Placental transfer of local anesthetics

Clinics in Perinatology

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 1982, Pages 13-28

  Yurth, D A ^a  

^a NAVAL MEDICAL CENTER PORTSMOUTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUPIVACAINE; CHLOROPROCAINE; ETIDOCAINE; LIDOCAINE; MEPIVACAINE; PRILOCAINE; PROCAINE; TETRACAINE;

ANESTHESIA; FETUS; PHARMACOKINETICS; PLACENTAL TRANSFER; PREGNANCY; REGIONAL ANESTHESIA; THERAPY;

EID: 0020030863     PISSN: 00955108     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0095-5108(18)31043-1     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Alper, M. H.: Perinatal Pharmacology. Refresher Course, American Society of Anesthesia, No. 126, 1979.
2. Fisher D.E. Paton J.B. The effects of maternal anesthetic and analgesic drugs on the fetus and newborn Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 17 June 1974 275
3. Gutsche, B.: Perinatal Pharmacology. Refresher Course, American Society of Anesthesia, No. 129, 1978.
4. Heddwyn D. Rosen M. Perinatal mortality after epidural anesthesia Anesthesia 31 1976 1054
5. Hicks J.S. Levinson G. Shnider S.M. Obstetric anesthesia training centers in the USA—1975 Anesth. Analg. 55 1976 839
6. Jouppila P. Jouppila R. Karinen J.M. Segmental epidural analgesia in labour: The progress of labor, fetal malposition and instrumental delivery Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 58 1979 135
7. Matouskova A. Hanson B. Eimen H. Continuous mini-infusion of bupivacaine into the epidural space during labor. III. a clinical study of 225 parturients Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 83 Suppl. 1979 43
8. Mirkin B.L. Maternal and fetal distribution of drugs in pregnanev Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 14 1973 643
9. Rane A. Sjoqvist F. Orrenius S. Drugs and fetal metabolism Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 14 1973 666
10. Naeye, R. L.: Causes of perinatal mortality in the U.S. Collaborative Perinatal Project. 235:228, 1977.
11. Ralston D.H. Perinatal pharmacology Shnider S.M. Levinson G. Anesthesia for Obstetrics 1979 Williams and Wilkins Baltimore
12. Ralston D.H. Shnider S.M. The fetal and neonatal effects of regional anesthesia in obstetrics Anesthesiology 481 1978 34
13. Russell E.S. Anesthesia and obstetric outcome Int. Anesthesiol. Clin. 11 1973 1
14. Schifrin B.S. Fetal heart rate patterns following epidural anesthesia and oxytocin infusion during labor J. Obstet. Gynecol. Br. Commonw. 79 1972 332
15. Smith I.S. Regional anesthesia in obstetrics Int. Anesthesiol. Clin. 11 1973 45
16. Utting J.E. Gray T.C. Shelley F.C. Human misadventure in anesthesia Can. Anaesth. Soc. J. 26 1979 472
17. Willdeck-Lund G. Lindmark G. Nilsson B.A. Effect of segmental epidural block on the course of labour and the condition of the infant during the neonatal period Acta Anaesth. Scand. 23 1979 301
18. Williams R.L. Hawes W.E. Cesarean section, fetal monitoring and perinatal mortality in California Am. J. Public Health 69 1979 864
19. Adriani, J.: Etiology and management of adverse reactions to local anesthetics.
20. Covino B.G. Pharmacology of newer local anesthetic agents Int. Anesthesiol. Clin. 16 1978 1
21. Covino, B. G.: Local Anesthetic Agents. Society of Air Force Anesthesiologists, San Antonio Refresher Course, No. 108, 1980.
22. Dejong, R. H.: Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics. 29th Annual Refresher Course, ASA, No. III, 1978.
23. DiFazio, C. A.: Biotransformation of lidocaine.
24. Foldes F.F. Molloy R. McNall P.G. Comparison of toxicity of intravenously given local anesthetic agents in man J.A.M.A. 172 1960 1493
25. Englesson S. Paymaster N.J. Hill T.R. Electrical seizure activity produced by xylocaine and Citanest (prilocaine) Acta. Anaesth. Scand. 46 Suppl. 1965 47
26. Englesson S. Eriksson E. Ortengren B. Differences in tolerance to intravenous xylocaine and Citanest Acta Anaesth. Scand. 46 Suppl. 1965 141
27. Finucane B.T. McCraney J.M. Bush D.F. Double blind comparison of lidocaine and etidocaine during continuous epidural anesthesia for vagina delivery South. Med. J. 17 1978 667
28. Irestedt I. Andreen M. Beifrage P. The elimination of bupivacaine (Marcain) after short intravenous infusion in the dog: with special reference to the role played by the liver and lungs Acta Anaesth. Scand. 22 1978 413
29. Kim Jong-Min Goto H. Arakawa K. Duration of bupivacaine intradermal anesthesia when the bupivacaine is mixed with chloroprocaine Anesth. Analg. 58 1979 364
30. Lund P.C. Bush D.F. Covino B.G. Determinants of etidocaine concentration in the blood Anesthesiology 42 1975 497
31. Moore D.C. Bridenbaugh L.D. Thompson G.E. Factors determining dosages of amide-type local anesthetic drugs Anesthesiology 47 1977 263
32. Moore D.C. Mather L.E. Bridenbaugh L.D. Bupivacaine (Marcain): an evaluation of its tissue and systemic toxicity in humans Acta Anaesth. Scand. 24 1977 109
33. Scott D.B. Jebson P.J.R. Braid D.P. Factors affecting plasma levels of lignocaine and prilocaine Br. J. Anesth. 44 1972 1040
34. Steen P.A. Michenfelder J.D. Neurotoxicity of anesthetics Anesthesiology 50 1979 437
35. Strichartz G. Molecular mechanisms of nerve block by local anesthetics Anesthesiology 45 1976 421
36. Truant A.P. Local anesthetic and toxicologic properties of Citanest Acta Anaesth. Scand. 16 Suppl 1965 19
37. Wendl H.K. The dosage of Citanest (particularly for epidural anesthesia) Acta Anaesth. Scand. 46 Suppl. 1965 249
38. Yasuhara, H., Arakawa, K., Shieh, D. D., et al: Are uncharged local anesthetics really lipid soluble? Abstract of Scientific Paper, 29th Annual Refresher Course, ASA, p. 131, 1978.
39. 1, Abstract of Scientific Paper Anesthesiology 51 1979 S222
40. Albert J. Lofstrom B. Effects of epinephrine in solutions of local anesthetic agents Acta Anaesth. Scand. 46 Suppl. 1965 71
41. Beazley J.M. Taylor G. Reynolds F. Placental transfer of bupivacaine after paracervical block Obstet. Gynecol. 39 1972 2
42. Beitrage P. Berlin A. Lindstedt M. Plasma levels of bupivacaine following pudendal block in labor Br. J. Anaesth. 45 1973 1067
43. Brown, W. U., Datta, S., Weiss, J. B., et al.: Levels of lidocaine in mother and baby following pudendal and local blocks. Abstract of Scientific Paper, 29th Annual ASA Refresher Course 1978, p. 351.
44. deļong R.H. Biotransformation of local anesthetics: General concepts Int. Anesthesiol. Clin. 13 1975 1
45. Greene N.M. Blood levels of local anesthetics during spinal and epidural anesthesia Anesth. Anal. 58 1979 357
46. Hyman M.D. Shnider S.M. Maternal and neonatal blood concentrations of bupivacaine associated with obstetrical conduction anesthesia Anesthesiology 34 1971 81
47. McDonald J.S. Bjorkman L.L. Reed E.C. Epidural analgesia in obstetrics — A maternal, fetal, and neonatal study Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 120 1974 1055
48. Mather L.E. Tucker G.T. Pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of local anesthetics Int. Anesthesiol. Clin. 16 1978 23
49. Matouslcova A. Hanson B. Continuous mini-infusion of bupivacaine into the epidural space during labor. II. Blood concentration of bupivacaine Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 83 Suppl. 1979 31
50. Mazze R.I. Dunbar R.W. Plasma lidocaine concentrations after caudal, lumbar epidural, axillary block and intravenous regional anesthesia Anesthesiology 27 1966 574
51. Thomas J. Long G. Moore G. Plasma protein binding and placental transfer of bupivacaine Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 19 1975 426
52. Tucker G.T. Plasma binding and disposition of local anesthetics Int. Anesthesiol. Clin. 13 1975 33
53. Zador G. Englesson S. Nilsson B.A. Low dose intermittent epidural anesthesia with lidocaine lor vaginal delivery. I. Clinical efficacy and lidocaine concentrations in maternal, foetal and umbilical cord blood Acta. Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 34 Suppl. 1974 3
54. Baxi L.V. Petrie R.H. James L.S. Human fetal oxygenation after paracervical block Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 135 1979 1109
55. Brotanek V. Vasicka A. Santiago A. The influence of epidural anesthesia on uterine blood flow Obstet. Gynecol. 42 1973 276
56. Cosmi E.V. Shnider S.M. Obstetric Anesthesia and Uterine Blood Flow Shnider S.M. Levinson G. Anesthesia for Obstetrics 1979 Williams and Wilkins Baltimore 23
57. Craft J.B. Co E.G. Yonekura M.L. Intravenous injection of bupivacaine in the pregnant ewe Anesthesiology 51 1979 S309
58. Biehl D. Shnider S.M. Levinson G. The direct effects of circulating lidocaine on uterine blood flow and foetal well being in the pregnant ewe Canacl. Anaesth. Soc. J. 24 1977 445
59. Datta S. Alper M.H. Ostheimer G.W. Effects of maternal position on epidural anesthesia for cesarean section, acid-base status, and bupivacaine concentrations at delivery Anesthesiology 50 1979 205
60. Greiss F.C. Still J.G. Anderson S.G. Effects of local anesthetic agents on the uterine vasculatures and myometrium Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 124 1976 889
61. 133xenon method during lumbar epidural block for elective cesarean section Acta. Anaesth. Scand. 23 1979 529
62. mXe clearance in relation to induction of epidural anesthesia Br. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 86 1979 426
63. Jouppila R. Jouppila P. Hollmen A. Effect of segmental epidural anesthesia on placental blood flow during normal labor Br. J. Anaesth. 50 1978 563
64. Kauppila A. Koskinen M. Puolakka J. Decreased intervillous and unchanged myometrial blood flow in supine recumbency Obstet. Gynecol. 55 1980 203
65. Levinson G. Shnider S.M. deLorimier A.A. Effect of maternal hyperventilation on uterine blood flow and fetal oxygenation and acid-base status Anesthesiology 40 1974 340
66. Miller F.C. Quesnel G. Petrie R.H. The effects of paracervical block on uterine activity and beat-to-beat variability of the fetal heart rate Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 130 1978 284
67. Ralston D.H. Shnider S.M. deLorimier A.A. Uterine blood flow and fetal acidbase status after bicarbonate administration to the pregnant ewe Anesthesiology 40 1974 348
68. Read J.A. Miller F.C. The bupivacaine paracervical block in labor and its effect on quantitative uterine activity Obstet. Gynecol. 53 1978 166
69. Van Nimwegen D. Dyer D.C. The action of vasopressors on isolated uterine arteries Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 118 1974 1099
70. Wallis K.L. Shnider S.M. Hicks J.E. Epidural anesthesia in the normotensive pregnant ewe — effects on uterine blood flow and fetal acid-base status Anesthesiology 44 1976 481
71. Willdeck-Lund G. Nilsson B.A. The effect of local anesthetic agents on the contractility of human myometrium in late pregnancy Acta. Anesth. Scand. 23 1979 78
72. Ginsburg J. Placental drug transfer Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. 11 1971 387
73. Ginsburg J. The placental effects of drugs used in labor Br. J. Anaesth. 45 Suppl. 1973 790
74. Juchau M.R. Dyer D.D. Pharmacology of the placenta, symposium on pediatric pharmacology Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 19 1972 65
75. Juchau M.R. Pedersen M.G. Fantel A.G. Drug metabolism by the placenta Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 14 1973 673
76. Long R.F. Marks J. The transfer of drugs across the placenta Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 62 1969 2
77. Parer J.T. Utero-placental circulation and respiratory gas exchange Shnider S.M. Levinson G. Anesthesia for Obstetrics 1979 Williams and Wilkins Baltimore Chapter 2
78. Power G.G. Hill E.P. Longo L.D. Analysis of uneven distribution of diffusing capacity and blood flow in the placenta Am. J. Physiol. 222 1972 740
79. Thomas J. Long G. Moore G. Plasma protein binding and plaeental transfer of bupivacaine Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 19 1976 426
80. Villee C.A. Placental transfer of drugs Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sei. 123 1965 237
81. Beifrage P. Raabe N. Thalme B. Lumbar epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine in labor: Determination of drug concentrations and pH in fetal scalp blood, and continuous fetal heart rate monitoring Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 121 1975 360
82. Beifrage P. Berlin A. Raabe N. Lumbar epidural analgesia with bupivacaine in labor: drug concentration in maternal and neonatal blood at birth and during the first day of life Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 123 1975 839
83. Biehl D. Shnider S.M. Levinson G. Placental transfer of lidocaine — effects of fetal acidosis Anesthesiology 48 1978 409
84. Berlin A. Beifrage P. Magno R. Blood levels ofbupivacaine in obstetric analgesia Acta Pharm. Suec. 11 1975 646
85. Brown W.U. Bell G.C. Alper M.H. Acidosis, local anesthetics and the newborn Obstet. Gynecol. 48 1976 27
86. Dawes G.S. The distribution and action of drugs on the fetus in utero Br. J. Anesth. 45 Suppl. 1973 766
87. DiFazio C.A. Metabolism of local anesthetics in the fetus, Newborn and Adult Br. J. Anesth. 51 1979 29S
88. Ehrnebo M. Agurell S. Jailing B. Age differences in drug binding by plasma proteins: Studies on human fetuses, neonates and adults Eur. J. Clin. Pharm. 3 1971 189
89. Finster M. Mark L.C. Placental transfer of drugs and their distribution in fetal tissues Handbook of Exp. Pharm. 28 1972 276
90. Finster M. Pedersen H. Placental transfer and fetal uptake of local anesthetics Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 2 1975 555
91. Finster M. Pedersen H. Placental transfer and fetal uptake of drugs Br. J. Anesth. 51 1979 25S
92. Gillette J.R. Stripp B. Pre- and postnatal enzyme capacity for drug metabolite production Fed. Proc. 34 1975 172
93. Hillman L.S. Hillman R.E. Dodson W.E. Diagnosis, treatment and followup of neonatal mepivacaine intoxication secondary to paracervical and pudendal blocks during labor J. Pediatr. 95 1979 472
94. Hollmen A. The placental transfer ofbupivacaine and lidocaine and their myocardial and cerebral uptake in the rabbit Acta Anaesth. Scand. 17 1973 149
95. Hook R. Greenberg R.A. Hehre F.W. Continuous peridural anesthesia in obstetrics. VII. Distribution of local anesthetic agents in maternal and fetal blood Anesth. Analg. 50 1971 693
96. Kennedy R.L. Erenberg A. Robillard J.E. Effects of changes in maternal-fetal pH on the transplacental equilibrium ofbupivacaine Anesthesiology 51 1979 50
97. Kim W.Y. Pomerance J.J. Miller A.A. Lidocaine intoxication in a newborn following local anesthesia for episiotomy Pediatrics 64 1979 643
98. Krasner J. Drug protein interaction Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 19 1972 51
99. Kuhnert B.R. Knapp D.R. Kuhnert P.M. Maternal, fetal and neonatal metabolism of lidocaine Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 26 1979 213
100. Magno R. Berlin A. Karlsson K. Anesthesia for cesarean section. IV. Placental transfer and neonatal elimination of bupivacaine following epidural analgesia for elective cesarean section Acta Anaesth. Scand. 20 1976 141
101. Mather L.E. Long G.J. Thomas J. The binding of bupivacaine to maternal and fetal plasma proteins J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 23 1971 359
102. Mirkin B.L. Perinatal pharmacology: placental transfer, fetal localization and neonatal disposition of drugs Anesthesiology 43 1975 156
103. Morishima H.O. Finster M. Pedersen H. Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine in fetal and neonatal lambs and adult sheep Anesthesiology 50 1979 431
104. Rane A. Sjoqvist F. Drug metabolism in the human fetus and newborn infant Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 19 1972 37
105. Reynolds F. Hargrove R.L. Wyman J.B. Maternal and fetal plasma concentrations of bupivacaine after epidural block Br. J. Anesth. 45 1973 1049
106. Teramo K. Benowitz N. Heymann M.A. Gestational differences in lidocaine toxicitv in the fetal lamb Anesth. 44 1976 133
107. Tyack A.J. Parsons R.J. Millar D.R. Uterine activity and plasma bupivacaine levels after caudal epidural analgesia J. Obstet. Gynecol. Br. Commonw. 80 1973 896
108. Zador G. Nilsson B.A. Low dose intermittent epidural anesthesia with lidocaine for vaginal delivery. II. Influence on labor and fetal acid-base status Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 34 Suppl. 1974 17
109. Biehl D. Shnider S.M. Levinson G. The direct effects of circulating lidocaine on uterine blood flow and fetal well being in the pregnant ewe Can. Anesth. Soc. J. 24 1977 445
110. Bleyaert A. Soetens M. Vaes L. Bupivacaine, 0.125 per cent, in obstetric epidural analgesia — experience in 3000 eases Anesthesiology 51 1979 435
111. Brown W.U. Bell G.C. Lurie A.O. Newborn blood levels of lidocaine and mepivacaine in the first postnatal day following maternal epidural anesthesia Anesthesiology 42 1975 698
112. Cibils L.A. Santonja-Lucas J.J. Clinical significance of fetal heart rate patterns during labor. III. Effect of paracervical block anesthesia Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 130 1978 73
113. Datta S. Corke B.C. Alper M.H. Epidural anesthesia for cesarean section: A comparison of bupivacaine, chloroprocaine and etidocaine Anesthesiology 52 1980 48
114. Dodson W.E. Neonatal drug intoxication: local anesthetics Pediatr Clin. North Am. 23 1976 399
115. Finster M. Toxicity of local anesthetics in the fetus and newborn Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med. 52 1976 222
116. James F.M. Dewan D.M. Floyd H.M. Local anesthetics in cesarean section epidural analgesia Anesthesiology 51 1979 S310
117. Hodgkinson R. Bhatt M. Kim S.S. Neonatal neurobehavioral tests following cesarean section under general and spinal anesthesia Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 132 1978 670
118. Hodgkinson R. Marx G.F. Kim S.S. Neonatal neurobehavioral tests following vaginal delivery under ketamine, thiopental and extradural anesthesia Anesth. Analg. 56 1977 548
119. Hollmen A.I. Jouppila R. Koivisto M. Neurologic activity of infants following anesthesia for cesarean section Anesthesiology 48 1978 350
120. Holtzman S.D. Maternal anesthesia and fetal neuropharmacology Anesthesiology 48 1978 235 (editorial)
121. Lund P.C. Cwik J.C. Gannon R.T. Etidocaine for cesarean section — effects on mother and baby Br. J. Anesth. 49 1977 457
122. McGuinness G.A. Merkow A.J. Kennedy R.L. Epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine for cesarean section: Neonatal blood levels and neurobehavioral responses Anesthesiology 49 1978 270
123. Merkow A.J. McGuinness G.A. Erenberg A. The neonatal neurobehavioral effects of bupivacaine, mepivacaine, and 2-Chloroprocaine used for pudendal block Anesthesiology 52 1980 309
124. Miller F.C. Quesnel G. Petrie R.H. The effects of paracervical block on uterine activity and beat-to-beat variability of the fetal heart rate Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 130 1978 284
125. Morishima H.O. Heymann M.A. Rudolph A.M. Toxicity oflidocaine in the fetal and newborn lamb and its relationship to asphyxia Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 112 1972 72
126. Ostheimer G.W. Neurobehavioral effects of obstetric analgesia Br. J. Anesth. 51 1979 35S
127. Pedersen H. Morishima H.O. Finster M. Uptake and effects of local anesthetics in mother and fetus Int. Anesthesioh Clin. 16 1978 73
128. Salts L. Ott M. Walson P.D. Local anesthetic agents — pharmacologic basis for use in obstetrics: A review Anesth. Analg. 55 1976 829
129. Scanlon J.W. Alper M.H. Perinatal pharmacology and evaluation of the newborn Int. Anesthesiol. Clin. 11 1973 163
130. Scanlon J.W. Brown W.U. Weiss J.B. Neurobehavioral responses of newborn nfants after maternal epidural anesthesia Anesthesiology 40 1974 121
131. Scanlon J.W. Ostheimer G.W. Lurie A.O. Neurobehavioral responses and drug concentrations in newborns after maternal epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine Anesthesiology 45 1976 400
132. Schifrin B.S. Iatrogenic fetal distress Int. Anesthesiol. Clin. 11 1973 119
133. Strauss R.G. Dase D. Doering P.I. Prolonging paracervical block anesthesia: Addition of dextran to 2-Chloroprocaine Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 133 1979 891
134. Teramo K. Benowitz N. Heymann M.A. Gestational differences in lidocaine toxicity in the fetal lamb Anesthesiology 44 1976 133