Tradition and Travesty: Chiefs and the Administration in Makoni District, Zimbabwe, 1960-1980

Africa

Volumn 52, Issue 3, 1982, Pages 20-41

  Ranger, Terence ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0020452899     PISSN: 00019720     EISSN: 17500184     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/1160523     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Deputy Secretary, Administration, to Minister of Internal Affairs, 24 November 1962, file ‘Makoni’, District Commissioner's Office, Rusape. Except where otherwise specified all references are to files in the District Commissioner's office.
2. Memo by L. J. de Bruijn, Acting Provincial Commissioner, Maniealand, ‘Weya T.T.L.: Makoni District’, 1971, file ‘Weya: Chendambuya’.
3. By-laws made by chief Zambe Makoni and Councillors under the Land Tenure (Proceedings of Tribal Land Authority Meetings) Regulations of 1969, file ‘Old papers on Chief Makoni’.
4. Minutes of Provincial Assembly of Manicaland Chiefs, 25 March 1975, file ‘Chiduku: Chief Tandi’.
5. D.C. Rusape, to P.C. Manicaland, 22 January 1975, file ‘Chikore chieftainship’.
6. D.C. Rusape, to P.C. 24 January 1975, file ‘Weya: Chendambuya’.
7. Roland Hatendi to D.C. Rusape, 23 May 1972, file ‘Makoni: Headman Rugoyi’.
8. Roland Hatendi to D.C. Rusape, 20 October 1972, file ‘Chiduku: Chief Tandi’.
9. J. F. Holleman, Chief, Council and Commissioner, Assen, 1968, p. 358.
10. For explicit reference to administrative obligations under the Act see D.C. Rusape, to Macdonnell Stewart and Co. 13 June 1974, file ‘Chiduku: Chief Chipunza’. ‘In order to have an African chief appointed the Minister of Internal Affairs has to show the President that the nominee has been selected with all due observance of the tribe's traditions and customs. This is written into. the African Affairs Act and officers of this Ministry are extremely careful to see that the Minister's confidence is well founded’.
11. L. J. de Bruijn to P.C. 31 December 1970, file ‘Makoni’.
12. For a fuller discussion of the links between spirit mediums, chiefs and the agrarian economy, see Terence Ranger, ‘Religions and rural protests’, in Religion and Rural Revolt, eds. G. Benecke and Janos Bak, forthcoming.
13. ‘Extract from L/Cpl Hwanyanya's Report’, January 1976, file ‘Chikore chieftainship’.
14. N.C. Rusape, to P.C. 28 March 1952, file ‘Old Papers on Chief Makoni’.
15. N.C. Rusape, to Chief N.C. 8 March 1957, file ‘Old Papers on Chief Makoni’.
16. N.C. Rusape, to P.C. 13 February, 13 June and 21 December 1961, file ‘Makoni’.
17. Interview with Maurice Nyagumbo, Salisbury, 14 January 1981.
18. Interview with Sylvester Mudzimuremba, Rugoyi clinic, 22 March 1981.
19. D.C. Rusape, to P.C. 28 February 1963, file ‘Makoni’.
20. D.C. Rusape, to P.C. 29 April 1963, file ‘Makoni’.
21. Interview with Roland Hatendi, Tandi, 21 February 1981.
22. Meeting between S. Morris, Secretary for Internal Affairs, and chief Makoni, 26 August 1963, file ‘Makoni’.
23. Acting D.C. Rusape, to P.C. 12 April 1967, file ‘Makoni’.
24. P.C. to Secretary, Internal Affairs, 17 April 1970, file ‘Makoni’.
25. D.C. Rusape, to P.C. 5 March 1965, file ‘Makoni’.
26. Mavengeni Annah in an interview with Peter Chakanyuka in Nedewedzo, Chiduku, on 8 February 1981 described how a case of witchcraft accusation in 1962 was taken before Zambe Makoni, who authorized it to be taken to no fewer than four diviners. His own diviner concluded the matter.
27. Sentence, Regina versus Kenneth Jarahuni, 22 April 1964, file ‘Makoni’.
28. ‘Action Taken: Chief Makoni: Criticism by High Court’, 27 May 1964, file ‘Makoni’.
29. Based on ‘Old Papers on Chief Makoni’ file.
30. Interview with Roland Hatendi, Tandi, 6 February 1981.
31. Delineation of Communities, Makoni District, November/December 1965. I am grateful to Professor M. Murphree for allowing me to make use of his copies of the delineation reports.
32. D.C. Rusape to P.C. 31 October 1966, file ‘Makoni: Headman Rugoyi’.
33. D.C. Rusape to P.C. 22 July 1965, file ‘Makoni’.
34. D.C. Rusape to Gwasira, 17 July 1971; Gwasira to D.C. 28 July 1971, file ‘Makoni’.
35. D.C. Rusape to Member in Charge, C.I.D. 10 October 1972, file ‘Makoni’.
36. E. F. C. Sithole to Secretary, Internal Affairs, 18 September 1972, file ‘Makoni’.
37. A. J. A. Peck to D.C. Rusape, 19 October 1972, file ‘Makoni’.
38. A. J. A. Peck to Secretary, Internal Affairs, 7 November 1972, file ‘Makoni’.
39. D.C. Rusape to P.C. 31 October 1972, file ‘Makoni’.
40. Petition of representatives of 5 chiefly houses, 31 November 1972, file ‘Makoni’.
41. Chief Muzanenamo Makoni to D.C. Rusape, 30 July 1973, file ‘Makoni’.
42. D.C. Rusape to P.C. 18 July 1975, file ‘Makoni’.
43. D.C. Rusape to P.C. 9 December 1969, file ‘Weya: Chendambuya’.
44. ‘Chendambuya’, June 1972, file ‘Weya: Chendambuya’.
45. Terence Ranger, ‘From Peasant Nationalism to Guerilla War: Makoni District, Zimbabwe, 1960 to 1980’, Conference on Rural Protest in Africa, Urbana, Illinois, April 1982.
46. Leonard Murumbi, ‘Soil Conservation Report - Weya T.T.L.’, ‘Weya: Chendambuya’
47. D.C. Rusape to P.C. 29 January 1971, file ‘Weya: Chendambuya’.
48. Secretary, Internal Affairs to P.C. 30 May 1972, file ‘Weya: Chendambuya’.
49. ‘Justification for the removal of A/Ds from Weya’, 2 February 1973, file ‘Weya: Chendambuya’.
50. Provincial Special Branch Officer to P.C. 4 January 1973, file ‘Weya: Chendambuya’.
51. D.C. Rusape to P.C. 4 February 1974, file ‘Weya: Chendambuya’.
52. D.C. Rusape to O.C. BSAP, 31 December 1975, file ‘Weya: Chendambuya’.
53. N.C. Rusape to Chief Native Commissioner, 18 September 1943, file ‘Old Papers on Chief Makoni’.
54. N.C. Rusape to C.N.C. 8 May 1937, file ‘Chief Chiduku: Chiduku’.
55. D.C. Rusape to Member in Charge, C.I.D. 10 October 1972, file ‘Makoni’.
56. D.C. Rusape to D.C. Sinoia, 20 December 1969, file ‘Chief Chiduku: Chiduku’.
57. D.C. Rusape to D.C. Sinoia, 20 December 1969, file ‘Chief Chiduku: Chiduku’.
58. D.C. Sinoia to D.C. Rusape, 6 January 1970, file ‘Chief Chiduku: Chiduku’.
59. D.C. Rusape to D.C. Sinoia, 22 July 1970, file ‘Chief Chiduku: Chiduku’.
60. D.C. Rusape to D.C. Sinoia, 10 August 1970, file ‘Chief Chiduku: Chiduku’.
61. D.C. Rusape to D.C. Wedza, 10 August 1970, file ‘Chief Chiduku: Chiduku’.
62. ‘Chiduku Chieftainship’, 13 February 1973, file ‘Chief Chiduku: Chiduku’.
63. Meeting of D.C. Rusape with Diva and others, 6 February 1975, file ‘Chief Chiduku: Chiduku’.
64. Roland Hatendi, ‘The position of Madziwadondo’, n.d. file ‘Chief Chiduku: Chiduku’.
65. Meeting between Roland Hatendi and Takawira Zambuko, etc, 11 June 1975, file ‘Chief Chiduku: Chiduku’.
66. Draft by Roland Hatendi, 1975, file ‘Chief Chiduku: Chiduku’.
67. ‘Minutes of a meeting held at Chiwetu’, 17 December 1975, file ‘Chief Chiduku: Chiduku’.
68. D.C. Rusape to P.C. 3 December 1976, file ‘Chief Chiduku: Chiduku’.
69. D.C. Rusape to P.C. 21 February 1977, file ‘Chief Chiduku: Chiduku’.
70. D.C. Rusape to P.C. 1 December 1976, file ‘Chief Chiduku: Chiduku’.
71. D.C. Rusape to P.C. 21 July 1976, file ‘Makoni: Headman Madziwa’.
72. D.C. Rusape to P.C. 26 July 1972; D.C. to O.C. BSAP, 31 December 1975, file ‘Tanda: Headman Makumbe’.
73. L. M. Clarke to D.C. Rusape, 4 September 1977, file ‘Chiduku: Headman Nyangombe’.
74. D.C. Rusape to P.C. 13 September 1977, file ‘Chiduku: Headman Nyangombe’.
75. Interview with District Commissioner I. S. L. Bickersteth, Rusape, 6 February 1981.
76. This was the list given to me by Chief Muzanenamo Makoni and his councillors at Sangano, 8 February 1981.
77. D. C. Rusape to P.C. 12 October 1977, file ‘Chiduku: Headman Masvosva’.
78. D.C. Rusape to P.C. 16 December 1976, file ‘Tanda: Headman Maparura’.
79. D.C. Rusape to P.C. 21 August 1978, file ‘Chief Chipunza: Chiduku’.
80. D.C. Rusape to P.C. 13 June 1978, ‘Chiduku: Headman Rukweza’.
81. D.C. Rusape to P.C. 15 November 1977; Sitrep, 28 September 1979, file ‘Chiduku: Headman Nyangombe’.
82. D.C. Rusape to P.C. 24 August and 21 September 1977; Secretary, Internal Affairs to P.C. 9 September 1977, file ‘Tanda: Headman Makumbe’.
83. D.C. Rusape to P.C. 10 October 1978, file ‘Chiduku: Headman Rukweza’.
84. ‘Extracts from L/Cpl Hwanyanya's Report’, December 1975, file ‘Chikore: Spirit Medium’.
85. Terence Ranger, ‘The death of Chaminuka: spirit mediums, nationalism and the guerilla war’, African Affairs, June 1982, describes the main collaborating spirit medium in Makoni district. This was Muchetera, supposed medium of Chaminuka, the greatest of the Shona supra-tribal spirits. Muchetera claimed supremacy over all the chiefs: Zambe and Muzanenamo Makoni totally repudiated this; Muchetera then sought support from the white administration, pledging them the backing of Chaminuka in return. Muchetera was killed by the guerillas during the war.
86. Terence Ranger, ‘The death of Chaminuka’ and ‘Religions and rural protests’.
87. Interview between Dawson Munjeri and Aaron Mutambirwa Makoni, 10 and May 1979 National Archives Oral History Collection, AOH/54, National Archives, Salisbury.
88. Interview with headman Gova Mpambawhale, Toriro, Chiduku, 24 March 1981.
89. Interview with Akuchekwa medium and acolyte, Tandi, Chiduku, 27 February 1981.
90. Interview with Muzanenamo Makoni and Councillors, Sangano, 8 February 1981.