Ultrasonic Reflectivity Imaging in Three Dimensions Exact Inverse Scattering Solutions for Plane, Cylindrical, and Spherical Apertures

IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering

Volumn BME-28, Issue 2, 1981, Pages 202-220

  Norton, Stephen J ^a   Linzer, Melvin ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER ANALYSIS; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSIS; ECHOGRAPHY; IMAGE PROCESSING; METHODOLOGY; SOUND SCATTERING; ULTRASOUND;

MATHEMATICS; TOMOGRAPHY; ULTRASONICS;

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING - COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY; IMAGE PROCESSING - RECONSTRUCTION;

ULTRASONIC DIFFRACTIION TOMOGRAPHY;

ULTRASONIC WAVES;

EID: 0019394034     PISSN: 00189294     EISSN: 15582531     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TBME.1981.324791     Document Type: Article

References (30)

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16. We note that the Rytov approximation is used by Mueller etal., Ball et al., and others. However, one can argue that the Rytov approximation becomes progressively worse as the scattering angle approaches 180°, and for the case of backscattering, the Rytov approximation fails entirely, i.e., it diverges. See, for example, A. Ishimaru, Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media. New York: Academic, 1978, vol. 1, p. 135 and vol. 2, ch. 17.
17. Note, however, that if one attempts to synthesize an aperture by employing a single movable element, rather than employing an array of fixed elements, the pulse-echo mode is much simpler in principle because data must be collected for points in the aperture taken one at a time instead of points taken in pairs.
18. For scattering measurements where the source and receiver do not coincide and their angular separation is allowed to vary, the reflectivity may exhibit a source-receiver dependence due to directionally dependent dipole scattering from density inhomogeneities. In the Bom approximation, if density fluctuations are neglected compared to, say, compressibility fluctuations, then scattering is essentially isotropic and the “reflectivity” is independent of the relative source-receiver separation. For the case of backscattering, however, the dipole contribution due to a density inhomogeneity will remain, of course, independent of the direction of illumination since the cosine of the angle separating the source and receiver is always the same (i.e., unity). We note that this statement is generally true only when multiple-scattering effects are neglected.
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