Risk of Vascular Disease in Women: Smoking, Oral Contraceptives, Noncontraceptive Estrogens, and Other Factors

JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association

Volumn 242, Issue 11, 1979, Pages 1150-1154

  Petitti, Diana B ^a,b   Wingerd, John ^b   Pellegrin, Frederick ^b   Ramcharan, Savitri ^b  

^a CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^b KAISER PERMANENTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; ESTROGEN; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; TOBACCO SMOKE;

ADVERSE DRUG REACTION; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FEMALE; GALLSTONE; HEART; HEART INFARCTION; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTENSION; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR SYSTEM; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING; STROKE; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; THROMBOEMBOLISM; VASCULAR DISEASE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CALIFORNIA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL; ESTROGENS; FEMALE; GALLBLADDER DISEASES; HUMAN; MIDDLE AGE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; OBESITY; RISK; SMOKING; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; THROMBOEMBOLISM;

EID: 0018697193     PISSN: 00987484     EISSN: 15383598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/jama.1979.03300110022020     Document Type: Article

References (20)

1. Vessey MP, Doll R: Investigation of relation between use of oral contraceptives and thromboembolic disease. Br Med J 2:199-205, 1968.
2. Petitti DB, Wingerd J, Pellegrin F, et al: Oral contraceptives, smoking, and other factors in relation to risk of venous thromboembolic disease. Am J Epidemiol 108:480-485, 1978.
3. Mann JI, Vessey MP, Thorogood M, et al: Myocardial infarction in young women with special reference to oral contraceptive practice. Br Med J 2:241-245, 1975.
4. Oral contraception and increased risk of cerebral ischemia or thrombosis, Collaborative Group for the Study of Stroke in Young Women. N Engl J Med 288:871-878, 1973.
5. Petitti DB, Wingerd J: Use of oral contraceptives, cigarette smoking, and risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Lancet 2:234-236, 1978.
6. Mantel N, Haenszel W: Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 22:719-748, 1959.
7. Friedman GD, Kannel WB, Dawber TR: The epidemiology of gallbladder disease: Observations in the Framingham study. J Chronic Dis 19:273-292, 1966.
8. Rhoads GG, Gulbrandsen CL, Kagan A: Serum lipoproteins and coronary heart disease in a population study of Hawaii Japanese men. N Engl J Med 294:293-298, 1976.
9. Yano K, Rhoads GG, Kagan A: Coffee, alcohol and risk of coronary heart disease among Japanese men living in Hawaii. N Engl J Med 297:405-409, 1977.
10. Castelli WP, Doyle JT, Gordon T, et al: Alcohol and blood lipids: The Cooperative Lipoprotein Phenotyping study. Lancet 2:153-155, 1977.
11. Bradley DD, Wingerd J, Petitti DB, et al: Serum high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol in women using oral contraceptives, estrogens and progestins. N Engl J Med 299:17-20, 1978.
12. Beral V, Kay CR: Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception study: Mortality among oral-contraceptive users. Lancet 2:727-731, 1977.
13. Jick H, Dinan B, Rothman KJ: Oral contraceptives and nonfatal myocardial infarction. JAMA 239:1403-1406, 1978.
14. Jick H, Dinan B, Rothman KJ: Noncontraceptive estrogens and nonfatal myocardial infarction. JAMA 239:1407-1408, 1978.
15. Rosenberg L, Armstrong B, Jick H: Myocardial infarction and estrogen therapy in post-menopausal women. N Engl J Med 294:1256-1259, 1976.
16. Pfeffer RI, Whipple GH, Kurosaki TT, et al: Coronary risk and estrogen use in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 107:479-487, 1978.
17. Surgically confirmed gallbladder disease, venous thromboembolism, and breast tumors in relation to postmenopausal estrogen therapy, Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. N Engl J Med 290:15-19, 1974.
18. Pfeffer RI, Van den Noort S: Estrogen use and stroke risk in post-menopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 103:445-456, 1976.
19. The Coronary Drug Project: Initial findings leading to modifications of its research protocol, Coronary Drug Project Research Group. JAMA 214:1303-1313, 1970.
20. The Coronary Drug Project: Findings leading to discontinuation of the 2.5-mg/day estrogen group, Coronary Drug Project Research Group. JAMA 226:652-657, 1973.