Neuropathology of Schizophrenia

Archives of General Psychiatry

Volumn 39, Issue 10, 1982, Pages 1131-1139

  Stevens, Janice R ^a,b  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

^b OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTOPSY; CASE REPORT; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; GLIOSIS; HISTOLOGY; HYPOTHALAMUS; INFLAMMATION; NERVOUS SYSTEM; PEDUNCULAR ANSA; SCHIZOPHRENIA; TEGMENTUM;

ADULT; BASAL GANGLIA; BRAIN; BRAIN DISEASES; FEMALE; GLIOSIS; HUMAN; LIMBIC SYSTEM; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MESENCEPHALON; MIDDLE AGE; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 0019970068     PISSN: 0003990X     EISSN: 15383636     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290100011003     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Alzheimer A: Beiträge zur pathologischen Anatomie der Hirnrinde und zur anatomischen Grundlage einiger Psychosen. Monatsschr Psychiatr Neurol 1897;2: 82–119.
2. Kraepelin E: Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia. Edinburgh, E & S Livingstone, 1919.
3. Buscaino VM: Le cause anatomo-patologiche della manifestazione schizofrenica nella demenza precoce. Riv Patol Nerv Ment 1920;25: 197–226.
4. Josephy H: Dementia praecox (Schizophrenie), in Bumke O (ed): Die Anatomie der Psychosen. Berlin, Springer Verlag, 1930, p 763.
5. Spielmeyer W: The problem of the anatomy of schizophrenia. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 1931;10: 105–110.
6. Dide MM: Les syndromes hypothalamiques et la dyspsychogenese. Rev Neurol 1934;6: 941–943.
7. Morgan LO, Gregory HS: Pathological changes in the tuber cinereum in a group of psychoses. J Nerv Ment Dis 1935;82: 286–298.
8. Rowland LP, Mettler FA: Cell concentration and laminar thickness in the frontal cortex of psychotic patients. J Comp Neurol 1949;90: 255–265.
9. Vogt C, Vogt O: Alterations anatomiques de la schizophrenia et d'autres psychoses dites fonctionelles, in Proceedings of the First International Congress of Neuropathology. Turin, Italy, Rosenberg & Sellier, 1952, vol 1, pp 515–532.
10. Von Buttlar-Brentano K: Pathohistologische Feststellungen am basalkern Schizophrener. J Nerv Ment Dis 1952;116: 646–653.
11. Fungfeld EW: Pathologisch-anatomische Untersuchungen im Nucleus anterior thalami bei Schizophrenie, in Proceedings of the International Congress of Neuropathology. Turin, Italy, Rosenberg & Sellier, 1952, vol 3, pp 648–659.
12. Hopf A: Über histopathologische Veränderungen im Pallidum und Striatum bei Schizophrenie, in Proceedings of the International Congress of Neuropathology. Turin, Italy, Rosenberg & Sellier, 1952, vol 3, pp 629–635.
13. Meyer A: Critical evaluation of histopathological findings in schizophrenia, in Proceedings of the First International Congress of Neuropathology. Turin, Italy, Rosenberg & Sellier, 1952, vol 1, pp 649–666.
14. Bruetsch WL: Specific structural neuropathology of the central nervous system (rheumatic, demyelinating, vasofunctional, etc) in schizophrenia, in Proceedings of the First International Congress of Neuropathology. Turin, Italy, Rosenberg & Sellier, 1952, vol 1, pp 487–499.
15. Van der Horst L: Histopathology of clinically diagnosed schizophrenic psychoses or schizophrenia-like psychoses of unknown origin, in Proceedings of the International Congress of Neuropathology. Turin, Italy, Rosenberg & Sellier, 1952, vol 3, pp 648–659.
16. Hyden H: Nerve cell chemistry and neuropathological problems studied by means of quantitative methods, in Proceedings of the First International Congress of Neuropathology. Turin, Italy, Rosenberg & Sellier, 1952, vol 3, pp 570–594.
17. Tatetsu S: On histologie findings in schizophrenia and schizophrenic state, in Mitsuda H, Fukuda T (eds): Biological Mechanisms of Schizophrenia and Schizophrenia-like Psychoses. Tokyo, Igaku-Shoin Ltd, 1974, pp 288–289.
18. Nieto D, Escobar A: Major psychoses, in Minckler J (ed):Pathology of the Nervous System. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co, 1972, vol 3, pp 2654–2665.
19. Miyakawa T, Sumiyoshi S, Deshimaru M, et al: Electron microscopic study on schizophrenia: Mechanisms of pathological changes. Acta Neuropathol 1972;20: 67–77.
20. Fisman M: The brain stem in psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 1975;126: 414–422.
21. Christensen E, Moller JE, Faurbye A: Neuropathological investigation of 28 brains from patients with dyskinesia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1970;46: 14–23.
22. Jacobi W, Winkler H: Encephalographische Studien au chronisch Schizophrenen. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 1927;81: 299–332.
23. Johnstone EC, Crow TJ, Frith CD, et al: Cerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia. Lancet 1976;2: 924–926.
24. Weinberger DR, Torrey EF, Neophytides AN, et al: Lateral cerebral ventricular enlargement in chronic schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979;36: 735–739.
25. Heath RG, Franklin DE, Shraberg D: Gross pathology of the cerebellum in patients diagnosed and treated as functional psychiatric disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis 1979;167: 585–592.
26. Klingler J, Gloor P: The connections of the amygdala and of the anterior temporal cortex in the human brain. J Comp Neurol 1960;115: 333–352.
27. Lee T, Seeman P, Tburtellotte WW, et al: Binding of 3H-neuroleptics and 3H-apomorphine in schizophrenic brains. Nature 1978;274: 897–900.
28. Lee T, Seeman P: Elevation of brain neuroleptic/dopamine receptors in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1980;137: 191–197.
29. Owen F, Crow TJ, Poulter M, et al: Increased dopamine-receptor sensitivity in schizophrenia. Lancet 1978;2: 223–226.
30. Reisine TD, Rossor M, Spokes E, et al: Opiate and neuroleptic receptor alterations in human schizophrenic brain tissue, in Pepeu G, Kuhar MJ, Enna SJ (eds): Receptors for Neurotransmitters and Peptide Hormones. New York, Raven Press, 1980, pp 443–450.
31. Bird ED, Spokes EGS, Iversen LL: Increased dopamine concentration in limbic areas of brain from patients dying with schizophrenia. Brain 1979;102: 347–360.
32. Kleinman JE, Karoum F, Rosenblatt JE, et al: Postmortem neurochemical studies in chronic schizophrenia, in Usdin E, Hanin I (eds): Biological Markers in Psychiatry and Neurology. Oxford, England, Pergamon Press, 1982, pp 67–76.
33. Dom R, De Saedeleer J: Quantitative cytometric analysis of basal ganglia in catatonic schizophrenia. Read before the Third World Congress of Biological Psychiatry, Stockholm, June 3, 1981.
34. Stevens JR: An anatomy of schizophrenia? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1973;29: 177–189.
35. Heimer L: The olfactory cortex and the ventral stratium, in Livingston KE, Hornykiewicz O (eds): Limbic Mechanisms: The Continuing Evolution of the Limbic System Concept. New York, Plenum Press Inc, 1978, pp 95–188.
36. Kievit J, Kuypers HGJM: Basal forebrain and hypothalamic connections to frontal and parietal cortex in the rhesus monkey. Science 1975;187: 660–662.
37. Miodonski R: Myeloarchitectonics and connections of substantia innominata in the dog brain. Acta Biol Exp 1967;27: 61–84.
38. Jones EG, Burton H, Saper CB, et al: Midbrain, diencephalic and cortical relationships of the basal nucleus of Meynert and associated structures in primates. J Comp Neurol 1976;167: 385–420.
39. Troiano R, Siegel A: Efferent connections of the basal forebrain in the cat: The substantia innominata. Exp Neurol 1978;61: 198–213.
40. Femano PA, Edinger HM, Siegel A: Evidence of a potent excitatory influence from substantia innominata on basolateral amygdaloid units: A comparison with insular-temporal cortex and lateral olfactory tract stimulation. Brain Res 1979;177: 361–366.
41. Stevens JR: Pathological changes in schizophrenia: Search for a virus, in Proceedings of the Symposium on Psychobiology of Schizophrenia, Eighth International Congress of Pharmacology, Gifu, Japan, 1981. Elmsford, NY, Pergamon Press Inc, in press.
42. Albrecht P, Tbrrey EF, Boone E, et al: Raised cytomegalovirus antibody level in cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenic patients. Lancet 1980;2: 769–772.
43. Liedeman RR, Prilipko LL: The behavior of T-lymphocytes in schizophrenia, in Bergsma D, Goldstein AL (eds): Neurochemical and Immunologie Components in Schizophrenia. New York, Alan R Liss Inc, 1978, pp 339–364.
44. Tyrrell DAJ, Parry RP, Crow TJ, et al: Possible virus in schizophrenia and some neurological disorders. Lancet 1979;2: 839–841.
45. Ross-Stanton J, Meltzer HY: Motor neuron branching patterns in psychotic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38: 1097–1103.