Stratospheric aerosols: Observation and theory

Reviews of Geophysics

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 1982, Pages 233-279

  Turco, R P ^a   Whitten, R C ^a   Toon, O B ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOLS; EARTH ATMOSPHERE - UPPER ATMOSPHERE;

AIR POLLUTION;

EID: 0020335949     PISSN: 87551209     EISSN: 19449208     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/RG020i002p00233     Document Type: Review

References (350)

1. Stratospheric aerosols properties from earth limb photography
2. A model for the reversible washout of sulfur dioxide, ammonia and carbon dioxide from a polluted atmosphere and the production of sulfates in raindrops
3. Meteoric compounds in the stratosphere
4. Ion‐neutral reaction‐rate constants measured in flow reactors through 1977
5. Estimate of the global change in temperature, surface to 100 mb, between 1958 and 1975
6. Negative ion composition measurements in the stratosphere
7. Stratospheric positive ion composition measurements, ion abundances and related trace gas detection
8. Multi‐ion complexes in the stratosphere; Implications for trace gases and aerosol
9. First measurements of gas phase sulphuric acid in the stratosphere
10. Mass spectrometric detection of precondensation nuclei in the stratosphere—Evidence for a stratospheric gas to particle conversion mechanism
11. Measurements of the height variation of sulfuric acid vapor concentrations in the stratosphere
12. Mass spectrometric measurements of fractional ion abundances in the stratosphere, I, Positive ions
13. Advances in noctilucent cloud research in the space era
14. Heterogeneous atmospheric reactions: Sulfuric acid aerosols as tropospheric sinks
15. Heterogeneous atmospheric reactions, 2, Atom and radical reactions with sulfuric acid
16. Evidence for a short tropospheric residence time for carbon disulfide
17. Temporal variations of physical and optical properties of Mt. Saint Helens volcanic aerosol size distributions
18. An experimental investigation of the absorption of sulphur dioxide by water drops containing heavy metal ions
19. On the use of zirconium 95 data from Chinese atmospheric thermonuclear explosions to study stratospheric transport in a one‐dimensional parameterization
20. Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry
21. 2‐oxidation in the droplet phase
22. 2 by oxygen in aqueous systems
23. 3P)
24. Stratospheric particles
25. Size distributions of stratospheric aerosols and their variations with altitude and time
26. Aerosols at altitudes between 20 and 37 km
27. Vegetational distribution, tree growth, and crop success in relation to recent climatic changes
28. Glacial advance relative to volcanic activity since 1500 AD
29. Kinetics and mechanism for the catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide on carbon in aqueous suspensions
30. Microparticle studies by sampling techniques
31. Criteria for identification of ablation debris from primitive meteoric bodies
32. Stratospheric aluminum oxide
33. 2 fluorescence
34. A reinforced coagulation‐sedimentation model for stratospheric aerosols
35. Composition of the stratospheric ‘sulfate’ layer
36. Some effects of the emissions of explosive volcanoes on the stratosphere
37. Stratospheric aerosol particles and their optical properties
38. Stratospheric Aitken particles
39. Heterogeneous chemical reactions in the stratosphere
40. The global scale dispersion of the eruption clouds from major volcanic eruptions
41. Combined use of lidar and numerical diffusion models to estimate the quantity and dispersion of volcanic eruption clouds in the stratosphere: Vulcan Fuego, 1974, and Augustine, 1976
42. Mechanism of the homogeneous oxidation of sulfur dioxide in the troposphere
43. A two‐dimensional stratospheric sulfate aerosol model (abstract)
44. Isotopic studies of the sulfur component of the stratospheric aerosol layer
45. 4 aerosol formation
46. The properties of ion clusters and their relationship to heteromolecular nucleation
47. 4 aerosol particles through ion‐induced nucleation process in the stratosphere
48. Ion nucleation theory
49. Soot‐catalyzed oxidation of sulfur dioxide
50. Formulation and initial application of a dynamic model for urban aerosols
51. Rapid measurement of particulate size distribution in the atmosphere
52. Characterization of aerosols from eruptions of Mount St. Helens
53. The photochemistry of sulfur dioxide excited within its first allowed band (3130 Å) and the forbidden band (3700‐4000 Å)
54. The stratospheric scattering profile at 23° south
55. Stratospheric dust measurements, 1970–1977
56. Laser probing of the lower atmosphere
57. Kinetic studies of free radical reactions by mass spectrometry, II, The reactions of SO + ClO, SO + OClO and SO + BrO
58. The kinetics of elementary reactions involving the oxides of sulphur, I, The nature of the sulphur dioxide afterglow
59. Stratospheric aerosols and the tropospheric energy budget: Theory versus observations
60. 2 on carbon particulates
61. Note on the lidar observations of particulate matter in the stratosphere
62. Reactions of OH radicals with gaseous sulfur compounds
63. The possible importance of CSO for the sulfate layer of the stratosphere
64. The kinetics of combustion of gaseous sulphur compounds
65. Reactions of SH with atomic oxygen and hydrogen
66. Lidar detection of volcanic aerosols in the atmosphere following the Mount St. Helens eruption
67. Trajectories of the Mount St. Helens eruption plume
68. A dehydration mechanism for the stratosphere
69. Numerical models of diffusion and rainout of stratospheric radioactive materials
70. y compounds
71. x radicals
72. Size distributions of atmospheric aerosols derived from scattered radiation measurements aloft
73. On volcanic and other particulate turbidity anomalies
74. A survey of light‐scattering techniques used in the remote monitoring of atmospheric aerosols
75. Stratospheric aerosol: The contribution from the troposphere
76. Influence of gaseous nitric acid on sulfate production and acidity in rain
77. Observation of the Raman effect from small, single particles; its use in the chemical identification of airborne particulates
78. Stratospheric aerosols: Undissolved granules and physical state
79. Nitrogen‐sulfur compounds in stratospheric aerosols
80. Latitudinal variations of stratospheric aerosols
81. Size distributions and mineralogy of ash particles in the stratosphere from eruptions of Mount St. Helens
82. Comparison of stratospheric aerosol measurements over Poker Flat, Alaska, July, 1979
83. Sodium hydroxide ions in the stratosphere
84. Magnesium ion chemistry in the stratosphere
85. Wintertime 1973 airborne lidar measurements of stratospheric aerosols
86. Synoptic scale variability in the distribution of stratospheric aerosols as revealed by airborne lidar
87. Observation of aerosol layer of 20 km by optical radar
88. Effects of radiation scattered by aerosols on the photodissociation of ozone
89. Noctilucent clouds
90. Measurements of stratospheric aerosols by airborne laser radar
91. 2 in atmospheric aerosols
92. Theoretical considerations for the particle size spectrum of the stratospheric aerosol
93. Properties of the stratospheric aerosol
94. On the formation of stratospheric aerosols
95. Nucleation by free radicals from the photooxidation of sulfur dioxide in air
96. 2 oxidation in aqueous solution over a wide range of pH
97. Remote sensing of the middle atmospheric aerosol
98. A 12‐month study of aerosols below 60 km
99. Measurements of stratospheric surfate mixing ratio with a multi filter sampler
100. Filter measurements of stratospheric sulfate and chloride in the eruption plume of Mount St. Helens
101. Lidar observations of the Mount St. Helens dust layers over Urbana, Illinois
102. The general dynamic equation for aerosols: Theory and application to aerosol formation and growth
103. 2 distribution
104. Sulfur dioxide, sulfate aerosol, and urban ozone
105. The oxidation of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and methane in nonurban tropospheres
106. Chemistry within aqueous atmospheric aerosols and raindrops
107. 2O, trans‐2‐butene, and 2, 3‐dimethyl‐2‐butene at 300 K
108. Stratospheric aerosol layer during 1964 and 1965
109. Instrumentation for in‐situ measurements of the optical properties of stratospheric aerosol particles
110. Change in the nature of stratospheric aerosol collected at 34°S
111. Southern hemisphere stratospheric aerosol measurements, 1, Simultaneous impactor and in situ single‐particle (light scatter) detection
112. Southern hemisphere stratospheric aerosol measurements, 3, Size distribution 1974–1979
113. Measurement of the stratospheric aerosol size distribution
114. The influence of clouds and rain on the vertical distribution of sulfur dioxide in a one‐dimensional steady‐state model
115. Die dämmerungerscheinen
116. The rate of reaction between dilute hydrogen sulfide and ozone in air
117. Mother‐of‐pearl clouds
118. The kinetics of elementary reactions involving the oxides of sulphur, III, The chemiluminescent reaction between sulphur monoxide and ozone
119. Microphysical processes affecting the stratospheric aerosol particles
120. Simulated lidar return from a one‐dimensional stratospheric aerosol model
121. On the formation of sulfate aerosol particles in the stratosphere
122. The properties of atmospheric aerosol particles as functions of the relative humidity at thermodynamic equilibrium with the surrounding moist air
123. Light scattering in planetary atmospheres
124. Mt. Agung eruption provides test of a global climatic perturbation
125. The formation of sulfate in the stratosphere through the gas phase oxidation of sulfur dioxide
126. 2 in the stratosphere
127. Molecular diagnostics of interstellar shocks
128. Reactivity of stratospheric aerosols to small amounts of ammonia in the laboratory environment
129. The physics of nacreous and noctilucent clouds
130. Behavior of the stratospheric aerosols inferred from laser radar and small ion radiosonde observations
131. On the long term variations of stratospheric aerosol content after the eruption of Fuego volcano observed by lidar
132. Kinetics of the oxidation of sulfite by hydrogen peroxide in acidic solution
133. Balloon observations of the time development of the stratospheric aerosol event of 1974–1975
134. Balloon observations of a particle layer injected by a stratospheric aircraft at 23 km
135. Stratospheric sulfuric acid layer: Evidence for an anthropogenic component
136. On the background stratospheric aerosol layer
137. Estimate of the contribution of the space shuttle effluent to the natural stratospheric aerosol
138. Stratospheric aerosol measurements, I, Time variations at northern midlatitudes
139. Stratospheric aerosol measurements, IV, Global time variations of the aerosol burden and source considerations
140. On the global distribution of aerosols
141. The cold summer of 1816
142. 2 and OCS
143. Smoke and dust particles of meteoric origin in the mesosphere and stratosphere
144. Neutralization of sulfuric acid aerosol by ammonia
145. COS in the stratosphere
146. Measurement of stratospheric sulfur constituents
147. Gaseous constituents in the plume from eruptions of Mount St. Helens
148. Variation of stratospheric aerosol content measured by laser radar, I, Seasonal variation of aerosol content and flux of sulfur compounds from troposphere into stratosphere
149. Variation of stratospheric aerosol content measured by laser radar, II, Long term trend of post‐Fuego eruption
150. 2
151. 2 measurements
152. The lifetime of carbonyl sulfide in the troposphere
153. Thunderstorms as possible micrometeorological sink for stratospheric water
154. Use of excess carbon 14 data to calibrate models of stratospheric ozone depletion by supersonic transports
155. Laboratory studies of heterogeneous reactions of oxides of nitrogen
156. Sulfur in the atmosphere
157. Stratospheric aerosol studies
158. 2 oxidation in solution and its role in atmospheric chemistry
159. Stratospheric aerosols
160. 2 reactions
161. Measurements of aerosol concentration up to a height of 27 km
162. Falling speed of aerosol particles
163. Properties of clusters in the gas phase, V, Complexes of neutral molecules onto negative ions
164. On explosive Cenozoic volcanism and climate implications
165. The east Greenland ice
166. Flash photolysis resonance fluorescence investigation of the reaction of OH radicals with dimethyl sulfide
167. 2
168. Volcanic dust in the atmosphere, with a chronology and assessment of its meteorological significance
169. Fluorescence of vapor carbon disulfide
170. The summer of 1816 and volcanism
171. Acidic sulfate aerosols: Formation from heterogeneous oxidation by O3 in clouds
172. Oxidation of sulfur dioxide by oxygen and ozone in aqueous solution: A kinetic study with significance to atmospheric rate processes
173. Stratospheric sulfate aerosol
174. Stratospheric sulfate at high altitudes
175. Chemical composition of air filtration samples of the stratospheric sulfate layer
176. Stratospheric halogen measurements
177. 3 from 272 to 472 K
178. Measurements of the stratospheric plume from the Mount St. Helens eruption: Radioactivity and chemical composition
179. Kinetics of the gas‐phase reaction between hydroxyl and carbonyl sulfide over the temperature range 300–517 K
180. Sulfate and nitrate mixing ratios in the vicinity of the tropopause
181. Temperature dependence of the rate constant for the reaction between carbon monosulfide and atomic oxygen
182. Sodium and other minor constituents of meteoric origin in the atmosphere
183. Spectroscopic measurement of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) in the stratosphere
184. New gas phase inorganic ion cluster species and their atmospheric implications
185. 2 in the eastern United States
186. Atmospheric concentrations of carbonyl sulfide in the southwestern and eastern United States
187. 2 measurements on Project GAMETAG
188. Aqueous oxidation of sulfur dioxide by hydrogen peroxide at low pH
189. Heterogeneous reactions of Cl and ClO in the stratosphere
190. 2 in aqueous aerosols
191. Statistical evidence on the influence of sunspots and volcanic dust on long‐term temperature records
192. Post‐volcanic stratospheric aerosol decay as measured by lidar
193. Satellite studies of the stratospheric aerosol
194. High‐latitude stratospheric aerosols measured by the SAM II satellite system in 1978 and 1979
195. SAM II aerosol profile measurements, Poker Flat, Alaska; July 16–19, 1979
196. Stratospheric aerosol effects from the Soufrière volcano as measured by the SAGE satellite system
197. Stratospheric cloud sightings by SAM II
198. 2S
199. Possible effects on the stratosphere of the 1963 Mt. Agung volcanic eruption
200. The atmospheric oxidation of sulphur dioxide in water droplets in presence of ammonia
201. Simulation of aerosol kinetics
202. Theoretical estimates of the relative importance of various urban sulfate aerosol production mechanisms
203. Volcanic dust and changes in northern hemisphere temperature
204. Stratospheric aerosol sizes
205. 2 oxidation based on published data
206. Stratospheric particles at 20 km
207. Volcanic dust collected at an altitude of 20 km
208. Stratospheric particles at 20 km altitude
209. Direct measurements of stratospheric fluoride
210. 2 to the solar radiation diffused by the ground and by atmospheric particles
211. Chemistry of meteor metals in the stratosphere
212. Possible role for metals in stratospheric chlorine chemistry
213. Changes in stratospheric water vapor associated with the Mount St. Helens eruption
214. Light scattering by particles in the upper atmosphere
215. 2
216. Sulfates as pollution particulates: Catalytic formation on carbon (soot) particles
217. A study of stratospheric aerosol maturity
218. Measurements of the absorption coefficient of stratospheric aerosols
219. Absorption of visible radiation by aerosols in the volcanic plume of Mount St. Helens
220. Fluorescence and predissociation of sulfur dioxide
221. The reaction of ozone with carbon disulfide
222. Stratospheric heterogeneous decomposition of ozone
223. Nitrate formation in atmospheric aerosols
224. Decay mechanism of triplet sulfur dioxide molecules formed by intersystem crossing in the flash photolysis of sulfur dioxide (2400‐3200 Å)
225. Production of sulfate in rain and raindrops in polluted atmospheres
226. Optical constants of sulfuric acid: Application to the clouds of Venus
227. Measurements of the imaginary part of the refractive index between 300 and 700 nanometers for Mount St. Helens ash
228. 2 and other atmospheric gases by ozone in aqueous solution
229. The importance of atmospheric ozone and hydrogen peroxide in oxidising sulphur dioxide in cloud and rainwater
230. 2 oxidation in stored rainwater samples
231. 2
232. Stratospheric aerosol measurements, III, Optical model calculations
233. Recent measurements of Aitken nuclei in the lower stratosphere
234. Optical properties of some terrestrial rocks and glasses
235. Stratospheric aerosols and climatic change
236. Volcanic explosions and climatic change: A theoretical assessment
237. Estimates of the climatic impact of aerosols produced by space shuttles, SST's, and other high flying aircraft
238. Radiative properties of the background stratospheric aerosols and implications for perturbed conditions
239. Primary photophysical processes in the photochemistry of sulfur dioxide at 2875 Å
240. Rate of reaction of OH with COS
241. Ice clouds at the summer polar mesopause
242. The stratospheric aerosol layer observed by lidar since October 1976: A contribution to the problem of hemispheric climate
243. Diffusion in the lower stratosphere as determined from lidar measurements of volcanic aerosol dispersion
244. Carbon monosulfide‐oxygen flame reaction chemistry
245. Kinetics of the reaction between gaseous ammonia and sulfuric acid droplets in an aerosol
246. The ‘Little Ice Age:’ Northern hemisphere average observations and model calculations
247. Measurements of cloud condensation nuclei in the stratosphere around the plume of Mount St. Helens
248. The vertical distribution of dust to 30 kilometers
249. Stratospheric dust and its relationship to the meteoric influx
250. The boiling point of stratospheric aerosols
251. Balloonborne measurements of condensation nuclei
252. A stratospheric aerosol increase
253. Stratospheric aerosol measurements, II, The world‐wide distribution
254. Vertical profiles of condensation nuclei
255. A steady‐state stratospheric aerosol model
256. The post‐Fuego stratospheric aerosol: Lidar measurements with radiative and thermal implications
257. Lidar observations of the stratospheric aerosol: California, October 1972 to March 1974
258. Satellite and correlative measurements of the stratospheric aerosol, I, An optical model for data conversions
259. Satellite and correlative measurements of the stratospheric aerosol, II, Comparison of measurements made by SAM II, dustsondes, and an airborne lidar
260. 2 in the stratosphere
261. Measurements of carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide in the atmosphere
262. 2
263. 2
264. Evaluated chemical kinetic rate constants for various gas phase reactions
265. Critically evaluated rate constants for gaseous reactions of several electronically excited species
266. 4) as a photochemical reaction product in air containing sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
267. Synergistic effects in trace gas‐aerosol interactions
268. Detection of tropospheric and stratospheric aerosol layers by optical radar (lidar)
269. The formation of sulfate in water droplets
270. On the meteoritic component of stratospheric aerosols
271. Photooxidation of sulfur dioxide
272. The mesospheric sodium layer at 23°S: Nocturnal and seasonal variations
273. Possible sink for stratospheric water vapor at the winter Antarctic pole
274. On the nature of persistent stratospheric clouds in the Antarctic
275. A century of stratospheric cloud reports: 1870–1972
276. Effects of temperature and humidity on the growth of sulphuric acid‐water droplets in the stratosphere
277. The year without summer
278. Rate constant of the reaction between chlorine atoms and sulfur dioxide and its significance for stratospheric chlorine chemistry
279. A comparison of lidar and balloon‐borne particle counter measurements of the stratospheric aerosol 1974ndash;1980
280. 2 and COS in the stratospheric sulphur budget
281. 2S: Implications for the atmospheric sulfur cycle
282. On the equilibrium partial pressures of nitric acid and ammonia in the atmosphere
283. Are particulate radioactive tracers indicative of stratospheric motions?
284. Laser‐radar measurements in southern England of aerosols from Mount St. Helens
285. Particles above the tropopause: Measurements and models of stratospheric aerosols, meteoric debris, nacreous clouds, and noctilucent clouds
286. Physical properties of the stratospheric aerosols
287. A global average model of atmospheric aerosols for radiative transfer calculations
288. Atmospheric aerosols and climate
289. The optical constants of several atmospheric aerosol species: Ammonium sulfate, aluminum oxide, and sodium chloride
290. A one‐dimensional model describing aerosol formation and evolution in the stratosphere, II, Sensitivity studies and comparison with observations
291. Implications of stratospheric aerosol measurements for models of aerosol formation and evolution
292. Measurements of tropospheric OCS on the 1978 GAMETAG flights (abstract)
293. Atmospheric OCS measurements on Project GAMETAG
294. Photodissociation rates in the atmosphere below 100 km
295. A one‐dimensional model describing aerosol formation and evolution in the stratosphere, I, Physical processes and mathematical analogs
296. OCS, stratospheric aerosols and climate
297. Carbonyl sulfide, stratospheric aerosols and terrestrial climate
298. Stratospheric aerosol modification by supersonic transport and space shuttle operations—Climate implications
299. Effects of meteoric debris on stratospheric aerosols and gases
300. Stratospheric hydroxyl radical concentrations: New limitations suggested by observations of gaseous and particulate sulfur
301. Long‐wavelength carbonyl sulfide photodissociation
302. Noctilucent clouds: Simulation studies of their genesis, properties and global influences
303. Space shuttle ice nuclei
304. A calculation of the stratospheric aerosol size distribution
305. The formation of ammonium sulphate in water droplets exposed to gaseous sulphur dioxide and ammonia
306. Extended sulfuric acid vapor concentration measurements in the stratosphere
307. On dust in the tropical and mid‐latitude stratosphere from recent twilight measurements
308. The stratospheric dust event of October 1971
309. The intensity of the twilight and upper atmospheric dust
310. Trace element composition of the Mount St. Helens plume: Stratospheric samples from the 18 May eruption
311. Homogeneous and binary nucleation: New experimental results and comparison with theory
312. The stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer: Processes, models, observations, and simulations
313. 2
314. 2 photooxidation in tropospheric sulfur chemistry
315. The nature of noctilucent clouds
316. The photooxidation of carbon disulfide