Science as a Guide in Regulating Technology: The Case of DDT in the United States

Social Studies of Science

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 1978, Pages 265-285

  Dunlap, Thomas R ^a  

^a VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHLORPHENOTANE;

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; PREVENTION; PUBLIC HEALTH; UNITED STATES;

HISTORY OF MEDICINE, MODERN; PESTICIDES; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0018172504     PISSN: 03063127     EISSN: 14603659     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/030631277800800302     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Environmental Protection Agency, ‘Consolidated DDT Hearings, Opinion and Order of the Administrator’, Federal Register, Vol. 37, 13369-76
2. Environmental Protection Agency, DDT: A Review of Scientific and Economic Aspects of the Decisions to Ban its Use as a Pesticide (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1975).
3. The literature on this subject is voluminous. For a summary of the fight over DDT see Frank Graham, Jr., Since Silent Spring (Boston, Mass: Houghton Mifflin, 1970).
4. Wayland J. Hayes, Jr., ‘The Effect of Known Repeated Oral Doses of Chlorophenethane (DDT) in Man’, Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 162 (27 October 1956), 890-97
5. Wayland J. Hayes, Jr., Griffith E. Quimby, Kenneth C. Walker, Joseph W. Elliot, and William M. Upham, ‘Storage of DDT and DDE in People with Different Degrees of Exposure to DDT,’,’ AMA Archives of Industrial Health, Vol. 18 (November 1958), 398-400; testimony of Wayland J. Hayes, in Wisconsin DDT Hearing, 1392-98.
6. US Congress, House of Representatives, Select Committee to Investigate the Use of Chemicals in Food Products, Chemicals in Food Products (Hearings before the House Select Committee to Investigate the Use of Chemicals in Food Products) (81st Congress, 2nd Session) (Washington, DC: US GPO, 1951). The second part of the hearings has the same author and title, but is filed under 82nd Congress, 1st Session, and was published in 1953. Further citations are to Chemicals in Food (appropriate Congress).
7. A discussion of the basis of insecticide residue policy in the pre-DDT era may be found in James Whorton, Before Silent Spring (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975). For a full account of the problems of policy in the Depression see Charles O. Jackson, Food and Drug Legislation in the New Deal (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970).
8. Richard Ormsbee, ‘The Toxicology and Mechanism of Action of DDT in Mammals’, in US Office of Scientific Research and Development, Committee on Medical Research, Advances in Military Medicine, Volume II (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, and Co., 1948), 634.
9. EPA, ‘Consolidated DDT Hearings’, 83-94; see New York Times (4 November 1969), 10.
10. American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 36 (June 1946), 593-606; US Department of Agriculture, Insects, The Yearbook of Agriculture for 1952 (Washington, DC: US GPO, 1952).
11. Clarence Cottam and Elmer Higgins, ‘DDT and its Effect on Fish and Wildlife’, Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 39 (February 1946), 44-52.
12. Lucille F. Stickel, personal communication, 10 October 1973.
13. See also Lucille F. Stickel and Eugene H. Dustman, ‘Measuring the Impact of Pesticides on the Ecology’, Pollution Abstracts, Vol. 3 (July 1972), 4-7.
14. Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1962), 13-15
15. Allen H. Benton, ‘Effects on Wildlife of DDT used for Control of Dutch Elm Disease’, Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 22 (July 1958), 269-74
16. George J. Wallace, Walter P. Hickell and Richard F. Bernard, Bird Mortality in the Dutch Elm Disease Program in Michigan, Bulletin 41 of the Cranbrook Institute of Science (Bloomfield Hills, Mich.: Cranbrook Institute of Science, 1961), 42.
17. Joseph J. Hickey, interview with author, 16 July 1973.
18. Doris H. Wurster, Charles F. Wurster, Jr., and Walter N. Strickland, ‘Bird Mortality Following DDT Spray for Dutch Elm Disease’, Ecology, Vol. 46 (Early Summer 1965), 448-49
19. John L. George, The Program to Eradicate the Imported Fire Ant (New York: The Conservation Foundation, 1958)
20. Robert L. Rudd, Pesticides and the Living Landscape (Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press), 34-36.
21. E.G. Hunt and I.A. Bischoff, ‘Inimical Effects on Wildlife of Periodic DDD Applications to Clear Lake’, California Fish and Game, Vol. 46 (January 1960), 91-106
22. Dennis Puleston, ‘Defending the Environment - A Case History’, Brookhaven Lecture Series, Number 104, 15 September 1971 (Springfield, Virginia: National Technical Information Service, 1971), 3
23. George M. Woodwell, personal communication, 4 April 1977
24. Charles O. Broley, ‘The Plight of the American Bald Eagle’, Audubon Magazine, Vol. 60 (July-August 1958), 162
25. Peter L. Ames, ‘DDT Residues in the Eggs of the Osprey in the North Eastern United States and their Relation to Nestling Success’, ’, in Pesticides in the Environment and Their Effects on Wildlife, Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 3 (Supplement) (1967), 87-97.
26. F.N. Hamerstrom, Jr., ‘An Ecological Appraisal of the Peregrine Decline’, 509; ‘Roundtable Discussion - Pesticides as Possible Factors Affecting Raptor Populations’, ’, 461-83; ‘General Discussion: Population and Biology and Significance of Trends’, 548
27. Eldridge G. Hunt, ‘Pesticides Residues in Fish and Wildlife of California’, 455; all in Joseph J. Hickey (ed.), Peregrine Falcon Populations (Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1968).
28. Larry G. Hart, Robert W. Shultice and James R. Fouts, ‘Stimulatory Effects of Chlordane on Hepatic Microsomal Drug Metabolism in the Rat’, ’, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 5 (May 1963), 371-86; Hart and Fouts, ‘Effects of Acute and Chronie DDT Administration on Hepatic Microsomal Drug Metabolism in the Rat’, ’, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, Vol. 114 (November 1963), 388-92.
29. D.B. Peakall, ‘Pesticide-induced Enzyme Breakdown of Steroids in Birds’, Nature, Vol. 216 (4 November 1967), 505-06; Peakall, ‘Progress in Experiments on the Relation between Pesticides and Fertility’, Atlantic Naturalist, Vol. 22 (April-June 1967), 109-11.
30. Testimony of Lucille F. Stickel, in Wisconsin DDT Hearing, 1214-319.
31. Robert L. Rudd, 1320-451
32. Robert W. Risebrough, 589-611, 651-830; all in Wisconsin DDT Hearing.