Some properties of upper atmosphere dynamics

Reviews of Geophysics

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 1978, Pages 539-565

  Mayer, H G ^a   Harris, I ^a   Spencer, N W ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC THERMODYNAMICS;

EARTH ATMOSPHERE;

EID: 0018034993     PISSN: 87551209     EISSN: 19449208     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/RG016i004p00539     Document Type: Review

References (318)

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8. Magnetospheric processes and the behavior of the neutral atmosphere
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10. A review of auroral zone electrodynamics deduced from incoherent scatter radar observations
11. Incoherent scatter radar observations of westward electric fields and plasma densities in the auroral ionosphere
12. Ionospheric response to geomagnetic storms at low and mid latitudes
13. The temperature of the upper atmosphere
14. Tides in the F‐region observed by incoherent scatter over Saint‐Santin
15. Turbulence in atmospheric motions between 90 and 130 kilometers of altitude
16. Optical observations of the thermosphère
17. Geomagnetic effect on the neutral temperature of the F region during the magnetic storm of September 1969
18. Monitoring of the Lyman alpha emission line of the sun during the year 1969
19. Global temperature distributions from Ogo‐6 6300Ä airglow measurements
20. Direct measurement of hydrogen density at exobase level and exospheric temperatures from Lyman a. line shape and polarization, 1, Physical background and first results on day side
21. Full non‐linear treatment of the global thermospheric wind system, I, Mathematical method and analysis of forces
22. Full non‐linear treatment of the global thermospheric wind system, II, Results and comparison with observations
23. Interpretation of local thermospheric disturbances of composition observed by Esro 4 in the polar region
24. In situ measurements of hydrogen concentration and flux between 160 and 300 km in the thermosphère
25. A preliminary study of the neutral wind in the auroral E region
26. Observations of neutral winds in the auroral E region during the magnetospheric storm of August 3‐9, 1972
27. In situ measurements of plasma drift velocity and enhanced NO+ in the auroral electrojet by the Bennett spectrometer on AE‐C
28. Temporal variations of thermospheric hydrogen derived from in situ measurements
29. Winter bulge and diurnal variations in hydrogen inferred from AE‐C composition measurements
30. A terrestrial hydrogen anomaly? (abstract)
31. The effects of thermospheric winds on the ionosphere at low and middle latitudes during magnetic disturbances
32. Thermospheric composition
33. On the diurnal variation of the thermopause temperature
34. Satellite measurements of high latitude convection electric fields
35. F‐region ionization and heating during magnetic storms
36. The role of eddy turbulence in the development of self‐consistent models of the lower and upper thermosphère
37. Exospheric temperature inferred from the Aeros‐A neutral composition measurements
38. Thermospheric storms and related ionospheric effects
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41. Joule heating of the upper atmosphere
42. Electrodynamic heating and movement of the thermosphère
43. Energy deposition in the thermosphère caused by the solar wind
44. Eddy diffusion and oxygen transport in the lower thermosphère
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48. Traveling ionospheric disturbances originating in the auroral oval during polar substorms
49. Exospheric hydrogen above St. Santin (France)
50. Winds and diffusion in the upper atmosphere observed by sodium vapor trail released over Thumba
51. Meteorology of the upper atmosphere
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54. Planetary scale motions at F‐layer heights
55. Dynamics of the neutral gas in the thermosphère for small Rossby number motions
56. Response of the neutral thermosphère at F layer heights to interaction of a global wind with anomalies of ionization
57. Meridional circulation in the thermosphère, I, Equinox conditions
58. Meridional circulation in the,thermosphère, II, Solstice conditions
59. Distribution of atomic oxygen in the upper atmosphere deduced from Ogo 6 airglow observations
60. Spatial and temporal behavior of atomic oxygen determined by Ogo 6 airglow observations
61. F‐region seasonal and magnetic storm behavior
62. Empirical model of atomic nitrogen in the upper thermosphère
63. F region heating observed during the main phase of magnetic storms
64. The causes of storm time increases of the F‐layer at mid latitudes
65. A review of F region dynamics
66. Electric and magnetic fields in the high‐latitude magnetosphere
67. Problems related to macroscopic electric fields in the magnetosphere
68. Storms and the seasonal anomaly in the topside ionosphere
69. Convection electric fields and polar thermospheric winds
70. A study of the variations of atmospheric tides in the meteor zone
71. Solar diurnal tide in the thermosphère
72. Seasonal‐latitudinal structure of the diurnal thermospheric tide
73. Atmospheric solar tides and their electrodynamic effects, I, The global Sq current system
74. Atmospheric solar tides and their electrodynamic effects, II, The equatorial electrojet
75. Global propagation of atmospheric gravity waves: A review
76. On the closure of equation system for the turbulized layer of the upper atmosphere
77. A numerical study of the wind system in the middle thermosphère
78. Winds in the upper atmosphere
79. Upper atmosphere wind studies by Skylark rocket sodium experiment
80. Annual and semiannual zonal wind components and corresponding temperature and density variations 60‐130 km
81. Electric fields in the earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere
82. Techniques for measuring bulk gas motions from satellites
83. The coupling between the protonosphere and the normal F region
84. The behavior of the electron content during ionospheric storms: A new method of presentation and comments on the positive phase
85. Nighttime meridional neutral winds near 350 km at low to mid latitudes
86. Tidal winds in the 100‐ to 200‐km region at Arecibo
87. E region ion drifts and winds from incoherent scatter measurements at Arecibo
88. Diurnal variations in the thermosphère, 1, Theoretical formulation
89. Time dependent structure of the upper atmosphere
90. Of the diurnal variation of the upper atmosphere
91. Direct observations of thermospheric winds during geomagnetic storms
92. Interferometric measurements of the 6300‐Ä Doppler temperature during a magnetic storm
93. Auroral heating and the composition of the neutral atmosphere
94. Circulation in the high‐latitude thermosphère due to electric fields and Joule heating
95. Comparison of atomic oxygen measurements by incoherent scatter and satellite‐borne mass spectrometer techniques
96. Magnetic control of the near‐equatorial neutral thermosphère
97. Empirical model of global thermospheric temperature and composition based on data from the Ogo 6 quadrupole mass spectrometer
98. Comparison of neutral temperatures inferred from instruments on the AE‐C satellite
99. 2 density and temperature
100. A global thermospheric model based on mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter data, MSIS 2, Composition
101. Direct evidence of transport processes in the thermospheric diurnal, tide (abstract)
102. Observations of neutral composition and related ionospheric variations during a magnetic storm in February 1974
103. Electrical coupling of the E‐ and F‐regions and its effect on F‐region drifts and winds
104. Ion convection velocity reversals in the dayside cleft
105. Empirical models of high‐latitude electric fields
106. Lower‐thermpsphere temperature determined from the line profiles of the O I 17,924‐K (5577 À) emission in the night sky, 1, Long‐term behavior
107. Direct measurements of nighttime thermospheric winds and temperatures, 1, Seasonal variations during geomagnetic quiet periods
108. Direct measurements of nighttime thermospheric winds and temperatures, 2, Geomagnetic storms
109. Dynamical heating of the upper atmosphere
110. EUV fluxes in the solar spectrum below 2000A
111. Differential equations of exospheric lateral transport and its application to terrestrial hydrogen
112. Lateral transport in planetary exospheres
113. Solar semidiurnal tide in the thermosphère
114. st and SD variations of electron content at low latitude
115. Neutral winds in the F‐region
116. The electromagnetic force effect on the atmospheric tide
117. Static diffusion models of the upper atmosphere with empirical temperature profiles
118. Variations in thermospheric composition: A model based on mass spectrometer and satellite drag data
119. Geomagnetic perturbations and upper atmosphere heating
120. An analysis of the solar‐activity effects in the upper atmosphere
121. A study of the diurnal variation in the thermosphère as derived by satellite drag
122. Latitudinal changes of composition in the disturbed thermosphère from Esro 4 measurements
123. Temperature, density, and composition in the disturbed thermosphère from Esro 4 gas analyzer measurements: A global model
124. Composition changes in the upper atmosphere
125. Horizontal variations in thermospheric composition
126. Energy input to the lower thermosphère
127. Variations of density and chemical composition at 120 km from chemical and dynamical processes
128. Eddy mixing and circulation at ionospheric levels
129. Atomic oxygen transport in the thermosphère
130. Wind, electric field and composition perturbations of the mid‐latitude F‐region during magnetic storms
131. The origin of storm increases of mid latitude F‐layer electron concentration
132. Mathematical theory of the ionospheric dynamo
133. Global evolution of F2‐region storms
134. Storm time variations of the F2‐region
135. Comparison of San Marco 3 Nace neutral composition data with the extrapolated Ogo 6 empirical model
136. Comparisons of measured and theoretical thermospheric daily composition variations
137. Molecular oxygen measurements at 200 km from AE‐D near winter solstice, 1975
138. The winter He bulge
139. Comparison of drag and mass spectrometer measurements during small geomagnetic disturbances
140. Thermospheric wind measurements in the polar region
141. Chemical heating above the polar mesopause in winter
142. Measurement of ionospheric movements
143. On the large scale horizontal winds in the ionosphere in the presence of vertical velocity
144. The dissociation of oxygen and high level circulation in the atmosphere
145. The rotational speed of the upper atmosphere determined from changes in satellite orbits
146. Upper atmosphere zonal winds: Variation with height and local time
147. Magnetospheric electric fields and their variation with geomagnetic activity
148. On the effect of winds on the height‐latitude distribution of the oxygen in the region 60‐160 km
149. Tidal motions in the ionosphere from sodium cloud drifts
150. Atmospheric winds between 100 and 700 km and their effects on the ionosphere
151. 2 density ratio in the thermosphère derived from Esro‐4 data
152. 2, O, Ar and He as derived from the Esro‐4 gas analyzer
153. Numerical studies of seasonal and latitudinal variability in a model thermosphère
154. Latitude dependence of ionosphere total electron content: Observations during sudden commencement storms
155. Internal gravity waves in atmospheres with realistic dissipation and temperature, 3, Daily variations in the thermosphère
156. A model decomposition of the semidiurnal tide in the lower thermosphère
157. Effects of mean winds and horizontal temperature gradients on solar and lunar semidiurnal tides in the atmosphere
158. Thermospheric observations combining chemical seeding and ground‐based techniques, I, Winds, turbulence and parameters of the neutral atmosphere
159. Neutral winds and ion drifts in the polar ionosphere caused by convection electric fields, 1
160. Neutral winds and ion drifts in the polar ionosphere caused by convection electric fields, 2
161. Diurnal variations of the ion temperature
162. Semiannual effect in the neutral composition at 120 km altitude
163. Measurement of winds in the upper atmosphere during April 1961
164. Diurnal variations in the thermosphère
165. Measurements of the diurnal tides in the 80‐ to 100‐km altitude range at Arecibo
166. Study of the morphology of ionospheric storms
167. Ionospheric and thermospheric responses during August 1972, storms—A review
168. Upper atmospheric tidal interaction effects on geomagnetic and ionospheric variations, A review
169. Origin of currents and electric fields in the dynamo region
170. Dynamics of the F‐region
171. Atomic nitrogen measurements in the upper atmosphere
172. A direct measurement of the winter He bulge
173. Diurnal variation of atomic nitrogen
174. Seasonal variation of neutral thermospheric constituents in the northern hemisphere
175. Diurnal variations in the thermosphère, 2, Temperature, composition, and winds
176. Annual variation in temperature and composition of the thermosphère and upper mésosphère
177. Variations in eddy diffusion and associated transport processes
178. Semiannual variations in the neutral composition
179. Theoretical model for the latitude dependence of the annual and semiannual variations
180. Diffusion model for the phase delay between thermospheric density and temperature
181. Magnetic storm effects in the neutral composition
182. A two component model of the diurnal variations in thermospheric composition
183. Magnetic storm characteristics of the thermosphère
184. Theory of the phase anomaly in the thermosphère
185. Thermospheric ‘temperatures,’
186. Diurnal variation of neutral and charged particle temperatures in the equatorial F region
187. Diffusive separation in the winter night time arctic upper atmosphere 112 to 150 km
188. Geocoronal hydrogen: An analysis of the Lyman alpha airglow observed from Ogo‐4
189. Spatial and temporal variations of the Lyman alpha airglow and related atomic hydrogen distributions
190. Neutral winds above 200 km at high latitudes
191. Visual and photographic observations of meteors and noctilucent clouds
192. Origin of the semiannual variation of geomagnetic Kp indices
193. Simultaneous measurement of ion and neutral motions by radar and optical techniques
194. An observational data model of thermospheric winds and its comparison with theoretical models
195. Equatorial thermospheric composition and its variations
196. Equatorial composition in the 137‐ to 225‐km region from the San Marco 3 mass spectrometer
197. Local time variation of equatorial thermospheric composition determined by the San Marco 3 Nace
198. A thermospheric composition measurement using a quadrupole mass spectrometer with a side energy focusing quasi‐open ion source
199. The open‐source neutral mass spectrometer on Atmosphere Explorer‐C, ‐D, and ‐E
200. Atomic and molecular oxygen densities in the lower thermosphère
201. Neutral atmospheric temperature from incoherent scatter observations
202. Thermospheric meridional winds and atomic oxygen depletion at high latitudes
203. Global exospheric temperature and densities under active solar conditions
204. Molecular oxygen between 95 and 210 km determined from Solrad 10 occultation measurements
205. Seasonal variations in molecular oxygen near 100 km
206. World wide electron density changes and associated thermospheric winds during an ionospheric storm
207. Theoretical model of F‐region storms
208. Composition variations in the lower thermosphère
209. Atomic oxygen densities in the lower thermosphère as derived from in situ 5577‐Á night airglow and mass spectrometers
210. 2 from diffusive equilibrium distributions
211. Simultaneous storm time increases of the ionospheric total electron content and the geomagnetic field in the dusk sector
212. A morphological study of substorm‐associated disturbances in the ionosphere
213. Distortions of the nightside ionosphere during magnetospheric substorms
214. Aftereffect of isolated magnetospheric substorm activity on the mid‐latitude ionosphere: Localized depressions in Flayer electron densities
215. Ionospheric storm of 4‐5 August, 1972 in the Asia‐Australia‐Pacific sector
216. A neutralatmosphere composition experiment for the Atmosphere ExplorerC, ‐D and ‐E
217. Satellite measurements of neutral atmospheric composition in the altitude range 150 to 450 km
218. Variations in atmospheric composition and density during a geomagnetic storm
219. Comparison of measured and calculated thermospheric molecular oxygen densities
220. Seasonal variations of atmospheric‐ionospheric disturbances
221. Neutral composition changes during a period of increasing magnetic activity
222. Magnetic storm associated changes in electron content at low latitudes
223. Esro 4 gas analyzer results, 2, Direct measurements of changes in the neutral composition during an ionospheric storm
224. On the global morphology of negative ionospheric storms
225. Neutral atmospheric composition, plasma density, and electron temperature at F region heights
226. Enhancement of the equatorial anomaly in the topside ionosphere during magnetic storms
227. A comparison of thermospheric neutral gas heating and related thermal energetic plasma phenomena at high latitudes during geomagnetic disturbances
228. Dynamical effects in the distribution of helium in the thermosphère
229. Thermospheric wind effects on the distribution of helium and argon in the earth's upper atmosphere
230. Upper atmosphere hydrogen and helium measurements from the Explorer 32 satellite
231. Evidence of a meridional circulation cell in the lower thermosphère during a magnetic storm
232. Ionospheric winds in the auroral zone
233. Magnetospheric substorm energy dissipation into the atmosphere
234. Energy relations of atmospheric tides and their significance to approximate methods of solution for tides with dissipative forces
235. Electric field in the ionosphere and plasmasphere on quiet days
236. Thermospheric response to a magnetospheric substorm
237. On the production mechanism of electric currents and fields in the ionosphere
238. Ionospheric storms and the morphology of magnetic disturbances
239. Thermospheric winds and the F‐region: A review
240. F‐region storms and thermospheric circulation
241. Is there enough solar extreme ultraviolet radiation to maintain the global mean thermospheric temperature?
242. An estimate of the global scale Joule heating rates in the thermosphère due to time mean currents
243. Diurnal variation of the neutral thermospheric wind determined from incoherent scatter radar data
244. Seasonal and solar cycle variations of zonal mean circulation in the thermosphère
245. The seasonal variation of the diurnal thermospheric winds over Millstone Hill during solar cycle maximum
246. Rocket Panel, Pressure, densities and temperatures in the upper atmosphere
247. On thermospheric composition and temperature variations during geomagnetic disturbances
248. Geomagnetic activity effect derived from Explorer 9 data
249. Chemical releases at high altitudes
250. Semiannual variation of geomagnetic activity
251. Daily oscillations of the mid latitude thermosphère studied by incoherent scatter at Millstone Hill
252. Measurements of thermospheric temperatures by incoherent scatter radar
253. Tests of electrodynamic consistency from daytime ionospheric drift observations
254. Tides in the temperature of the lower thermosphère at mid‐latitudes
255. F‐region temperature measurements at Millstone Hill
256. Comparison of exospheric temperatures at Millstone Hill and St. Santin
257. Comparison of simultaneous tidal observations by incoherent scatter radar
258. Today's knowledge of the solar EUV flux and the future needs for more accurate measurements
259. Correlation between the homopause height and density variations in the upper atmospheres
260. A possible explanation of the drop in F‐region critical densities accompanying major ionospheric storms
261. Effective eddy diffusion coefficient and atmospheric composition in the lower thermosphère
262. Effects of vertical mass motions on the composition structure in the thermosphère
263. Seasonal and magnetic storm related changes in the thermosphère induced by eddy mixing
264. The neutralatmosphere temperature instrument
265. Local vertical motions and kinetic temperature from AE‐C as evidence for aurora‐induced gravity waves
266. The midnight temperature anomaly (abstract)
267. A new type of continuous wave radar for the observation of meteor trails
268. The nature of seasonal changes in the effects of magnetic storms on mid latitude F‐layer electron concentration
269. The observation of storm induced positive and negative processes in the mid latitude F‐region using Nh profiles
270. The observation of related F‐region height and electron content changes at mid latitudes during magnetic storms and their comparison with a numerical model
271. Field aligned currents driven by the ionospheric dynamo
272. Geomagnetic effects on the F‐region of the ionosphere
273. Large‐scale electric fields in the earth's magnetosphere
274. Energetics of the midlatitude thermosphère
275. Atmospheric heating by solar EUV radiation
276. Departures from hydrostatic equilibrium in the global distribution of thermospheric argon
277. Magnetospheric convection of upper atmospheric dynamics
278. A global model of thermospheric dynamics, II, Wind, density and temperature fields generated by EUV heating
279. Effects of heating at high latitudes on global thermospheric dynamics
280. A dynamical model of upper atmospheric helium
281. Global atomic oxygen density derived from Ogo‐6 1304 A airglow measurements
282. Structure of electrodynamic and particle heating in the disturbed polar thermosphère
283. Neutral composition variation above 400 km during a magnetic storm
284. Effects of an electric field on the dynamical behavior of the ionosphere and its application to the storm time disturbance of the F‐layer
285. Ondes de gravité dans la thermosphère
286. Middle and low latitude effects of auroral disturbances from incoherent scatter
287. Global atomic hydrogen density derived from Ogo‐6 Lyman α measurements
288. Experimental global model of the exospheric temperature based on measurements from the Fabry‐Perot interferometer on board the Ogo‐6 satellite—Discussion of the data and properties of the model
289. The diurnal variation of atomic hydrogen
290. Diurnal variations of atomic hydrogen: Observations and calculations
291. Esro 4 gas analyzer results, 3, Spatial and temporal structure of the mid‐latitude atmosphere during a geomagnetic storm
292. A twosatellite study of the neutral atmosphere response to a major magnetic storm
293. Momentum source signatures in thermospheric neutral composition
294. Solar Lyman alpha changes and related hydrogen density distribution at the earth's exobase (1969‐1970)
295. A semiempirical model of large‐scale magnetospheric electric fields
296. The atmospheric dynamo
297. Coupling between the neutral tidal wind and the ionospheric dynamo current
298. A theory of the diurnal variations of the thermosphère
299. Response of thermospheric density to auroral heating during geomagnetic disturbances
300. The degeneration of Hough functions within the thermosphère
301. A numerical study of three dimensional diurnal variations within the thermosphère
302. Theoretical aspects of tidal and planetary wave propagation at thermospheric heights
303. Esro 4 gas analyzer results, 1, First observation of the summer argon bulge
304. Esro 4 model of global thermospheric composition and temperature during times of low solar activity
305. Auroral energy input from energetic electrons and Joule heating at Chatanika
306. Southern hemisphere atmospheric winds in the meteor region
307. An analysis of the upper atmospheric wind observed by Logacs
308. Local composition changes in the thermosphère at high latitudes during moderate geomagnetic conditions
309. The measurement of atmospheric stability from 30 to 90 km