A vortex theory of animal flight. Part 1. The vortex wake of a hovering animal

Journal of Fluid Mechanics

Volumn 91, Issue 4, 1979, Pages 697-730

  Rayner, J M V ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FLOW OF FLUIDS - WAKES;

ANIMAL FLIGHT; VORTEX WAKES;

AERODYNAMICS;

EID: 0018457693     PISSN: 00221120     EISSN: 14697645     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0022112079000410     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Batchelor, G. K. 1967 An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics. Cambridge University Press.
2. Cone, C. D. 1968 The aerodynamics of flapping birdflight. Spec. Sci. Rep. Va Inst. Mar. Sci. no. 52.
3. Ellington, C. P. 1978 The aerodynamics of normal hovering flight. In Comparative Physiology — Water, Ions and Fluid Mechanics (ed. K. Schmidt-Nielsen, L. Bolis & S. H. P. Maddrell), pp. 327–345. Cambridge University Press.
4. Fraenkel, L. E. 1970 On steady vortex rings of small cross-section in an ideal fluid. Proc. Roy. Soc. A 316, 29–62.
5. Glauert, H. 1935 Airplane propellors. In Aerodynamic Theory (ed. W. H. Durand), vol. 4, pp. 169–360. Springer.
6. Gradshteyn, I. S. & Rhyzhik, I. M. 1965 Tables of Integrals, Series and Products. Academic Press.
7. Greenewalt, C. H. 1962 Dimensional relationships for flying animals. Smithson. Misc. Collns 144, 2.
8. Hainsworth, F. R. & Wolf, J. L. 1972 Power for hovering flight in relation to body size in hummingbirds. Am. Nat. 106, 589–596.
9. Hoff, W. 1919 Der Flug der Insekten. Naturwissenschaften 7, 159–164.
10. von Kármán, T. & Burgers, J. M. 1935 General aerodynamic theory — perfect fluids. In Aerodynamic theory (ed. W. H. Durand), vol. 2, pp. 315–352. Springer.
11. Lamb, H. 1932 Hydrodynamics. Cambridge University Press.
12. Levy, H. & Forsdyke, A. G. 1927 The stability of an infinite system of circular vortices. I. Proc. Roy. Soc. A 114, 594–604.
13. Lighthill, M. J. 1973 On the Weis—Fogh mechanism of lift generation. J. Fluid Mech. 60, 1–17.
14. Lighthill, M. J. 1977 Introduction to the scaling of aerial locomotion. In Scale Effects in Animal Locomotion (ed. T. J. Pedley), pp. 365–404. Academic Press.
15. Magnan, A., Perrilliat-Botonet, C. & Girard, H. 1938 Essais d'enregistrements cinématographiques simultanées dans trois directions perpendiculaires deux à deux de l'écoulement de l'air autour d'un oiseau en vol. C. R. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris 206, 462–464.
16. Maxworthy, T. 1972 The structure and stability of vortex rings. J. Fluid Mech. 51, 15–32.
17. Maxworthy, T. 1977 Some experimental studies of vortex rings. J. Fluid Mech. 81, 465–495.
18. Nachtigall, W. 1974 Insects in Flight. London: George Allen & Unwin.
19. Nachtigall, W. & Kempf, B. 1971 Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur flugbiologischen Funktion des Daumenfittichs (Alula spuria) bei Vögeln. Z. vergl. Physiol. 71, 326–341.
20. Norberg, U. M. 1975 Hovering flight in the pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca). In Swimming and Flying in Nature (ed. T. Y. Wu, C. J. Brokaw & C. Brennen), vol. 2, pp. 869–881. Plenum.
21. Norberg, U. M. 1976 Aerodynamics of hovering flight in the long-eared bat Plecotus auritus. J. Exp. Biol. 65, 459–470.
22. Norbury, J. 1973 A family of steady vortex rings. J. Fluid Mech. 57, 417–431.
23. Oehme, H. & Kitzler, U. 1974 Untersuchungen zur Flugbiophysik und Flugphysiologie der Vögel. I. Über die Kinematik des Flügelschlages beim unbeschleunigten Horizontalflug. Zool. Jb. Physiol. 78, 401–512.
24. Oehme, H. & Kitzler, U. 1975a Untersuchungen zur Flugbiophysik und Flugphysiologie der Vögel. II. Zur Geometric des Vögelflügels. Zool. Jb. Physiol. 79, 402–424.
25. Oehme, H. & Kitzler, U. 1975b Untersuchungen zur Flugbiophysik und Flugphysiologie der Vögel. III. Die Bestimmung der Muskelleistung beim Kraftflug der Vögel aus kinematischen und morphologischen Daten. Zool. Jb. Physiol. 79, 425–458.
26. Osborne, M. F. M. 1951 Aerodynamics of flapping flight with applications to insects. J. Exp. Biol. 28, 221–245.
27. Pennycuick, C. J. 1968 Power requirements for horizontal flight in the pigeon Columba livia. J. Exp. Biol. 49, 527–555.
28. Rayner, J. M. V. 1979a A vortex theory of animal flight. Part 2. The forward flight of birds. J. Fluid Mech. 91, 739–771.
29. Rayner, J. M. V. 1979b A new theory of animal flight mechanics. J. Exp. Biol. (In the Press.)
30. Rüppell, G. 1977 Bird Flight. Van Nostrand—Rheinhold.
31. Saffman, P. G. 1970 The velocity of viscous vortex rings. SIAM J. 49, 371–380.
32. Vogel, S. 1967 Flight in Drosophila. III. Aerodynamic characteristics of fly wings and wing models. J. Exp. Biol. 46, 431–443.
33. Weis-Fogh, T. 1972 Energetics of hovering flight in hummingbirds and Drosophila. J. Exp. Biol. 56, 79–104.
34. Weis-Fook, T. 1973 Quick estimates of flight fitness in hovering animals, including novel mechanisms for lift production. J. Exp. Biol. 59, 169–230.
35. Weis-Fogh, T. 1977 Dimensional analysis of hovering flight. In Scale Effects in Animal Locomotion (ed. T. J. Pedley), pp. 405–420. Academic Press.
36. Weis-Fogh, T. & Alexander, R. McN. 1977 The sustained power output from striated muscle. In Scale Effects in Animal Locomotion (ed. T. J. Pedley), pp. 511–525. Academic Press.
37. Widnall, S. E. & Sullivan, J. P. 1973 On the stability of vortex rings. Proc. Roy. Soc. A 332, 335–353.
38. Widnall, S. E. & Tsai, C.-Y. 1977 The instability of the thin vortex ring of constant vorticity. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A 287, 273–305.