Automatic Recognition of Handprinted Characters—The State of the Art

Proceedings of the IEEE

Volumn 68, Issue 4, 1980, Pages 469-487

  Suen, Ching Y ^a   Berthod, Marc ^b   Mori, Shunji ^c  

^a Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science   (Canada)

^b INRIA   (France)

^c ELECTROTECHNICAL LABORATORY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHARACTER RECOGNITION;

EID: 0019009104     PISSN: 00189219     EISSN: 15582256     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/PROC.1980.11675     Document Type: Article

References (244)

1. T. Agui, M. Nakajima, and C. Yoshimura “Recognition of handprinted characters using the information processing of planar curves,” Syst Comput. Contr., vol. 59-D, pp. 889–896, Dec. 1976.
2. I. Aleksander and R. C. Albrow, “Pattern recognition with adaptive logic circuits,” in Proc. Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 1–10, July 1968.
3. — “Microcircuit learning nets: Some tests with handwritten numerals,” Electron. Lett, vol. 4, pp. 406–407, Sept. 1968.
4. F. Ali and T. Pavlidis, “Description and recognition of handwritten numerals,” in Proc. Workshop Picture Data Processing and Management, pp. 26–32, Apr. 1977.
5. —, “Syntactic recognition of handwritten numerals,” IEEE Trans. Syst. Man. Cybern., vol. 7, 537–541, July 1977.
6. R. H. Anderson, “Syntax-directed recognition of handprinted two-dimensional mathematics,” Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, Jan. 1968.
7. H. C. Andrews, “Multi-dimensional rotations in feature selection,” IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 20, 1045–1051, Sept. 1971.
8. R. S. Apsey “Human factors of constrained handprint for OCR,” IEEE Trans. Syst. Man. Cybern., vol. 8, pp. 292–296, Apr. 1978.
9. H. Arakawa, K. Okada, and J. Masuda, “On-line recognition of handwritten characters—Alphanumerics, Hiragana, Katakana, Kanji,” in Proc. 4th Int. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 810–812, Nov. 1978.
10. Auerbach on Optical Character Recognition. Princeton, NJ: Auerbach Publishers, 1971.
11. E. Backer, “Automatic recognition of handwritten numerals,” Proc. 7th Int. Cong. Cybernetics, pp. 469–477, Sept. 1973.
12. —, “Two-step discrimination of handwritten numerals,” in J. Rose, Ed. Advances in Cybernetics and Systems. London, England: Gordon and Breach, vol. 1, 1974, pp. 373–388.
13. R. Bakis, N. M. Herbst, and G. Nagy “An experimental study of machine recognition of hand-printed numerals,” IEEE Trans. Syst. Sci. Cybern., vol. 4, pp. 119–132, July 1968.
14. P. W. Becker and K. A. Nielson “Pattern recognition using dynamic pictorial information,” IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybem., vol. 2, pp. 434–437, July 1972.
15. M. I. Bernstein, “A Method for Recognizing Handprinted Characters in Real-Time,” in Pattern Recognition. L. A. Kanal, Ed. Washington, DC: Thompson, 1968, pp. 109–114.
16. M. Berthod, “Experimentations sur l'échantillonnage de tracés manuscrits en temps réel,” Congrés AFCET-IRIA, Traitement des Images et Reconnaissance des Formes, Gif sur Yvette, Février 1978.
17. M. Berthod and J. P. Maroy, “Morphological features and sequential information in real-time hand-printing recognition,” Proc. 2nd Int. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 358–363, Aug. 1974.
18. — “Learning in syntactic recognition of symbols drawn on a graphic tablet,” Comput. Graph. Image Processing, vol. 9, pp. 166–182, 1979.
19. M. Beun, “A flexible method for automatic reading of handwritten numerals,” Philips Tech. Rev., vol. 33, pp. 89–101 and 130–137, 1973.
20. W. W. Bledsoe, “Further results on the n-tuple pattern recognition method,” IRE Trans. Electron. Comput., vol. 10, p. 96, Mar. 1961.
21. W. W. Bledsoe and I. Browning, “Pattern recognition and reading by machine,” in Proc. East. Joint Computer Conf., pp. 225–232, Dec. 1959.
22. B. Blesser, R. Shillman, T. Kuklinski, C. Cox, M. Eden, and J. Ventura, “A theoretical approach for character recognition based on phenomenological attributes,” Proc. 1st Int. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 33–40, Nov. 1973.
23. R. Bolton and A. R. Boyle, “Interactive digitization of sounding values on charts,” in Proc. 5th Man-Computer Communications Conf., pp. 53–62, May 1977.
24. J. S. Bomba, “Alpha-numeric character recognition using local operations,” in Proc. East. Joint Computer Conf., pp. 218–224, Dec. 1959.
25. R. Bornat and J. M. Brady “Using knowledge in the computer interpretation of handwritten FORTRAN coding sheets,” Int. J. Man-Mach. Studies, vol. 8, pp. 13–27, 1976.
26. P. Breuer and M. Vajta, Jr. “Structural character recognition by forming projections,” Prob. Control Inform. Theory, vol. 4, pp. 339–352, 1975.
27. J. K. Brousil and D. R. Smith “A threshold logic network for shape invariance,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Comput., vol. 16, pp. 818–828, Dec. 1967.
28. R. M. Brown “On-line computer recognition of handprinted characters,” IEEE Trans. Electron Comput., vol. 13, pp. 750–752, Dec. 1964.
29. T. W. Calvert, “Nonorthogonal projections for feature extraction in pattern recognition,” IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 19, 447–452, May 1970.
30. G. P. Cardillo and K.-S. Fu “On suboptimal sequential pattern recognition,” IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 17, pp. 789–792, Aug. 1968.
31. R. G. Casey “Moment normalization of handprinted characters,” IBM J. Res. Develop., vol. 14, pp. 548–557, Sept. 1970.
32. D. L. Caskey and C. L. Coates, Jr., “Machine recognition of handprinted characters,” in Proc. 1st Int. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 41–49, Nov. 1973.
33. J. Chalmers and A. Stein “Interactive array for the preprocessing of hand-printed characters,” Electron. Lett., vol. 5, pp. 431–433, Sept. 1969.
34. Character Recognition 1971. London, England: The British Computer Society, 1971.
35. Character Set for Handprinting, American Nat. Standards Inst., Inc., Standard X 3.45, 1974.
36. C.-H. Chen “A computer searching criterion for best feature set in character recognition,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 53, pp. 2128–2129, Dec. 1965.
37. L. Y. Chiu and Z. Chen “On an invariant feature selection for numeral character recognition,” in Proc. Int. Computer Symp., vol. 1, pp. 644–662, Dec. 1978.
38. M. M. Chodrow, W. A. Bivona, and G. M. Walsh, “A study of handprinted character recognition techniques,” Rome Air Development Center, Grifiss Air Force Base, Tech. Rep. RADC-TR-65-444, New York, Feb. 1966.
39. C. K. Chow “A recognition method using neighbor dependence,” IRE Trans. Electron. Comput., vol. 11, pp. 683–690, Oct. 1962.
40. C. K. Chow and C. N. Liu “An apporach to structure adaptation in pattern recognition,” IEEE Trans. Syst Sci Cybern., vol. 2, pp. 73–80, Dec. 1966.
41. P. C. Chuang, “Recognition of hand-printed alphanumerics using description-based technique,” Proc. 4th Annu. Princeton Conf. Information Science Systems, pp. 308–311, Mar. 1970.
42. — “Recognition of handprinted numerals by two-stage feature extraction,” IEEE Trans. Syst Set Cybern., vol. 6, pp. 153–154, Apr. 1970.
43. C. L. Coates and P. Noe “Machine recognition of handprinted characters,” Naval Res. Rev., vol. 25, pp. 13–27, Aug. 1972.
44. H. D. Crane and R. E. Savoie “An on-line data entry system for handprinted characters,” Comput., vol. 10, pp. 43–50, Mar. 1977.
45. M. N. Crook and D. S. Kellogg “Experimental study of human factors for a handwritten numeral reader,” IBM J. Res Develop., vol. 7, pp. 76–78, Jan. 1963.
46. B. V. Dasarathy and K. P. B. Kumar “CHITRA: Cognitive handprinted input-trained recursively analyzing system for recognition of alphanumeric characters,” Int J. Comput. Inform. Sci., vol. 7, pp. 253–282, Sept. 1978.
47. A. M. Day, J. R. Parks, and P. J. Pobgee, “On-line written input to computers,” in Machine Perception of Pictures and Patterns. London, England: The Institute of Physics, 1972, pp. 233–240.
48. E. S. Deutsch, “Preprocessing for character recognition,” in Proc. Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 179–190, July 1968.
49. D. R. Devoe “Alternatives to handprinting in the manual entry of data,” IEEE Trans. Human Factors Electron., vol. 8, pp. 21–32, Mar. 1967.
50. D. D. Devoe and D. N. Graham, “Evaluation of hand-printed character recognition techniques,” Sylvania Electronics Systems, Final Rep. Jan. 1968.
51. T. L. Dimond, “Devices for reading handwritten characters,” in Proc. Eastern Computer Conf., pp. 232–237, Dec. 1957.
52. G. P. Dineen, “Programming pattern recognition,” in Proc. Western Joint Computer Conf., pp. 94–100, Mar. 1955.
53. W. Doyle “Recognition of sloppy, hand-printed characters,” in Proc. West Joint Computer Conf., vol. 17, pp. 133–142, May 1960.
54. R. Dubes and A. K. Jain “Clustering techniques: The user's dilemma,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 8, pp. 247–260, 1976.
55. R. O. Duda, “Elements of pattern recognition,” in Adaptive, Learning and Pattern Recognition Systems J. M. Mendel and K. S. Fu, Eds. New York: Academic, 1970, pp. 3–33.
56. R. O. Duda and H. Fossum “Pattern classification by iteratively determined linear and piecewise linear discriminant functions,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Comput., vol. 15, pp. 220–232, Apr. 1966.
57. R. B. Dydyk and S. N. Kalra, “Recognition of hand printing,” in Proc. 2nd Hawaii Int. Conf. Systems Science, pp. 333–336, Jan. 1969.
58. —, “Macro feature extraction for character recognition,” in IEEE Conf. Rec. Feature Extraction and Selection in Pattern Recognition, pp. 39–48, Oct. 1970.
59. F. C. Evans, “Recognition of handwritten numerals by means of a split silhouette scanning technique,” in Proc. Conf. Computers— Systems and Technology, pp. 93–98, Oct. 1972.
60. G. L. Fischer, Jr., D. J. Pollock, B. Raddack, and M. E. Stevens, Eds., Optical Character Recognition. Washington, DC: Spartan 1962.
61. L. R. Focht and A. Burger, “A numeric script recognition processor for postal zip code application,” in Proc. Int Conf. Cybernetics and Society, pp. 489–492, Nov. 1976.
62. K.-S. Fu, Y. T. Chien, and G. P. Cardillo “A dynamic programming approach to sequential pattern recognition,” IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 16, pp. 790–803, Dec. 1967.
63. K. S. Fu and S. Y. Lu “A clustering procedure for syntactic patterns,” IEEE Trans. Syst, Man, Cybem., vol. 7, pp. 734–742, Oct. 1977.
64. K. Fujii and T. Morita, “Recognition system for handwritten letters simulating visual nervous system,” in Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. K. S. Fu, Ed. New York: Plenum Press, 1971, pp. 56–69.
65. Y. Fujimoto, S. Kadota, S. Hayashi, M. Yamamoto, S. Yajima, and M. Yasuda, “Recognition of handprinted characters by nonlinear elastic matching,” in Proc. 3rd Int Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 113–118, Nov. 1976.
66. G. Gaillat “A simple learning decision algorithm for use in character recognition and pattern classification,” Pattern Recognttion, vol. 10, pp. 99–105, 1978.
67. G. Gaillat and M. Berthod, “Panorama des techniques d'extraction de traits caractéristiques en lecture optique des caractères,” Proc. Développements Récents en Reconnaissance des Forms, pp. 9.1–9.20, 1979.
68. H. Genchi, K. I. Mori, S. Watanabe, and S. Katsuragi, “Recognition of handwritten numeral characters for automatic letter sorting,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 56, pp. 1292–1301, Aug. 1968.
69. H. Genchi, S. Watanabe, S. Matsunaga, and M. Tamada, “Automatic reader-sorter for mail with handwritten or printed postal code numbers,” Toshiba Rev., pp. 7–11, July–Aug. 1970.
70. H. Giebel, “Feature extraction and recognition of handwritten characters by homogeneous layers,” in Pattern Recognition in Biological and Technical Systems O.-J. Grüsser, and R. Klinke, Eds. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1971, pp. 162–169.
71. H. A. Glucksman “Murticategory classification of patterns represented by high-order vectors of multilevel measurements,” IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 20, pp. 1593–1598, Dec. 1971.
72. N. Golshan and C. C. Hsu “A recognition algorithm for handprinted Arabic numerals,” IEEE Trans Syst. Sci. Cybern., vol. 6, pp. 246–250, July 1970.
73. G. H. Granlund “Fourier preprocessing for hand print character recognition,” IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 21, pp. 195–201, Feb. 1972.
74. E. C. Greenias, P. F. Meagher, R. J. Norman, and P. Essinger “The recognition of handwritten numerals by contour analysis,” IBM J. Res Develop., vol. 7, pp. 14–21, Jan. 1963.
75. S. B. Greg “Grafix I: An image processor that reads handprinting,” Inform. Display, vol. 12, pp. 10–12, 1975.
76. K. Grewal and J. D. Patterson “A binary feature extraction technique,” IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 23, pp. 545–549, May 1974.
77. A. K. Griffith, “Handprint recognition on the GRAFIX I: A commercial application of heuristic programming,” in Proc. Asso. Computing Machinery Conf., pp. 368–372, Nov. 1974.
78. —, “Handprint recognition on the Grafix I: Recent progress,” in Proc. Milwaukee Symp Automatic Computation and Control, pp. 149–150, Apr. 1976.
79. G. F. Groner, “Real-time Recognition on Handprinted Symbols,” in Pattern Recognition. L. N. Kanal, Ed. Washington, DC: Thompson, 1968, pp. 103–108.
80. J. Gros and J. P. Maroy, “An axiomatic representation for online recognition of a two-dimensional programming language,” Rapport Laboria, IRIA, no. 51.
81. A. Güdesen, “Quantitative analysis of preprocessing techniques for the recognition of handprinted characters,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 8, pp. 219–227. Oct. 1976.
82. S. Hanaki, T. Temma, and K. Kiji, “Real-time character recognition,” in Biological and Technical Systems. Berlin, Germany: Springer, 1971.
83. S. Hanaki, K. Asai, and K. Kiji, “Real time recognition of handprinted characters-Japanese character Katakana recognition,” in Proc. 2nd. Hawaii Int. Conf. System Sciences, pp. 345–348, Jan. 1969.
84. L. D. Harmon “Automatic recognition of print and script,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 60, pp. 1165–1176, Oct. 1972.
85. W. Hättich, H. Tropf, and G. Winker, “Combination of statistical and syntactical pattern recognition—Applied to classification of unconstrained handwritten numerals,” in Proc. 4th Int Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 786–788, Nov. 1978.
86. N. M. Herbst and C. N. Liu, “Automatic Verification of signatures by means of acceleration patterns,” in Proc. IEEE Computer Society Conf. Pattern Recognition and Image Processing, pp. 331–337, June 1977.
87. W. H. Highleyman “An analog method for character recognition,” IRE Trans Electron. Comput., vol. 10, pp. 502–512, Sept. 1961.
88. —, “Linear decision functions, with application to pattern recognition,” Proc. IRE, vol. 50, pp. 1501–1514, June 1962.
89. W. H. Highleyman and L. A. Kamentsky, “Comments on a character recognition method of Bledsoe and Browning,” IRE Trans Electron. Comput., vol. 9, p. 263, June 1960.
90. D. Himmel “Some real-world experiences with handprinted optical character recognition,” IEEE Trans Syst Man. Cybern., vol. 8, pp. 288–292, Apr. 1978.
91. D. P. Himmel and D. Peasner “A large-scale optical character recognition system simulation,” in Proc. Winter Simulation Conf., vol. 1, pp. 238–248, Jan. 1974.
92. A. W. Holt, “Algorithm for a low-cost hand print reader,” Comput. Design, pp. 85–89, Feb. 1974.
93. —, (Guest Ed.) “Some concepts of character recognition,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 8, pp. 63–105, Apr. 1976.
94. M. Hosaka and K. Fumihiko, “An interactive geometrical design system with handwriting,” in Proc. Int Fed. Information Processlng Soc. Congr., pp. 167–172, 1977.
95. Y. Hoshino and K. Kiji, “Computer-aided design for a reader of handprinted characters,” in Proc. 1st Int Joint Conf. Artificial Intelligence, pp. 153–160, May 1969.
96. K. H. Hosking “A contour method for the recognition of hand printed characters,” Marconi Rev., vol. 34, pp. 92–112, 1971.
97. —, “A contour method for the recognition of handprinted characters,” in Machine Perception of Patterns and Pictures London, England: The Institute of Physics, 1972, pp. 19–27.
98. D. J. Hunt, “A feature extraction method for the recognition of handprinted characters,” in Machine Perception of Patterns and Pictures. London, England: The Institute of Physics, 1972, pp. 28–33.
99. A.B.S. Hussain, G.T. Toussaint, and R. W. Donaldson “Results obtained using a simple character recognition procedure on Munson's handprinted data,” IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 21, pp. 201–205, Feb. 1972.
100. T. Ichikawa and J. Yoshida, “On-line recognition of handprinted characters with associative read-out of patterns in memory,” in Proc. 2nd Int. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 206–207, Aug. 1974.
101. T. Iijima, S. Mori, H. Genchi, and K. Mori, “Simulation for theory design and test of the OCR ASPET/71,” in AICA Symp., Tokyo, 1971.
102. K. Ikeda, T. Yamamura, Y. Mitamura, S. Fujiwara, Y. Tominaga, and T. Kiyomo, “On-line recognition of handwritten characters utilizing positional and stroke vector sequences,” in Proc. 4th Int. JointConf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 813–815, Nov. 1978.
103. S. Impedovo, B. Marangelli, and A. M. Fanelli “A Fourier descriptor set for recognizing nonstylized numerals,” IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern., vol. 8, pp. 640–645, Aug. 1978.
104. S. Impedovo, B. Marangelli, and V. L. Plantamura “Real-Time Recognition of Handwritten Numerals,” IEEE Trans. Syst. Man, and Cybern., vol. 6, pp. 145–148, Feb. 1976.
105. K. Ishii, N. Kanemaki, and K. Komori, “Automatic design of a character recognition dictionary based on feature concentration method,” in Proc. 4th Int. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 804–806, Nov. 1978.
106. M. R. Ito and T. L. Chui “On-line computer recognition of proposed standard ANSI (USASI) handprinted characters,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 10, pp. 341–349, 1978.
107. K. Iwata, M. Yoshida, and Y. Tokunaga, “High speed OCR for handprinted characters,” in Proc. 4th Int. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 826–828, Nov. 1978.
108. K. Iwata, M. Yoshida, E. Yamamoto, T. Masui, Y. Kabuyama, and S.-I. Shimizu, “Recognition system for handprinted characters,” in Proc. Int. Fed. Information Processing Soc. Congr., pp. 35–39, Aug. 1977.
109. D. D. Johnson, C. F. Haugh, and K. P. Li, “The application of a few hyperplane decision techniques to handprinted character recognition,” in Proc. Nat. Electronics Conf., vol. 22. 869–874, Oct. 1966.
110. L. A. Kamentsky “The simulation of three machines which read rows of handwritten Arabic numerals,” IRE Trans. Electron. Comput., vol. 10, pp. 489–501, Sept. 1961.
111. S. Katsuragi, H. Genchi, K. Mori, and S. Watanabe, “Recognition of handwritten numerals using decision graph,” in Proc. 1st Int. Joint Conf. Artificial Intelligence, pp. 161–170, May 1969.
112. A. G. Kegel, J. K. Giles, and A. H. Ruder “Observations on selected application of optical character readers for constrained numeric handprint,” IEEE Trans. Syst. Man, Cybern., vol. 8, pp. 282–285, Apr. 1978.
113. W. J. M. Kickert and H. Koppelaar “Application of fuzzy set theory to syntactic pattern recognition of handwritten capitals,” IEEE Trans. Syst. Man, Cybem., vol. 6, pp. 148–151, Feb. 1976.
114. A. L. Knoll “Experiments with ‘Characteristic Loci’ for recognition of handprinted characters,” IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 18, pp. 366–372, Apr. 1969.
115. K. Komori, T. Kawatani, K. Ishii, and Y. Iida, “A feature concentration method for character recognition,” in Proc. Int. Fed. Information Processing Soc. Congr., pp. 29–34, Aug. 1977.
116. V. A. Kovalevsky, Character Readers and Pattern Recognition. New York: Spartan Books, 1968.
117. D. Kozlay “Feature extraction in an optical character recognition machine,” IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 20, pp. 1063–1067, Sept. 1971.
118. H. P. Kramer, J. Bergstrom, and J. Ahlroth, “The recognition of handwritten symbols and its relation to formal languages,” in Proc. 1st Int. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 57–58, Oct–Nov. 1973.
119. P. Krause and H. Bleichrodt, “Experiments on direct input and recognition of hand-written digits and hand-printed letters with computers,” translated by the Post Office Res. Dep., London, England, from Mitteilungen aus dem Institut für Informations— Verarbeitung in Technik und Biologie, Karlsruhe, W. Germany, pp. 9–16, Mar. 1973.
120. P. Krause, W. Schwerdtman, and D. Paul, “Two modifications of a recognition system with pattern series expansion and Bayes classifier,” in Proc. 2nd Int. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 215–219, Aug. 1974.
121. F. Kuhl “Classification and recognition of hand-printed characters,” in IEEE Int. Conv. Rec, vol. 11, pp. 75–93, Mar. 1963.
122. S. K. Kwon and D. C. Lai, “Recognition experiments with handprinted numerals,” in Proc. Joint Workshop on Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, pp. 74–83, June 1976.
123. R. S. Ledeen, “The Ledeen character recognizer,” in W. M. Newman and R. F. Sproull, Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1973, pp. 575–582.
124. P. M. Lewis “The characteristic selection problem in recognition systems,” IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 8, pp. 171–178, Feb. 1962.
125. W. C. Lin and T. L. Scully “Computer identification of constrained handprinted characters with a high recognition rate,” IEEE Trans. Syst Man, Cybem., vol. 4, pp. 497–504, Nov. 1974.
126. M. Lybanon and L. K. Gronmeyer “Recognition of handprinted characters for automated cartography,” Proc. Photo-Optical Instrum. Eng., vol. 155, Image Understanding & Industrial Applications, pp. 56–65, Aug. 1978.
127. —, “Recognition of handprinted characters for automated cartography: A progress report,” in Proc. SPIE Tech. Symp., Aug. 1979.
128. T. Marill and D. M. Green “Statistical recognition functions and the design of pattern recognizers,” IRE Trans. Electron Comput., vol. 9, pp. 472–477, Dec. 1960.
129. — “On the effectiveness of receptors in recognition systems,” IRE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 9, pp. 11–17, Jan. 1963.
130. T. Marill, A. K. Hartley, T. G. Evans, B. H. Bloom, D. M. R. Park, T. P. Hart, and D. L. Darley, “Cyclops-1: A second-generation recognition system” in Proc. Fall Joint Computer Conf., pp. 27–33, Nov. 1963.
131. H. Marko and H. Giebel “Recognition of handwritten characters with a system of homogeneous layers,” Nachrichtentech. Z., vol. 23, pp. 455–459, Sept. 1970.
132. J. L. Masterson and R. S. Hirsch “Machine recognition of constrained handwritten Arabic numerals,” IRE Trans. Human Factors Electron., vol. 3, pp. 62–65, Sept. 1962.
133. I. Masuda, “Machine recognition of handprinted Japanese characters KATAKANA using geometric features,” J. Inst. Electron. Commun. Eng. Japan, vol. 55-D, no. 10, pp. 638–645, 1972 (in Japanese).
134. J. A. McLaughlin and J. Raviv “Nth-order autocorrelations in pattern recognition,” Inform. Contr., vol. 12, pp. 121–142, 1968.
135. P. Mermelstein and M. Eden, “A system for automatic recognition of handwritten words,” in Proc. Fall Joint Computer Conf., pp. 333–342, 1964.
136. M. Michael and W. C. Lin “Experimental study of information measure and inter-intra class distance ratios on feature selection and orderings,” IEEE Trans. Syst, Man, Cybem., vol. 3, pp. 172–181, Mar. 1973.
137. G. M. Miller, “On-line Recognition of Hand-generated Symbols,” in Proc. Fall Joint Computer Conf., pp. 399–412, Nov. 1969.
138. N. K. Miloslavskaya and S. T. Polyakov “Minsk-1 digital computer simulation of an algorithm for handwritten character recognition,” Sov. Automat Cont., vol. 14, pp. 42–45, 1969.
139. M. J. Minneman “Handwritten character recognition employing topology, cross correlation, and decision theory,” IEEE Trans. Syst. Sci. Cybern., vol. 2, pp. 86–96, Dec. 1966.
140. N. Miyazaki and S. Hosino, “Recognition of Handprinted Katakana Characters,” in Annu. Conf. Information Processing Soc. Japan, Dec. 1974.
141. K.-I. Mori, H. Genchi, S. Watanabe, and S. Katsuragi “Microprogram controlled pattern processing in a handwritten mail reader-sorter,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 2, pp. 175–185, 1970.
142. M. Mori, K. Takase, and H. Nishio, “A dynamic pattern recognition method using the preview controlled saccadic movement of the detector,” in Proc. Int. Joint Conf. Artificial Intelligence, pp. 141–151, May 1969.
143. S. Mori, “Nonmetric model of handprinted characters,” Inst. Electron. Commun. Eng. Japan, vol. 62-D, no. 10, 1979 (in Japanese).
144. S. Mori, T. Mori, K. Yamanoto, H. Yamada, T. Saito, and K. Nakata, “Recognition of handprinted characters,” in Proc. 2nd Int. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 233–237, Aug. 1974.
145. —, “Recognition of handprinted characters,” in Proc. 2nd USA-Japan Computer Conf., pp. 18–23, Aug. 1975.
146. — “Recognition of handwritten alphanumeric and special characters,” Syst Comput. Contr., vol. 6, pp. 37–46, 1975.
147. T. Morita and K. Fujii “Recognition system for handwritten letters simulating visual nervous system,” Electron. Commun. Japan, vol. 52-C, pp. 100–108, 1969.
148. P. G. Moulton and D. Morris “Graphical input/output for the character recognition program,” Marconi Rev., vol. 34, pp. 113–120, 1971.
149. I. B. Muchnik “Simulation of process of forming the language for description and analysis of the forms of images,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 4, pp. 101–140, 1972.
150. J. H. Munson “Experiments in the recognition of hand-printed text: Part I—Character recognition,” in Proc. Fall Joint Computer Conf., vol. 33, pp. 1125–1138, Dec. 1968.
151. J. H. Munson, R. O. Duda, and P. E. Hart “Experiments with Highleyman's data,” IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 17, pp. 399–401, Apr. 1968.
152. N. K. Myloslavs'ka and S. T. Polyakov, “Selection of reference patterns in handwritten character recognition,” Sov. Automat. Contr., vol. 15, pp. 38–42, 1970.
153. M. Nadler, “Structural codes for omnifont and handwritten characters,” in Proc. 3rd Int Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 135–139, Nov. 1976.
154. G. Nagy and N. Tuong “Normalization techniques for handprinted numerals,” Commun. Assoc. Computing Machinery, vol. 13, pp. 475–481, Aug. 1970.
155. S. Naito, H. Arakawa, and I. Masuda, “Recognition of handprinted alphanumerics and symbols based on centroid lines,” in Proc. 4th Int Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 797–801, Nov. 1978.
156. H. Nanbu, K. Yamamoto, K. Kobayashi, Y. Maeda, K. Okawa, and M. Isozaki, “Recognition block adapted to terminal OCR,” in Annu. Conf. Inst Elec. Commun. Eng. Japan, Mar. 1978.
157. R. Narasimhan and V. S. N. Reddy “A syntax-aided recognition scheme for handprinted English letters,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 3, pp. 345–361, 1971.
158. W. C. Naylor “Some studies in the interactive design of character recognition systems,” IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 20, pp. 1075–1086, Sept. 1971.
159. N. Negroponte, “Recent advances in sketch recognition,” Proc. American Fed. Information Processing Soc., pp. 663–675, 1973.
160. J. Neill, “Numeric script mail sorter,” Proc. Automat. Pattern Recognition, pp. 49–65, May 1969.
161. H. Niemann, “A comparison of classification results in character recognition by man and by machine,” in Proc. 3rd Int Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 144–147, Nov. 1976.
162. Numeric Character Set for Handprinting. Canadian Standards Association, Standard Z243.34.1-M1978, Feb. 1978.
163. Optical Character Recognition and the Years Ahead. Elmhurst, IL: The Business Press, 1969.
164. R. Ott, “On feature selection by means of principle axis transform and nonlinear classification,” in Proc. 2nd Int. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 220–222, Aug. 1974.
165. J. R. Parks, “A multilevel system of analysis for mixed font and handblocked printed characters recognition,” in Automatic Interpretation and Classification of Images, A. Grasselli, Ed. New York: Academic, 1969, pp. 295–322.
166. J. R. Parks, D. A. Bell, R. S. Watson, G. Cowin, and S.E.Olding, “An articulate recognition procedure applied to handprinted numerals,” in Proc. 2nd Int. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 416–420, Aug. 1974.
167. T. Pavlidis, “Syntactic feature extraction for shape recognition,” in Proc. 3rd Int Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 95–99, Nov. 1976.
168. T. Pavlidis and F. Ali “Computer recognition of handwritten numerals by polygonal approximations,” IEEE Trans Syst, Man, Cybern., vol. 5, pp. 610–614, Nov. 1975.
169. — “A hierarchical syntactic shape analyzer,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis Machine Intel., vol. 1, pp. 2–9, Jan. 1979.
170. E. Persoon, and F. S. Fu “Shape discrimination using Fourier descriptors,” IEEE Trans. Syst, Man, Cybern., vol. 7, pp. 170–179, Mar. 1977.
171. P. J. Pobgee and J. R. Parks, “Applications of a low cost graphical input tablet,” Information Processing 71, North-Holland Publishing, pp. 737–741, 1972.
172. V. M. Powers “Pen direction sequences in character recognition,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 5, pp. 291–302, Dec. 1973.
173. R. C. Prather, “Handprinted character recognition and related topics,” Computing Rev., pp. 51–65, Jan. 1970.
174. D. J. Quarmby and J. Rastall “Experiments on handwritten numeral classification,” IEEE Trans. Syst, Man, Cybern., vol. 1, pp. 331–338, Oct. 1971.
175. U. Ramer “An iterative procedure for the polygonal approximation of plane curves,” Comput. Graph. Image Processing, vol. 1, pp. 244–256, 1972.
176. Report on Optical Readers Delran, NJ: Datapro Res. Corp., 1975.
177. W. S. Rohland, P. J. Traglia, and P. J. Hurley “The design of an OCR system for reading handwritten numerals,” in Proc. Fall Joint Computer Conf., vol. 33, pp. 1151–1162, Dec. 1968.
178. V. I. Ryback and G. I. Fursin, “Recognition of handwritten symbols in the process of writing,” Cybernetics, vol. 8, pp. 296–304, Mar.–Apr. 1972.
179. T. Saito, H. Yamada, and S. Mori, “An Analysis of the Handprinted character data base 3,” Bull. Electrotech. Lab., vol. 42, no. 5, 1978 (in Japanese).
180. K. Sakai, S. Hirai, T. Kawada, S. Amano, and K. Mori, “An optical Chinese character reader,” in Proc. 3rd Int. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 122–126, Nov. 1976.
181. M. Sami and R. Stefanelli “Compression algorithms that preserve basic topological features in binary-coded patterns,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 5, pp. 133–147, 1973.
182. J. W. Sammon, Jr., J. H. Sanders, M. P. Dimeo, et al., “Handprint character recognition techniques,” Computer Symbolic Inc., Tech. Rep. AD876-875, 1970.
183. K. M. Sayre “Machine recognition of handwritten words: A project report,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 5, pp. 213–228, 1973.
184. I. Sheinberg “The input 2 document reader,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 2, pp. 167–173, Sept. 1970.
185. R. Shillman, C. Cox, T. Kuklinski, J. Ventura, M. Eden, and B. Blesser “A bibliography in character recognition: Techniques for describing characters,” Visible Language, vol. 8, pp. 151–166, 1974.
186. R. Shillman, T. Kuklinski, and B. Blesser, “Experimental methodologies for character recognition based on phenomenological attributes,” in Proc. 2nd Int. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 195–201, Aug. 1974.
187. M. Shimura “Multicategory learning classifiers for character reading,” IEEE Trans. Syst, Man, Cybern., vol. 3, pp. 74–85, Jan. 1973.
188. J. G. Simek and C. J. Tunis “Handprinting input device for computer systems,” IEEE Spectrum, vol. 4, pp. 72–81, 1967.
189. P. Siy and C. S. Chen, “Fuzzy logic approach to handwritten character recognition problem,” in Proc. Joint Nat Conf. Major Systems, pp. 113–117, Oct. 1971.
190. — “Fuzzy logic for handwritten numeral character recognition,” IEEE Trans. Syst, Man, Cybern., vol. 4, pp. 570–575, Nov. 1974.
191. V. A. Sobol “Device for analyzing the structure of complex contour images,” Automat Remote Contr., vol. 33, pp. 775–779, May 1972.
192. A. A. Spanjersberg, “Combinations of different systems for the recognition of handwritten digits,” Proc. 2nd Int Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 208–209, Aug. 1974.
193. — “Experiments with automatic input of handwritten numeral data into a large administrative system,” IEEE Trans. Syst Man, Cybern., vol. 8, pp. 286–288, Apr. 1978.
194. R. J. Spinrad “Machine recognition of hand printing,” Inform. Contr., vol. 8, pp. 124–142, Apr. 1965.
195. W. J. Steingrandt and S. S. Yau, “A hand-printed character recognition experiment,” in Proc. 1st Annu. Princeton Conf. Information Sciences Systems, pp. 254–258, Mar. 1967.
196. D. M. Stern and D. W. C. Shen “Character recognition by context-dependent transformations,” Proc. Inst. Elec. Eng., vol. 111, pp. 1923–1932, Nov. 1964.
197. M. E. Stevens, “Automatic character recognition—A state-of-the-art report,” National Bureau of Standards, Tech. Note 112, May 1961.
198. M. E. Stevens, Guest Ed., Special Issue on Optical Character Recognition, Pattern Récognition, vol., 2, pp. 145–239, Sept. 1970.
199. T.-J. Sue and Z. Chen, “Skeleton chain code approach to recognition of handwritten numerals,” in Proc. Nat. Computer Symp., pp. 4.15–4.26, Dec. 1976.
200. C. Y. Suen, “Factors affecting the recognition of handprinted characters,” in Proc. Int Conf. Cybernetics and Society, pp. 174–175, Nov. 1973.
201. —, “Human factors in character recognition,” Proc. Int Conf. Systems, Man, Cybern., pp. 253–258, Oct. 1974.
202. —, “A study on man-machine interaction problems in character recognition,” IEEE Trans Syst., Man, Cybern., vol. 9, Nov. 1979.
203. C. Y. Suen, C. Shiau, R. Shinghal, and C. C. Kwan, “Reliable recognition of handprint data,” in Proc. Joint Workshop Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, pp. 98–102, June 1976.
204. C. Y. Suen and R. J. Shillman “Low error rate optical character recognition of unconstrained handprinted letters based on a model of human perception,” IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern., vol. 7, pp. 491–495, June 1977.
205. C. Y. Suen, R. Shinghal, and C. C. Kwan, “Dispersion factor: A quantitative measurement of the quality of handprinted characters,” in Proc. Int Conf. Cybernetics and Society, pp. 681–685, Sept. 1977.
206. C. Y. Suen, “Advances in optical character recognition,” in Proc. Canadian Computer Conf., pp. 263–268, May 1978.
207. W. Teitelman, “Real time recognition of hand-drawn characters,” in Proc. Fall Joint Computer Conf., pp. 559–575, Oct. 1964.
208. T. L. Teng and C. C. Li, “Learning algorithms for multi-class pattern classification and problems associated with on-line handwritten character recognition,” SPCC Rep. 119, Dep. of Elec. Eng., Univ. of Pittsburgh, PA, Dec. 1969.
209. R. C. Thompson, “Alphabetic handprint reading,” OCR Today, pp. 9, 10, 12, 23, Aug. 1977.
210. S. Tomita, S. Noguchi, J. Oizumi, and K. Iwamoto, “Recognition of handwritten Katakana characters,” J. Inst. Elec. Commun. Eng. Japan, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 656–663, 1967 (in Japanese).
211. J. T. Tou and R. C. Gonzalez, “A new approach to automatic recognition of handwritten characters,” in Proc. Two-Dimensional Digital Signal Processing Conf., pp. 3-2-1–3-2-10, Oct. 1971.
212. — “Recognition of handwritten characters by topological feature extraction and multilevel categorization,” IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 21, pp. 776–785, July 1972.
213. G. T. Toussaint and R. W. Donaldson, “Algorithms for recognizing contour-traced handprinted characters,” IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 19, pp. 541–546, June 1970.
214. E. E. Triendl, “Skeletonization of noisy handrawn symbols using parallel operations,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 2, pp. 215–226. 1970.
215. N. D. Tucker and F. C. Evans, “A two-step strategy for character recognition using geometrical moments,” in Proc. 2nd Int. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 223–225, Aug. 1974.
216. L. Uhr and C. Vossler, “A pattern-recognition program that generates, evaluates and adjusts its own operators,” in Computers and Thought. E. A. Feigenbaum and J. Feldman, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963, pp. 251–268.
217. J. R. Ullmann “Experiments with the n-tuple method of pattern recognition,” IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 18, pp. 1135–1137, Dec. 1969.
218. —, “Correspondence in character recognition,” in Machine Perception of Patterns and Pictures. London, England: The Institute of Physics, 1972, pp. 34–44.
219. — “A use of continuity in character recognition,” IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern., vol. 4, pp. 294–300, May 1974.
220. — “Automatic selection of reference data for use in a nearest neighbor method of pattern classification,” IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 20, pp. 541–543, July 1974.
221. —, “Pattern recognition using degenerate reference data,” in Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence. C. H. Chen, Ed. New York: Academic, 1976, pp. 508–528.
222. —, “Picture analysis in character recognition,” in Digital Picture Analysis. A. Rosenfeld, Ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1976, pp. 295–343.
223. S. H. Unger “Pattern detection and recognition,” Proc. IRE, vol. 47, pp. 1737–1752, Oct. 1959.
224. A. H. Watt and R. L. Beurle, “Recognition of handprinted numerals reduced to graph-representable form,” Proc. 2nd Int. Joint Conf. Artificial Intelligence, pp. 322–332, Sept. 1971.
225. A. C. Weaver, “On-line character recognition,” UIUCDCS-R-74-660, Dep. Comput. Sci., Univ. of IL, Urbana, Aug. 1974.
226. J. A. Weaver, Reading Machines. London, England: Mills & Boon, 1972.
227. T. C. Webb and A. L. Kreutzer, “Computer reads meter readers' handwriting without help,” Transmission and Distribution, pp. 58–60, Nov. 1972.
228. S. Wendling, G. Gagneux, and G. Stamon, “A set of invariants within the power spectrum of unitary transformations,” IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 27, pp. 1213–1216, Dec. 1978.
229. S. Wendling and G. Stamon, “Hadamard and Harr transforms and their power spectra in character recognition,” in Proc. Joint Workshop Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, pp. 103–112, June 1976.
230. R. A. Wilson, Optical Page Reading Devices. New York: Rein-hold, 1966.
231. J. Yacyk “Alphabetic handprint reading,” IEEE Trans. Syst. Man, Cybern., vol. 8, pp. 279–282, Apr. 1978.
232. H. Yamada and S. Mori, “An Analysis of the Handprinted character Data Base 1,” Bull Electrotech. Lab., vol. 39, pp. 580–599, 1975 (in Japanese).
233. —, “An analysis of the handprinted character data base 2,” Bull. Electrotech. Lab., vol. 40, pp. 513–529, 1976 (in Japanese).
234. —, “Line-wise parallel operations and their application to handprint recognition,” in Proc. 4th Int. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 789–793, Nov. 1978.
235. K. Yamamoto and S. Mori, “Recognition of handprinted characters by outermost point method,” in Proc. 4th Int. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 794–796, Nov. 1978.
236. K. Yamamoto, S. Mori, T. Mori, H. Yamada, and T. Saito, “Katakana characters recognition by the field effect method,” in Annu. Conf. Inst. Elec. Commun. Eng. Japan, Mar. 1975.
237. K. Yamamoto, T. Mori, and S. Mori “Machine recognition of handprinted Japanese characters KATAKANA and numerals-topological line segment method and automatic formation of masks,” J. Inst Elec. Commun. Eng Japan, vol. 59-D, no. 6, pp. 414–421, 1976.
238. K. Yamamoto, S. Isozaki, H. Nanbu, K. Kobayashi, and Y. Maeda, “Character recognition processor,” in Annu. Conf. Inst Elec. Commun. Eng. Japan, Mar. 1976.
239. K. Yamamoto, H. Nanbu, K. Kobayashi, Y. Maeda, and K. Okawa, “Contour following by microprocessor,” in Annu. Conf. Inst. Elec. Commun. Eng. Japan, Mar. 1978.
240. S. Yamamoto, M. Yasuda, Y. Miyamoto, and M. Tsutsumi “Design of handwritten-numeral recognizer,” Electron. Commun. Japan, vol. 53-C, pp. 134–142, 1970.
241. I. Yamasaki and T. Iijima “Basic equation of automatic nor-malizer for character patterns using moments,” Electron. Commun. Japan, vol. 55-D, pp. 148–156, 1972.
242. M. Yoshida, K. Iwata, E. Yamamoto, and Y. Kabuyama, “The Recognition of Handprinted Characters Including KATAKANA,” in Proc. 3rd Int. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 645–649, 1976.
243. M. Yoshida, K. Iwata, E. Yamamoto, T. Masui, and Y. Kabuyama, “The recognition of handprinted characters including 'Katakana', 'Alphabets' and 'Numerals',” in Proc. 3rd Int. Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 645–649, Nov. 1976.
244. M. J. Zobrak and T. W. Sze, “A method of recognition of hand-drawn line patterns, in Proc. 1st Annu. Conf. I.S.S., Princeton, 1967.