Mycoplasmas as Agents of Human Disease

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 304, Issue 2, 1981, Pages 80-89

  Cassell, Gail H ^a,b   Cole, Barry C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTHRITIS; DIAGNOSIS; ETIOLOGY; FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM; JOINT; MALE GENITAL SYSTEM; MYCOPLASMA; MYCOPLASMA HOMINIS; MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; THERAPY; UREAPLASMA UREALYTICUM; UROGENITAL TRACT INFECTION;

EID: 0019350582     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: 15334406     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198101083040204     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Tully J.G., Whitcomb R.F., eds. The mycoplasmas. Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press, 1979.
2. Taylor-Robinson D., Csonka G.W., Prentice M.J. Human intra-urethral inoculation of ureaplasmas. Q J Med. 1977; 46:309-326
3. Wallace R.J. Jr., Alpert S., Browne K., Lin J.-S.L., McCormack W.M. Isolation of Mycoplasma hominis from blood cultures in patients with postpartum fever. Obstet Gynecol. 1978; 51:181-185
4. Märdh P.-A., Weström L. Antibodies to Mycoplasma hominis in patients with genital infections and in healthy controls. Br J Vener Dis. 1970; 46:390-397
5. Märdh. Tubal and cervical cultures in acute salpingitis with special reference to Mycoplasma hominis and T-strain mycoplasmas. Br J Vener Dis. 1970; 46:179-186
6. Thomsen AC. Occurrence of mycoplasmas in urinary tracts of patients with acute pyelonephritis. J Clin Microbiol. 1978; 8:84-88
7. Thomsen AC, Lindskov H.O. Diagnosis of Mycoplasma hominis pyelonephritis by demonstration of antibodies in urine. J Clin Microbiol. 1979; 9:681-687
8. Cole B.C., Cassell G.H. Mycoplasma infections as models of chronic joint inflammation. Arthritis Rheum. 1979; 22:1375-1381
9. Barile M.F., Razin S., eds. The mycoplasmas. Vol. 1. New York: Academic Press, 1979.
10. Clyde W.A. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in man. 1, 275-306.
11. Murray H.W., Masur H., Senterfit L.B., Roberts R.B. The protean manifestations of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in adults. Am J Med. 1975; 58:229-242
12. Levine D.P., Lerner A.M. The clinical spectrum of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. Med Clin North Am. 1978; 62:961-978
13. Murray H.W. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Arch Intern Med. 1980; 140:139.
14. Koletsky R.J., Weinstein A.J. Fulminant Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection: report of a fetal case, and a review of the literature. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1980; 122:491-496
15. Singer J.I., DeVoe W.M. Severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in otherwise healthy siblings. J Pediatr. 1979; 95:999-1001.
16. Kawata K., Sumino Y., Kikuchi Y., Nukada H., Watanabe Y. Two cases of mycoplasmal pneumoniae with cavity formation. Jpn J Med. 1978; 17:144-147
17. Litman L., Spigland I. Severe Mycoplasmal pneumoniae infections in infancy. Pediatr Res. 1979; 13:463. abstract.
18. Jastremski M.S. Adult respiratory distress syndrome due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Chest. 1979; 75:529.
19. Fischman R.A., Marschall K.E., Kislak J.W., Greenbaum D.M. Adult respiratory distress syndrome caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Chest. 1978; 74:471-473
20. Kaufman J.M., Cuvelier C.A., Van Der Straeten M. Mycoplasma pneumonia with fulminant evolution into diffuse interstitial fibrosis. Thorax. 1980; 35:140-144
21. Nakao T., Orii T., Umetsu M. Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia with pleural effusion, with special reference to isolation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae from pleural fluid. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1971; 104:13-18
22. Solanki D.L., Berdoff R.L. Severe mycoplasma pneumonia with pleural effusions in a patient with sickle cell-hemoglobin C (SC) disease: case report and review of the literature. Am J Med. 1979; 66:707-710
23. Foy H.M., Kenny G.E., Sefi R., Ochs H.D., Allan I.D. Second attacks of pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. J Infect Dis. 1977; 135:673-677
24. Pönkä A. The occurrence and clinical picture of serologically verified Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections with emphasis on central nervous system, cardiac and joint manifestations. Ann Clin Res. 1979; 11: Suppl 24:1-60.
25. Stevens D., Swift P.G.F., Johnston P.G.B., Kearney P.J., Corner B.D., Burman D. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in children. Arch Dis Child. 1978; 53:38-42.
26. Twomey J.A., Espir M.L.E. Neurological manifestations and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Br Med J. 1979; 2:832-833
27. Cumming W.J.K., Skilbeck C.E. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and neurological complications. Br Med J. 1979; 2:1512.
28. Jones D.B. Neurological manifestations and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Br Med J. 1979; 2:1144.
29. Lind K., Zoffmann H., Larsen S.O., Jessen O. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection associated with affection of the central nervous system. Acta Med Scand. 1979; 205:325-332
30. Burman L.G., Löfgren S. Recurrent pneumonia and encephalitis due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Scand J Infect Dis. 1979; 11:170-172
31. Warren P., Fischbein C., Mascoli N., Rudolph J., Hodder D.H. Poliomyelitis-like syndrome caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. J Pediatr. 1978; 93:451-452
32. Goldschmidt B., Menonna J., Fortunato J., Dowling P., Cook S. Mycoplasma antibody in Guillain-Barré syndrome and other neurological disorders. Ann Neurol. 1979; 7:108-112
33. Plotkin G.R., Slovak J.P. Jr., Lentz P.E. Mycoplasma pneumonia presenting as meningoencephalitis and hemolytic anemia. Am J Med Sci. 1979; 278:235-242
34. Rothstein T.L., Kenny G.E. Cranial neuropathy, myeloradiculopathy, and myositis complications of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Arch Neurol. 1979; 36:476-477
35. Urquhart G.E.D. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and neurological complications. Br Med J. 1979; 2:1512.
36. Clyde W.A. Jr. Neurological syndromes and mycoplasmal infections. Arch Neurol. 1980; 37:65-66
37. Sterner G., Biberfeld G. Central nervous system complications of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Scand J Infect Dis. 1969; 1:203-208
38. Biberfeld G. Antibodies to brain and other tissues in cases of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Clin Exp Immunol. 1971; 8:319-333
39. Steele J.C., Thanasophon S., Gladstone R.M., Fleming P.C. Mycoplasma pneumoniae as a determinant of the Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet. 1969; 2:710-714
40. Fleischhauer P., Hüben U., Mertens H., Sethi K.K., Thürmann D. Nachweis von Mycoplasma pneumoniae im Liquor bei akuter Polyneuritis. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1972; 97:678-681
41. Deas J.E., Janney F.A., Lee L.T., Howe C. Immune electron microscopy of cross-reactions between Mycoplasma pneumoniae and human erythrocytes. Infect Immun. 1979; 24:211-217
42. Pönkä A. Carditis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Acta Med Scand. 1979; 206:77-86.
43. Holt S., Khan M.M., Charles R.G., Epstein E.J. Polyradiculoneuritis and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Postgrad Med J. 1977; 53:416-418
44. Maresh H., Klimek J.J., Quintiliani R. Myocardial dysfunction and hemolytic anemia in a patient with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Chest. 1977; 71:410-413
45. Sands M.J. Jr., Satz J.E., Turner W.E. Jr., Soloff L.A. Pericarditis and perimyocarditis associated with active Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Ann Intern Med. 1977; 86:544-548
46. Naftalin J.M., Wellisch G., Kahana Z., Diengott D. Mycoplasma pneumoniae septicemia. JAMA. 1974; 228:565.
47. Cherry J.D., Horwitz E.S., Welliver R.C. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections and exanthems. J Pediatr. 1975; 87:369-373
48. Griffiths P.D. Mucocutaneous reactions during Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Lancet. 1978; 2:988.
49. Lind K. Mucocutaneous reactions during Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Lancet. 1978; 1:655.
50. Sontheimer R.D., Garibaldi R.A., Krueger G.G. Stevens–Johnson syndrome associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. Arch Dermatol. 1978; 114:241-244
51. Lyell A., Gordon A.M., Dick H.M., Sommerville R.G. Mycoplasmas and erythema multiforme. Lancet. 1967; 2:1116-1118
52. Biberfeld G., Sterner G. Smooth muscle antibodies in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Clin Exp Immunol. 1976; 24:287-291
53. Leinikki P.O., Panzar P., Tykkä H. Immunoglobulin M antibody response against Mycoplasma pneumoniae lipid antigen in patients with acute pancreatitis. J Clin Microbiol. 1978; 8:113-118
54. Pönkä A. Arthritis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Scand J Rheumatol. 1979; 8:27-32.
55. Carson J.L., Collier A.M., Clyde W.A. Jr. Ciliary membrane alterations occurring in experimental Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Science. 1979; 206:349-350
56. Barile M.F. Mycoplasma-tissue cell interactions. 1, 425-74.
57. Dorff B., Lind K. Two fatal cases of meningoencephalitis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Scand J Infect Dis. 1976; 8:49-51.
58. Sabato A.R., Cooper D.M., Thong Y.H. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children — a study of an epidemic. Aust Pediatr J. 1979; 15:200. abstract.
59. Tully J.G., Rose D.L., Whitcomb R.F., Wenzel R.P. Enhanced isolation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae from throat washings with a newly modified culture medium. J Infect Dis. 1979; 139:478-482
60. Taylor-Robinson D., McCormack W.M. Mycoplasmas in human genitourinary infections. 1, 307-66.
61. Taylor-Robinson D., McCormack W.M. The genital mycoplasmas. N Engl J Med. 1980; 302:1003-10, 1063-7.
62. Hofstetter A. Mykoplasmeninfektionen des Urogenitaltraktes. Hautarzt. 1977; 28:295-298
63. Weidner W., Brunner H., Krause W., Rothauge C.F. Zur Bedeutung von Ureaplasma urealyticum bei unspezifischer Prostato-Urethritis. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1978; 103:465-470
64. Møller B.R., Freundt E.A., Black F.T., Frederiksen P. Experimental Infection of the genital tract of female grivet monkeys by Mycoplasma hominis. Infect Immun. 1978; 20:248-257
65. Henry-Suchet J., Loffredo V. Chlamydiae and mycoplasma genital infection in salpingitis and tubal sterility. Lancet. 1980; 1:539.
66. Weissenbacher E.-R., Bredt W., Jonatha W., Zahn V. Untersuchungen zum Mykoplasmenbefall des Fruchtwassers. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 1976; 36:778-779
67. Lamey J.R., Foy H.M., Kenny G.E. Infection with Mycoplasma hominis and T-strains in the female genital tract. Obstet Gynecol. 1974; 44:703-708
68. McCormack W.M., Rosner B., Lee Y.-H., Rankin J.S., Lin J.-S. Isolation of genital mycoplasmas from blood obtained shortly after vaginal delivery. Lancet. 1975; 1:596-599
69. Harwick H.J., Iuppa J.B., Purcell R.H., Fekety F.R. Jr. Mycoplasma hominis septicemia associated with abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1967; 99:725-727
70. Stray-Pedersen B., Eng J., Reikvam T.M. Uterine T-mycoplasma colonization in reproductive failure. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1978; 130:307-311
71. Shurin P.A., Alpert S., Rosner B., et al. Chorioamnionitis and colonization of the newborn infant with genital mycoplasmas. N Engl J Med. 1975; 293:5-8.
72. Embree J.E., Krause V.W., Embil J.A., MacDonald S. Placental infection with Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum: clinical correlation. Obstet Gynecol. 1980; 56:475-481
73. Dische M.R., Quinn P.A., Czegledy-Nagy E., Sturgess J.M. Genital mycoplasma infection: intrauterine infection: pathologic study of the fetus and placenta. Am J Clin Pathol. 1979; 72:167-174
74. Caspi E., Herczeg E., Solomon F., Sompolinsky D. Amnionitis and T strain mycoplasmemia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1971; 111:1102-1106
75. Tafari N., Ross S., Naeye R.L., Judge D.M., Marboe C. Mycoplasma T strains and perinatal death. Lancet. 1976; 1:108-109
76. Naeye R.L., Tafari N., Judge D., Gilmour D., Marboe C. Amniotic fluid infections in an African city. J Pediatr. 1977; 90:965-970
77. Bøe O., Jørgen D., Matre R. Isolation of Mycoplasma hominis from cerebrospinal fluid. Scand J Infect Dis. 1973; 5:285-288
78. Wealthall S.R. Mycoplasma meningitis in infants with spina bifida. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1975; 17: Suppl:117-122
79. Siber G.R., Alpert S., Smith A.L., Lin J.-S.L., McCormack W.M. Neonatal central nervous system infection due to Mycoplasma hominis. J Pediatr. 1977; 90:625-627
80. Gewitz M., Dinwiddie R., Rees L., Volikas O., Yuille T., O#x0027;Connell B., Marshall W.C. Mycoplasma hominis: a cause of neonatal meningitis. Arch Dis Child. 1979; 54:231-233
81. Hjelm E., Jonsell G., Linglöf T., Mårdh P.A., Møller B., Sedin G. Meningitis in a newborn infant caused by Mycoplasma hominis. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1980; 69:415-418
82. Powell D.A., Miller K., Clyde W.A. Jr. Submandibular adenitis in a newborn caused by Mycoplasma hominis. Pediatrics. 1979; 63: 798-9.
83. Sacker I., Walker M., Brunell P.A. Abscess in newborn infants caused by mycoplasma. Pediatrics. 1972; 46:303-304
84. Harrison R.F., de Louvois J., Blades M., Hurley R. Doxycycline treatment and human infertility. Lancet. 1975; 1:605-607
85. Hinton R.A., Egdell L.M., Andrews B.E., Clarke S.K.R., Richmond S.J.A. A double-blind cross-over study of the effect of doxycycline on mycoplasma infection and infertility. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1979; 86:379-383
86. Engel V.S., Baumann B. Das Vorkommen von Mykoplasmen in Hodengewebe. Dermatol Monatsschr. 1979; 165:593-597
87. Fowlkes D.M., MacLeod J., O#x0027;Leary W.M. T-mycoplasmas and human infertility: correlation of infection with alterations in seminal parameters. Fertil Steril. 1975; 26:1212-1218
88. Toth A., Swenson C.E., O#x0027;Leary W.M. Light microscopy as an aid in predicting ureaplasma infection in human semen. Fertil Steril. 1978; 30:586-591
89. Swenson C.E., Toth A., O#x0027;Leary W.M. Ureaplasma urealyticum and human infertility: the effect of antibiotic therapy on semen quality. Fertil Steril. 1979; 31:660-665
90. Koren Z., Spigland I. Irrigation technique for detection of mycoplasma intrauterine infection in infertile patients. Obstet Gynecol. 1978; 52:588-590
91. Thomsen AC. Mycoplasmas in human pyelonephritis: demonstration of antibodies in serum and urine. J Clin Microbiol. 1978; 8:197-202.
92. Thomsen AC. The occurrence of mycoplasmas in the urinary tract of patients with chronic pyelonephritis. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand [B]. 1975; 83:10-16
93. Mårdh P.-A., Westrom L., Colleen S. Infections of the genital and urinary tracts with mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas. In: Danielsson D, Juhlin L, Mårdh P-A, eds. Genital infections and their complications. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1975: 53-62.
94. Friedlander A.M., Braude A.I. Production of bladder stones by human T mycoplasmas. Nature. 1974; 247:67-69
95. Lamm D.L., Johnson S.A., Friedlander A.M., Gittes R.F. Medical therapy of experimental stones. Urology. 1977; 10:418-421
96. Shepard M.C., Masover G.K. Special features of ureaplasmas. 9, 451-94.
97. Stalheim O.H.V., Proctor S.H., Gallagher J.E. Growth and effects of ureaplasmas (T mycoplasmas) in bovine oviductal organ cultures. Infect Immun. 1976; 13:915-925
98. Mårdh P.-A., Weström L., von Mecklenburg C., Hammar E. Studies on ciliated epithelia of the human genital tract. I. Swelling of the cilia of fallopian tube epithelium in organ cultures infected with Mycoplasma hominis. Br J Vener Dis. 1976; 52:52-57
99. Idriss W.M., Patton W.C., Taymor M.L. On the etiologic role of Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-mycoplasma) infection in infertility. Fertil Steril. 1978; 30:293-296
100. Rehewy M.S.E., Thomas A.J., Hafez E.S.E., Brown W.J., Moghissi K.S., Jaszczak S. Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-mycoplasma) in seminal plasma and spermatozoa from infertile and fertile volunteers. Eur J Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Biol. 1978; 8:247-251
101. Cole B.C., Ward J.R. Mycoplasmas as arthritogenic agents. 1, 367-98.
102. Cole B.C., Ward J.R., Smith C.B. Studies on the infectious etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Arth Rheum. 1973; 16:191-198
103. Cole B.C., Cassell G.H. Mycoplasma infections as models of chronic joint inflammation. Arthritis Rheum. 1979; 22:1375-1381
104. Anonymous. Mycoplasma hominis infection. Br Med J. 1976; 2:766.
105. Kossman J.C., Floret D., Renaud H., Skpetjian N., Monnet P. Reiter#x0027;s syndrome in children associated with Ureaplasma urealyticum. Pediatric. 1980; 35:237-242
106. Webster A.D.B., Taylor-Robinson D., Furr P.M., Asherson G.L. Mycoplasmal (ureaplasma) septic arthritis in hypogammaglobulinaemia. Br Med J. 1978; 2:478-479
107. Stuckey M., Quinn P.A., Gelfand E.W. Identification of ureaplasma urealyticum (T-strain mycoplasma) in a patient with polyarthritis. Lancet. 1978; 2:917-920
108. Taylor-Robinson D., Gumpel J.M., Hill A., Swannell A.J. Isolation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae from the synovial fluid of a hypogammaglobulinaemic patient in a survey of patients with inflammatory polyarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1978; 37:180-182
109. Pönkä A. Arthritis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Scand J Rheumatol. 1979; 8:27-32.
110. Hernandez L.A., Urquhart G.E.D., Dick W.C. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and arthritis in man. Br Med J. 1977; 2:14-16
111. Cassell G.H., Davis J.K., Wilborn W.H., Wise K.S. Pathobiology of mycoplasmas. In: Schleshinger D, ed. Microbiology 1978. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology, 1978: 399-403.
112. Washburn L., Cole B.C., Ward J.R. Chronic arthritis in rabbits induced by mycoplasmas: humoral immune response and the role of immune complexes. Arthritis Rheum, (in press).