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4
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84911564771
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The usual argument for substitution of telecommunications for transportation goes beyond energy conservation in the case of developing countries. The notion is that the movement of information rather than people provides a way in which developing countries, which have not yet made extensive transportation investments, can simultaneously reduce the need for energy, materials, and capital-intensive transportation systems
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11
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84911521227
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The full cost of the video teleconferencing system between Sydney and Melbourne, Australia is about $400 per hour of usage; a comparable rate is estimated for the Japanese NTT system between Tokyo and Osaka. The Picturephone® Meeting Service is available at partially subsidized rates of $390 per hour of usage between San Francisco and New York or Washington, DC.
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13
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84911564769
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Interviews with Australian users indicated that the costs of video teleconferencing were considered reasonable. Business clients saw cost as no problem while government users saw cost as a bureaucratic problem - teleconferencing did not fit their budget categories.
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17
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84898315410
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The future of computer conferencing
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(1975)
The Futurist
, vol.9
, Issue.4
, pp. 182-195
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Turoff1
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19
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84911567243
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The coming impact of new technology
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provided several illustrations of the kinds of problems that are sometimes associated with these technologies in a recent EDP Analyzer, For example, with regard to commercial message services; ‘Consider the case of a manager who, at 11:00 am, decides to see if they are any messages waiting for him in his mail box. First he must get to his terminal (which might be easy or might be difficult, if shared with others), dial the telephone number of the data network, log in, ask for the message service, log in the message service, and then ask for any messages. If the group among which messages are being exchange is small, there is a fair chance that there are no messages waiting. If this is the result that occurs a good fraction of the time, the manager will soon be reluctant to even look for messages' (p 11). Other problems with message systems included garbled messages, the data network telephone number being busy, the message system computer [[Truncated]]
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(1981)
EDP Analyzer
, vol.19
, Issue.1
, pp. 1-13
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Canning1
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20
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84911586460
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An illustration of such errors is the decision of many organizations to set up word processing units rather than to decentralize the capability within the organization. While this might increase the efficiency of the typing function and load up the new equipment as heavily as possible as heavily as possible, it often results in job-function changes that are dysfunctional for the organization as a whole, as when managers must themselves perform functions (answering simple corresponding, answering phones, filling, searching fies, making reservations, etc) previously performed by their secretaries who now have been replaced by word processing operators and ‘administrative secretaries’ assigned to the work of multiple managers.
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21
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84911567243
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The coming impact of new technology
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See, provided several illustrations of the kinds of problems that are sometimes associated with these technologies in a recent EDP Analyzer, For example, with regard to commercial message services; ‘Consider the case of a manager who, at 11:00 am, decides to see if they are any messages waiting for him in his mail box. First he must get to his terminal (which might be easy or might be difficult, if shared with others), dial the telephone number of the data network, log in, ask for the message service, log in the message service, and then ask for any messages. If the group among which messages are being exchange is small, there is a fair chance that there are no messages waiting. If this is the result that occurs a good fraction of the time, the manager will soon be reluctant to even look for messages' (p 11). Other problems with message systems included garbled messages, the data network telephone number being busy, the [[Truncated]]
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(1981)
EDP Analyzer
, vol.19
, Issue.1
, pp. 1-13
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Canning1
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23
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84911579528
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Telecommunications substitutes for travel: a preliminary assessment of their potential for reducing urban transportation costs by altering office loca tion pattern
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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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(1973)
PhD dissertation
, pp. 456
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Harkness1
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24
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84911579528
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Telecommunications substitutes for travel: a preliminary assessment of their potential for reducing urban transportation costs by altering office loca tion pattern
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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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(1973)
PhD dissertation
, pp. 456 ff
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Harkness1
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25
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84911579528
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Telecommunications substitutes for travel: a preliminary assessment of their potential for reducing urban transportation costs by altering office loca tion pattern
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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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(1973)
PhD dissertation
, pp. 456 ff
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Harkness1
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31
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84911586453
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Both the UK and Canadian studies used essentially the same conceptual basis. They distinguished between direct and indirect energy use, between average and marginal rates of energy use, and between the energy dissipated by the system under consideration, and the primary energy input used. The results summarized are for direct energy consumption and do not include energy embodied in goods or services consumed by the telecommunications systems. They do, however, account for all the primary energy input used in supplying the system's direct energy needs. The estimates of potential energy savings from susbstitution are also associated with an increment of traffic. They assume that the system capacity is adjusted proportionately to such changes in traffic and that overhead energy consumption by administrative or maintenance functions in the telecommunications and transportation organizations will not increase proportionately but are fixed overhead
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44
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84911521219
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Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA, The modelling effort did not account for possible ‘generation’ effects, did not take into account the importance of non-work-related considerations in choice of travel versus telecommunications medium, and was not calibrated using data on real travel and telecommunications choices (since suitable databases do not yet exist)
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(1977)
Technology Assessment of Telecommunications/Transportation Interactions
, vol.1-2
, pp. 50
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Harkness1
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49
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84911542617
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Personal communication with E.M. Gold.
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57
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84911521217
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Jones estimated that 22% of all jobs in the San Francisco Bay area in 1965 were of types amenable to teleworking. Corresponding figures for the City of San Francisco were 31%, and for its central business district-47%
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59
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84911586208
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Personal communication with E.M. Gold.
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61
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84911564761
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The potential for telecommuting
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(1981)
Business Week
, pp. 94
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62
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84911564760
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The potential for telecommuting
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(1981)
Business Week
, pp. 98
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63
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84911586207
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The potential for telecommuting
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(1981)
Business Week
, pp. 103
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