sulphate crystallisation test for determining the weathering resistance of untreated stone. UNESCO/RILEM International Symposium on the Deterioration and Protection of Stone Monuments, Paris, Paper 3.6.
205. Price, C.A. 1981: Brethane stone preservative. Building Research Establishment Current Paper CP 1 /81.
206. Rasheeduzzafar and Dakhil, F.H. 1980: Field studies on the durability of concrete construction in a high chloride-sulphate environment. Housing Science 4, 203-32.
207. Rasheeduzzafar, Dakhil, F.H. and Al-Gahtani, A.S. 1984: Deterioration of concrete structures in the environment of the Middle East. Journal of the American Concrete Institute 81, 13-20.
208. Rhoades, R. and Mielenz, R.C. 1947: Petrography of concrete aggregate. Journal of the American Concrete Institute 17, 581-600.
209. Richmond, W. 1910: Short life of stone in London. Chemical Abstracts 4, 97.
210. Ritchie, T. 1972: Freeze-thaw action on brick. Journal of the Canadian Ceramic Society 41, 1-6.
211. Ritchie, T. and Davison, J.I. 1968: Moisture content and freeze-thaw cycles of masonry materials. Journal of Materials 3, 658-71.
212. Roberts, N.K. and Kallend, P.W. 1976: Selective salt efflorescence as the result of ion exchange on convict-made brickwork at Port Arthur. Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society 12, 5-7.
213. Rogers, C. 1983: Frost action as the cause of dolostone popouts in asphalt, Kings-ton, Ontario. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 20, 542-46.
214. Roper, H. 1973: Coarse aggregate meterials of the Sydney area - geological, mineralogical and rheological studies. Australian Road Research 5, 20-33.
215. Rossi-Manaresi, R. 1981: Effectiveness of conservation treatments for the sandstone of monuments in Bologna. Proceedings of the International Symposium, ‘The Conservation of Stone II’, Bologna, 665-88.
216. Russell, A.S. 1927: Report of the Stone Preservation Committee. Appendix 1-report on experimental investigations, May 1923-June 1925. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (United Kingdom), 7-20.
217. St John, D.A., 1982: An unusual case of ground water sulphate attack on concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 12, 633-39.
218. Schaffer, R.J. 1932: The weathering of natural building stones. London: HMSO. 1955: The weathering, preservation and restoration of stone buildings. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 103, 843-47.
219. Scholer, C.H. 1928: Some accelerated freezing and thawing tests on concrete. Proceedings of the American Society for Testing and Materials 28, 472-86.
220. Scott, J.L. 1983: Programmed environmental testing - a pet theory. Journal of the Oil Chemists and Colour Association 66, 129-32.
221. Scott, L.E. 1955: Secondary minerals in rock as a cause of pavement and base failure. Proceedings of the Highway Research Board 35, 412-17.
222. Setzer, M.J. 1976: A new approach to describe frost action in hardened cement paste and concrete. Proceedings of Conference, ‘Hydrated Cement Pastes: Their Structure and Properties’, Sheffield University, 312-325.
223. Shakoor, A., West, T.R. and Scholer, C.F. 1982: Physical characteristics of some Indiana argillaceous carbonates regarding their freeze-thaw resistance in concrete. Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists 19, 371-84.
224. Sharp, A.D., Trudgill, S.T., Cooke, R.U., Price, C.A., Crabtree, R.W., Pickles, A.M. and Smith, D.I. 1982: Weathering of the balustrade on St Paul's Cathedral, London. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 7, 387-89.
225. Skoulikidis, T. and Papkonstantinou-Ziotus, P. 1981: Mechanism of sulphation by atmospheric SO2 of the limestones and marbles of the ancient monuments and statues. I. Observations in situ (Acropolis) and laboratory measurements. British Corrosion Journal 16, 63-69.
226. Smith, B.J. 1977: Rock temperature measurements from the northwest Sahara and their implications for rock weathering. Catena 4, 41-63.
227. Sperling, C.H.B. and Cooke, R.U. 1980: Salt weathering in arid environments: experimental investigations of the relative importance of hydration and crystallization processes. I. Theoretical considerations. Bedford College London, Papers in Geography 8.
228. Stambolov, T. 1976: The corrosive action of salts. Lithoclastia 1, 3-8.
229. Stull, R.T. and Johnson, P.V. 1940: Some properties of the pore system in bricks and their relation to frost action. United States National Bureau of Standards, Journal of Research 25, 711-30.
230. Tassios, T.P. and Economou, C. 1976: Non-destructive evaluation of marble quality on the west part of the Parthenon. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on the Deterioration of Building Stones, Athens, 299-308.
231. Thomas, W.N. 1938: Experiments on the freezing of certain building materials. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (Great Britain), Building Research Station, Technical Paper 17.
232. Thorn, C.E. 1979: Bedrock freeze-thaw weathering regime in an alpine environment. Earth Surface Processes 4, 211-28.
233. Tiano, P., Matteoli, U., Manganelli Del Fa, C., Frediani, P. and Piacenti, F. 1981: Humidity in stones. I. A new procedure for the determination of humidity and temperature in stones. Proceedings of the International Symposium, ‘The Conservation of Stone II’, Bologna, 465-73.
234. Townsley, C.P. 1876: The decay of building stones. Van Nostrand's Engineering Magazine 14, 535-38.
235. Traunecker, C. 1972: La dégradation des grès dans les temples de Karnak. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on the Deterioration of Building Stones, La Rochelle, 67-75.
236. Van Atta, R.O. and Ludowise, H. 1974: Microscopic and X-ray diffraction examination to determine factors affecting durability. Federal Highway Administration Report FHWA-RD-74-20.
237. Van Atta, R.O. and Ludowise, H. 1976: Microscopic and X-ray examination of rock for durability testing. Federal Highway Administration, Report FHWA-RD-77-36.
238. Venecanin, S.D. 1980: Durability of composite materials as influenced by different coefficients of thermal expansion. American Society for Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication 691, 179-92.
239. Verbeck, G.J. and Klieger, P. 1957: Studies of ‘salt’ scaling of concrete. Highway Research Board Bulletin 150, 1-13.
240. Verbeck, G.J. and Klieger, P. 1958: Calorimeter-strain apparatus for study of freezing and thawing concrete. Highway Research Board Bulletin 176, 9-22.
241. Vos, M.A. and Moddle, D.A. 1976: Repetitive wetting and drying as a test of weathering resistance. Bulletin of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 69, 103-108.
242. Voute, C. 1963: Some geological aspects of the conservation project for the Philae temples in the Aswan area. Geologische Rundschau 52, 665-75.
243. Walker, R.D. and Hsieh, T.C. 1968: Relationship between aggregate pore characteristics and durability of concrete exposed to freezing and thawing. Highway Research Record 226, 41-49.
244. Watson, A. 1964: Laboratory tests and the durability of bricks. VI. The mechanism of frost action on bricks. Transactions of the British Ceramic Society 63, 663-80.
245. Whalley, W.B. and McGreevy, J.P. 1983: Weathering. Progress in Physical Geography 7, 559-86.
246. White, S.E. 1976: Is frost action really only hydration shattering? Arctic and Alpine Research 8, 1-6.
247. Whiteside, T.M. and Sweet, H.S. 1950: Effect of mortar saturation in concrete freezing and thawing tests. Proceedings of the Highway Research Board 30, 204-16.
248. Winkler, E.M. 1965: Weathering rates as exemplified by Cleopatra's Needle in New York City. Journal of Geological Education 13, 50-52.
249. Winkler, E.M. 1983: Ultra-violet luminescence, a new tool in geology. Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists 20, 227-30.
250. Winslow, D.N., Lindgren, M.K. and Dolch, W.L. 1982: Relation between pavement D-cracking and coarse aggregate pore structure. Transportation Research Record 853, 17-24.
251. Withey, M.O. 1939: Factors affecting the resistance to freezing and thawing of vibrated concrete made of crushed dolomite. Proceedings of the American Concrete Institute 35, 553-60.
252. Withey, M.O. 1946: Considerations involved in the making of freezing and thawing tests on concrete. Proceedings of the American Society for Testing and Materials 46, 1198-1207.
253. Woolf, D.L. 1927: Relation between sodium sulphate soundness test and absorption of sedimentary rock. Public Roads 8, 225-27.
254. Wright, P.J.F. and Gregory, J.M. 1955: An investigation into methods of carrying out accelerated freezing and thawing tests on concrete. Magazine of Concrete Research 6, 39-47.
255. Yamasaki, R.S. and Blaga, A. 1976: Hourly and monthly variations in surface temperature of opaque PVC during exposure under clear skies. Matériaux et Constructions 9, 231-42.
256. Yamasaki, R.S. and Blaga, A. 1980: Accelerated weathering test for glass-fiber reinforced polyester (GRP) sheets. American Society for Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication 691, 874-89.
257. Yocum, J.E. 1979: Air pollution damage to buildings in the Acropolis. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 29, 333-38.
258. Zaman, M.S., Ridgway, P. and Ritchie, A.G.B. 1982: Prediction of deterioration of concrete due to freezing and thawing and to de-icing chemical use. Journal of the American Concrete Institute 79, 56-58.