Suicide, Attempted Suicide, and Relapse Rates in Depression: Occurrence After ECT and Antidepressant Therapy

Archives of General Psychiatry

Volumn 35, Issue 6, 1978, Pages 749-753

  Avery, David ^a,b   Winokur, George ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^b USPHS Postdoctoral Fellow in Pharmacology Psychochemistry Institute ^*  (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; DEPRESSION; ELECTROCONVULSIVE SHOCK; EPIDEMIOLOGY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; SUICIDE; SUICIDE ATTEMPT; THERAPY;

ADJUSTMENT DISORDERS; AFFECTIVE DISORDERS, PSYCHOTIC; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; BIPOLAR DISORDER; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DEPRESSION; DEPRESSION, INVOLUTIONAL; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMAN; RECURRENCE; SUICIDE; SUICIDE, ATTEMPTED; SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, NON-P.H.S.;

EID: 0018116858     PISSN: 0003990X     EISSN: 15383636     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770300091010     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Robins E, Murphy GE, Wilkinson RH, et al: Some clinical considerations in the prevention of suicide based on a study of 134 successful suicides. Am J Public Health 49:888-899, 1959.
2. Murphy GE: The physician's responsibility for suicide: II. Errors of omission. Ann Intern Med 83:305-309, 1975.
3. Barraclough B, Bunch J, Nelson B, et al: A hundred cases of suicide: Clinical aspects. Br J Psychiatry 125:355-373, 1974.
4. Seager CP, Flood RA: Suicide in Bristol. Br J Psychiatry 111:919-932, 1965.
5. Burvill PW: Suicide in Western Australia, 1967: An analysis of coroners' records. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 5:37-44, 1971.
6. Langeluddeke A: Uber lebenswartung und ruchfallshaufigheit bei manis-depressiven. Z Psychol Hyg 14:1-16, 1941.
7. Slater E: Zur erbpathologia des manisch-depressiven irreseins: Die eltern und kindern von manisch-depressiven. Z Neurol Psychiatr 163:1-47, 1938.
8. Lundquist G: Prognosis and course in manic-depressive psychosis: A follow-up study of 319 first admissions. Acta Psychiatr Neurol 35(Suppl):1-96, 1945.
9. Schulz B: Sterblickkeit endogen geisteskranker unde ihrer eltern. Z Menschl Vererb Konstitutionsl 29:338-367, 1949.
10. Stenstedt A: A study in manic-depressive psychosis, clinical, social, and genetic investigations. Acta Psychiatr Scand, suppl 79, 1952, pp 1-11.
11. Avery DH, Winokur G: Mortality in depressed patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy and antidepressants. Arch Gen Psychiatry 33:1029-1037, 1976.
12. Avery DH, Winokur G: The efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy and antidepressants in depression. Biol Psychiatry 12:507-523, 1977.
13. Pokorny AD: Suicide rates in various psychiatric disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis 139:499-506, 1964.
14. Ziskind E, Somerfeld-Ziskind E, Ziskind L: Metrazol and electroconvulsive therapy of the affective psychoses. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 53:212-217, 1945.
15. Huston PE, Locher LM: Involutional psychosis: Course when untreated and when treated with electric shock. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 59:385-394, 1948.
16. Huston PE, Locher LM: Manic-depressive psychosis: Course when treated and untreated with electric shock. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 60:37-48, 1948.
17. DeCarolis V, Giberti F, Roccatagliata G, et al: Imipramine and electroshock in the treatment of depression: A clinical statistical analysis of 437 cases. Sist Nerv 16:29-42, 1964.
18. Greenblatt M, Grosser GH, Wechsler H: Differential response of hospitalized depressed patients to somatic therapy. Am J Psychiatry 120:935-943, 1964.
19. Hordern A, Burt CG, Holt NF: Depressive States. Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1965.
20. Bratfos O, Haug JO: Electroconvulsive therapy and antidepressant drugs in manic-depressive disease, treatment results at discharge and three months later. Acta Psychiatr Scand 41:588-596, 1965.
21. Clinical trial of the treatment of depressive illness, Medical Research Council. Br Med J 1:881-886, 1965.
22. Angst J, Varga E, Shepherd M: Preliminary report of a retrospective study of the treatments of depression. Excerpta Medica International Congress Series No. 129, 1967. Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologium, Washington, 28-31, March 1966.
23. Hutchinson JT, Smedberg D: Treatment of depression: A comparative study of ECT and six drugs. Br J Psychiatry 109:536-538, 1963.
24. Lönnqvist J, Niskanen P, Rinta-Mänty R, et al: Suicides in psychiatric hospitals in different therapeutic eras: A review of literature and own study. Psychiatr Fenn pp 265-273, 1974.
25. Hessø R, Retterstøl NT: Nor Laegeforen 95:1571, 1975.
26. Krieger G: Suicides, drugs and the open hospital. Hosp Commun Psychiatry, July 1966, pp 196-199.
27. Hussar AE: Effect of tranquilizers on medical morbidity and mortality in a mental hospital. JAMA 179:682-686, 1962.
28. Beisser AR, Blanchette J: A study of suicides in a mental hospital. Dis Nerv Syst 22:365-369, 1961.
29. Barraclough BM, Pallis DJ: Depression followed by suicide: A comparison of depressed suicides with living depressives. Psychol Med 5:55-61, 1975.
30. Simpson GM, Lee HL, Cuculic Z, et al: Two doses of imipramine in hospitalized endogenous and neurotic depressions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 33:1093-1102, 1976.
31. Burrows GD, Maguire KP, Scoggins BA, et al: Plasma nortriptyline and clinical response— study using changing plasma levels. Psychol Med 7:87-91, 1977.
32. Ziegler VE, Clayton PJ, Biggs JT: A comparison study of amitriptyline and nortriptyline with plasma levels. Arch Gen Psychiatry 34:607-612, 1977.
33. Segal BE, Humphrey J: A comparison of suicide victims and suicide attempters in New Hampshire. Dis Nerv Syst 31:830-838, 1970.
34. Schmidt E, O'Neal P, Robins E: Evaluation of suicide attempts as a guide to therapy. JAMA 155:549-557, 1954.
35. Motto JA: Suicide attempts, a longitudinal view. Arch Gen Psychiatry 13:516-520, 1965.
36. Batchelor IRC, Napier MD: The sequelae and short-term prognosis of attempted suicide: The results of a one-year follow-up of 200 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 17:261-266, 1954.
37. Jansson B: A catamnestic study of 476 attempted suicide with special regard to the prognosis for cases of drug automatism. Acta Psychiatr Scand 38:183-198, 1962.
38. Guze SB, Robins E: Suicide and primary affective disorders. Br J Psychiatry 117:437-438, 1970.
39. Kessel N, McCullock W, Simpson E: Psychiatric service in a centre for the treatment of poisoning. Br Med J 2:985-988, 1963.
40. Rosen DH: The serious suicide attempt: Epidemiological and followup study of the patients. Am J Psychiatry 127:764-770, 1970.
41. Bratfos O: Attempted suicide. Acta Psychiatr Scand 47:38-56, 1971.
42. Murphy GE: Clinical identification of suicidal risk. Arch Gen Psychiatry 27:356-359, 1972.
43. Kennedy P, Kreitman N, Ovenstone MK: The prevalence of suicide and parasuicide (“attempted suicide”) in Edinburgh. Br J Psychiatry 124:36-41, 1974.
44. Kraft DP, Babigian HM: Suicide by persons with and without psychiatric contacts. Arch Gen Psychiatry 33:209-215, 1976.
45. Dorpat TL, Ripley HS: A study of suicide in the Seattle area. Compr Psychiatry 1:349-359, 1960.
46. Robins E, Gassner S, Kayes J, et al: The communication of suicidal intent: A study of 134 consecutive cases of successful (completed) suicide. Am J Psychiatry 115:724-733, 1959.
47. Rosen A: Detection of suicidal patients: An example of some limitations in the prediction of infrequent events. J Consult Clin Psychol 18:397-403, 1954.
48. Juel-Nielsen N, Bille M, Flygenring J, et al: Frequency of depressive states within geographically delimited population groups-incidence (the Aarhus County investigation). Acta Psychiatr Scand 37(suppl 162):69-80, 1961.
49. Pederson AM, Barry DJ, Babigian HM: Epidemilogical considerations of psychotic depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 27:193-197, 1972.
50. Silverman D: The epidemiology of depression-a review. Am J Psychiatry 124:883-891, 1968.
51. Weissman MM: The epidemiology of suicide attempts, 1960 to 1971. Arch Gen Psychiatry 30:737-746, 1974.
52. Salzman L: An evaluation of shock therapy. Am J Psychiatry 103:669-679, 1947.
53. Oltman JE, Friedman S: Analysis of temporal factors in manicdepressive psychosis, with particular reference to the effect of shock therapy. Am J Psychiatry 107:57-68, 1950.
54. Bratfos O, Haug JO: The course of manic-depressive psychosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 44:89-112, 1968.
55. Angst J, Baastrup P, Grof P, et al: The course of monopolar depression and bipolar psychoses. Psychiatr Neurol Neurochir 76:489-500, 1973.
56. DeCarolis V, Gibert F, Roccatagliata G, et al: Rilievi catamnestici della terapia imipraminica ed eletroconvulsivante delle depressioni. Sist Nerv 1:43-52, 1964.
57. Seager CP, Bird RL: Imipramine with electrical treatment in depression-a controlled trial. J Ment Sci 108:704-707, 1962.
58. Kay DWK, Fahy T, Garside RF: A seven-month double-blind trial of amitriptyline and diazepam in ECT-treated depressed patients. Br J Psychiatry 117:667-671, 1970.
59. Mindham RHS, Howland C, Shepherd M: An evaluation of continuation therapy with tricyclic antidepressants in depressive illness. Psychol Med 3:5-17, 1973.
60. Klerman GL, DiMascio A, Weissman M, et al: Treatment of depression by drugs and psychotherapy. Am J Psychiatry 131:186-191, 1974.
61. Paykel E, DiMascio A, Haskell D, et al: Effects of maintenance amitriptyline and psychotherapy on symptoms of depression. Psychol Med 5:67-77, 1975.