Comprehensive compilation of empirical ultrasonic properties of mammalian tissues

Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

Volumn 64, Issue 2, 1978, Pages 423-457

  Goss, S A ^a   Johnston, R L ^a   Dunn, F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS - TISSUE; ULTRASONIC WAVES - PROPAGATION;

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING;

DIAGNOSIS; METHODOLOGY; REVIEW; SOFT TISSUE; SOUND ATTENUATION; TISSUE; ULTRASOUND;

ANIMAL; BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY; BODY FLUIDS; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; HUMAN; MAMMALS; MUSCLES; NERVE TISSUE; SKIN PHYSIOLOGY; SONICATION; STATISTICS; SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, NON-P.H.S.; SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, P.H.S.; ULTRASONICS;

EID: 0018000447     PISSN: 00014966     EISSN: NA     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1121/1.382016     Document Type: Article

References (145)

1. Abe, Y. (1967). “Diagnosis of Head Injury by Ultrasound, ” Arch. Jpn. Chir. (Nihon Geka Hokon) 36, 63–83.
2. Abe, Y., Tanaka, K., Wagai, T., and Ito, K. (1966). “Diagnosis of Intracranial Hemorrhage Using Ultrasound, ” Acta Radiol. 5, 721–729.
3. Abendschein, W., and Hyatt, G. W. (1970). “Ultrasonics and Selected Physical Properties of Bone, ” Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 69, 294–301.
4. Adler, L., and Cook, K. V. (1975). “Ultrasonic Parameters of Freshly Frozen Dog Tibia, ” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 58, 1107–1108.
5. Ambardar, A., and Ferris, C. D. (1976). “A Simple Technique for Measuring Certain Elastic Moduli in Bone, ” Biomed. Sci. Instrum. 12, 23–27.
6. Anast, G. T., Fields, T., and Siegel, I. M. (1958). “Ultrasonic Technique for the Evaluation of Bone Fractures, ” Am. J. Phys. Med. 37, 157–159.
7. Aoyama, H. J. (1973). “Experimental Studies of the Ultrasonic Attenuation of Injured Brain, ” J. Wakayama Med. Assoc. 24, 115–136 (in Japanese).
8. Araki, M. (1961). “Studies on Refractive Elements of Human Eye by Ultrasonic Wave. Accuracy of the Measurement of Ocular Axial Length by Ultrasonic Echography, ” Jpn. J Clin. Ophthalmol. 15, 111–119 (in Japanese).
9. Baboux, J. C., Lakestani, F., Fleischmann, P., Perdrix, M., Guillaud, C., and Goutte, R. (1975). “An Ultrasonic Spectroscopy Device: Application to Tissuse Differentation, ” in Excerpta Medica International Congress Series No. 363, Proceedings of the 2nd European Congress on Ultrasonics in Medicine, Munich, 12–16 May 1975, edited by E. Kazner (Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam–Oxford), pp. 108–114.
10. Bakke, T., and Gytre, T. (1974). “Ultrasonic Measurement of Sound Velocity in the Pregnant and the Non-pregnant Cervix Uteri, ” Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 33, 341–346.
11. Bakke, T., Gytre, T., Haagensen, A., and Giezendanner, L. (1975). “Ultrasonic Measurement of Sound Velocity in Whole Blood. A Comparison between an Ultrasonic Method and Conventional Packed-Cell-Volume Test for Hematocrit Determination, ” Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 35, 473–478.
12. Ballantine, H. T., Jr., Bolt. R. H., Hueter, T. F., and Ludwig, G. D. (1950). “On the Detection of Intracranial Pathology by Ultrasound, ” Science 112, 525–528.
13. Ballantine, H. T., Hueter, T. F., and Bolt. R. H. (1954). “On the Use of Ultrasound for Tumor Detection, ” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 26, 581.
14. Bamber, J. C., Fry, M. J., Hill, C. R., and Dunn, F. (1977). “Ultrasonic Attenuation and Backscattering by Mammalian Organs as a Function of Time After Excision, ” Ultrasound Med. Biol. 3, 15–20.
15. Bauld, T. J., and Schwan, H. P. (1974). “Attenuation and Reflection of Ultrasound in Canine Lung Tissue, ” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 56, 1630–1637.
16. Begui, Z. E. (1954). “Acoustic Properties of the Refractive Media of the Eye,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 26, 365–368.
17. Bhagat, R., Hajjar, W., and Kadaba, M. (1976). “Measurement of the Acoustic Properties of a Nerve–Muscle Preparation as a Function of Physiologic State, ” Ultrasonics 14, 283–285.
18. Bradley, E. L., and Sacerio, J. (1972). “The Velocity of Ultrasound in Human Blood under Varying Physiologic Parameters,” J. Surg. Res. 12, 290–297.
19. Brady, J. K., Goss, S. A., Johnston, R. L., O'Brien, W. D., Jr., and Dunn, F. (1976). “Ultrasonic Propagation Properties of Mammalian Testes,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 60, 1407–1409.
20. Buschmann, W., Voss. M., and Kemmerling, S. (1970). “Acoustic Properties of Normal Human Orbit Tissues, ” Ophthalmol. Res. 1, 354–364.
21. Calderon, C., Vilkomerson, D., Mezrich, R., Etzold, K. F., Kingsley, B., and Haskin, M. (1976). “Differences in the Attenuation of Ultrasound by Normal, Benign, and Malignant Breast Tissue, ” J. Clin. Ultrasound 4, 249—254.
22. Carstensen, E. L., and Schwan, H. P. (1959). “Absorption of Sound Arising from the Presence of Intact Cells in Blood,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 31, 185–189.
23. Carstensen, E. L., Li. K., and Schwan, H. P. (1953). “Determination of the Acoustic Properties of Blood and Its Components, ” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 25, 286–289.
24. Chivers, R. C., and Hill, C. R. (1975). “Ultrasonic Attenuation in Human Tissue, ” Ultrasound Med. Biol. 2, 25–29.
25. Christmann, C., and Ehler, E. (1971). “Untersuchungen iiber Schallwellengeschwindigkeit, akustische Impedanz und Absorption an menschlichen Rohrenknochen der oberen Extremitat, Beitr. Orthop. Traumatol. 18, 324–334.
26. Coleman, D. J., Lizzi, F. L., Franzen, L. A., and Abramson, D. H. (1975). “A Determination of the Velocity of Ultrasound in Cataractous Lenses, ” Bibl. Ophthalmol. 83, 246–251.
27. Colombati, S., and Petralia, S. (1950). “Assorbimento di ultrasuoni in tessuti animali, ” Ric. Sci. 20, 71–78.
28. Craven, J. D., Constantini, M. A., Greenfield, M. A., and Stern R. (1973). “Measurement of the Velocity of Ultrasound in Human Cortical Bone and Its Potential Clinical Importance. An in vivo Preliminary Study,” Invest. Radiol. 8, 72–77.
29. Daly, C. H., and Wheeler, J. B. (1971). “The Use of Ultrasonic Thickness Measurement in the Clinical Evaluation of the Oral Soft Tissues,” Int. Dent. J. 21, 418–429.
30. Danckwerts, H. J. (1974). “Discrete Relaxation Processes as a Model of the Absorption of Ultrasound in Liver Homogenate,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 55, 1098–1099.
31. Dubrov, Y. G., Tarushkin, O. V., and Zima, L. G. (1972). “Ultrasound Diagnosis in Injuries and Diseases of Bones,” Khirurgiya (Moscow) 4, 61–66 (in Russian).
32. Dunn, F. (1962). “Temperature and Amplitude Dependence of Acoustic Absorption in Tissue, ” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 34, 1545–1547.
33. Dunn, F. (1974). “Attenuation and Speed of Ultrasound in Lung, ” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 56, 1638–1639.
34. Dunn, F., and Brady, J. K. (1973). “Ultrasonic Absorption in Biological Media, ” Biofizika 18, 1069–1072 (in Russian, English abstract); transl. Biophysics 18, 1128–1132 (1974).
35. Dunn, F., and Fry, W. J. (1961). “Ultrasonic Absorption and Reflection by Lung Tissue, ” Phys. Med. Biol. 5, 401–410.
36. Dussik, K. T., and Fritch, D. J. (1955). “Determination of Sound Attenuation and Sound Velocity in the Structures Constituting the Joints, and of the Ultrasonic Field Distribution within the Joints on Living Tissues and Anatomical Preparations, both in Normal and Pathological Conditions, ” Public Health Service, Nat. Inst. Health Project A454, Progr. Rep. (15 April 1955).
37. Dussik, K. T., and Fritch, D. J. (1956). “Determination of Sound Attenuation and Sound Velocity in the Structure Constituting the Joints, and of the Ultrasonic Field Distribution within the Joints on Living Tissues and Anatomical Preparations, both in Normal and Pathological Conditions,” Public Health Service, Natl. Inst. Health Project A454, Progr. Rep., (15 September, 1956); see also Dussik et al. (1958).
38. Dussik, K. T., Fritch, D. J., Kyriazidou, M., and Sear, R. S. (1958). “Measurements of Articular Tissues with Ultrasound, ” Am. J. Phys. Med. 37, 160-165; see also Dussik and Fritch (1956).
39. Esche, R. (1952). “Untersuchungen zur Ultraschallabsorption in Tierischen Geweben und Kunststoffen, ” Akust. Beih. 2, 71–74.
40. Filipczynski, L., Etienne, J., Lypacewicz, G., and Salkowski, J. (1967). “Visualizing Internal Structures of the Eye by Means of Ultrasonics, ” Proc. Vib. Probl. Warsaw 8, 357–368.
41. Floriani, L. P., Debevoise, N. T., and Hyatt, G. W. (1967). “Mechanical Properties of Healing Bone by the Use of Ultrasound, ” Surg. Forum 18, 468–470.
42. Frizzell, L. A. (1975). “Ultrasonic Heating of Tissues, ” Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Rochester, Rochester, NY; see also Frizzell, L. A., Carstensen, E. L. and Dyro, J. F. “Shear Properties of Mammalian Tissues at Low Megahertz Frequencies, ” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 60, 1409–1411.
43. Frucht, A. H. (1953). “Die Schallgeschwindigkeit in menschlichen and tierischen Geweben,” Z. Gesamte Exp. Med. 120, 526–557.
44. Fry, F. J., and Barger, J. E. (1978). “Acoustical Properties of Human Skull Bone, ” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 63, 1576–1590.
45. Fry, W. J., and Fry, R. B. (1953). “Temperature Changes Produced in Tissue during Ultrasonic Irradiation,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 25, 6–11.
46. Gilmore, R. S., Pollack, R. P., and Katz, J. L. (1969). “Elastic Properties of Bovine Dentine and Enamel,” Arch. Oral Biol. 15, 787–796.
47. Goans, R. E., Cantrell, J. H., Jr., and Meyers, F. B. (1977). “Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Determination of Thermal Injury in Deep Dermal Burns ” Med. Phys. 4, 259–263.
48. Goldman, D. E., and Hueter, T. F. (1956). “Tabular Data of the Velocity and Absorption of High-Frequency Sound in Mammalian Tissues,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 28, 35-37; see also Goldman, D. E., and Hueter, T. F. “Errata: Tabular Data of the Velocity and Absorption of High-Frequency Sound in Mammalian Tissues, ” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 29, 655 (1956).
49. Goldman, D. E., and Richards, J. R. (1954). “Measurement of High-Frequency Sound Velocity in Mammalian Soft Tissues,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 26, 981–983.
50. Goss, S. A., Cobb, J. W., and Frizzell, L. A. (1977). “Effect of Beam Width and Thermocouple Size on the Measurement of Ultrasonic Absorption Using the Thermoelectric Technique,” 1977 Ultrasonic Symp. Proc. IEEE Cat. No. 77CH1264-1SU, 206–211.
51. Goss, S. A., Frizzell, L. A., and Dunn, F. (1978). “Frequency Dependence of Ultrasonic Absorption in Mammalian Testis,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 63, 1226–1229.
52. Gramberg, H. (1956). “Absorption messungen an biologischen Substanzen bei niedrigen Ultraschall frequenzen, ” Ph.D. Dissertation, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe U., Frankfurt am Main.
53. Greenleaf, J. F., Duck, F. A., Samayoa, W. F., and Johnson, S. A. (1974). “Ultrasonic Data Acquisition and Processing System for Atherosclerotic Tissue Characterization,” 1974 Ultrasonics Symp. Proc., IEEE Cat. No. 74CH0896-1SU, 738–743.
54. Greenleaf, J. F., Johnson, S. A., Bahr, R. C., and Rajagopalan, B. (1977). “Quantitative Cross-Sectional Imaging of Ultrasound Parameters, ” 1977 Ultrasonics Symp. Proc., IEEE Cat. No. 77CH1264-1SU, 989–994.
55. Gregg, E. C., and Palagallo, G. L. (1969). “Acoustic Impedance of Tissue,” Invest. Radiol. 4, 357–363.
56. Güttner, W. (1954). “Die Energieverteilung im menschlichen Körper bei Ultraschall-Einstrahlung, ” Acustica 4, 547–554.
57. Güttner, W., Fiedler, G., and Phtzold, J. (1952). Über Ultraschallabbildungen am menschlichen Schăddel, ” Acustica 2, 148–156.
58. Hasegawa, H., Watanabe, M., Ito, J., Nakjo, S., Ishitani, K., Ogura, T., and Okawa, M. (1966). “Study on the Ultrasonic Attenuation in Brain Tissue in vivo, ” Jpn. Med. Ultrasonics 4, 8.
59. Horak, G. (1977). “Real-Time Ultrasonic-Spectroscopy in Suspensions, ” Acustica 37, 11–20.
60. Hueter, T. F. (1948). “Messung der Ultraschallabsorption in Tierischen Geweben and ihre Abhangigkeit von der Frequenz, ” Naturwissenschaften 35, 285–288 [English Transl. in Ultrasonic Biophysics, edited by F. Dunn and W. D. O'Brien, Jr., Benchmark Papers in Acoustics Vol. 7 (Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg, PA, 1976)].
61. Hueter, T. F. (1952). “Messung der Ultraschallabsorption im menschlichen Schadelknocken und ihre Abhangigkeit von der Frequenz, ” Naturwissenschaften 39, 21–22 [English Transl. in Ultrasonic Biophysics, edited by F. Dunn and W. D. O'Brien, Jr., Benchmark Papers in Acoustics Vol. 7 (Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg, PA, 1976)].
62. Hueter, T. F. (1958). “Viscoelastic Losses in Tissues in the Ultrasonic Range, ” Wright Air Dev. Cent. Tech. Rep. WADC-TR-57-706, Contract AF 33(616)-2976 (August 1958).
63. Hueter, T. F., and Bolt, R. H. (1951). “An Ultrasonic Method for Outlining the Cerebral Ventricles,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 23, 160–167.
64. Hueter, T. F., and Cohen, M. S. (1956). Data presented at the 46th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Cleveland, OH, October 1953, as reported in Goldman and Hueter (1956).
65. Hueter, T. F., Morgan; H., and Cohen, M. S. (1953). “Ultrasonic Attenuation in Biological Suspensions, ” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 25, 1200–1201.
66. Ishikawa, S. (1964). “Attenuation of Ultrasound in Brain Tissue, ” Arch. Jpn. Chir. 33, 923–940 (in Japanese).
67. Ishikawa, S., and Nonaka, H. (1964). “Ultrasonic Attenuation in Brain Tissue (The 3rd Report), ” Proc. 4th Meeting Jpn. Soc. Ultrasonics Med., 16 Nov. 1963, Jpn. Med. Ultrasonics Suppl. 48–49.
68. Ishikawa, S., Nonaka, H., and Yukishita, Y. (1964). “Ultrasonic Attenuation in Brain Tissue (The 4th Report),” Jpn. Med. Ultrasonics 2, 60–61.
69. Ishikawa, S, Yukishita, K., and Ito, K. (1965). “Ultrasonic Attenuation in Brain Tissue (The 5th Report)–Attenuation of Ultrasound in Brain Tumor,” Jpn. Med. Ultrasonics 3, 33.
70. Jansson, F., and Kock, E. (1962). “Determination of the Velocity of Ultrasound in the Human Lens and Vitreous, ” Acta Ophthamol. 40, 420–433.
71. Jansson, F., and Sundmark, E. (1961). “Determination of the Velocity of Ultrasound in Ocular Tissues at Different Temperatures, ” Acta Ophthalmol. 39, 899–910.
72. Kessler, L. W. (1973). “VHF Ultrasonic Attenuation in Mammalian Tissue, ” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 53, 1759–1760.
73. Kikuchi, S., Ito, K., and Abe, Y. (1964). “Diagnosis of Apoplexy By Ultrasonic Pulses (The 2nd Report), ” Proc. 4th Meeting Jpn. Soc. Ultrasonics Med., 16 Nov. 1963, Jpn. Med. Ultrasonics Suppl. 53–56.
74. Kikuchi, Y., Okuyama, D., Kasai, C., and Yoshida, Y. (1972). “Measurements on the Sound Velocity and Absorption of Human Blood in 1–10 MHz Frequency Range, ” Rec. Elect. Commun. Eng. Convers. Tohoku Univ. 41, 152–159.
75. Kikuchi, Y., Uchida, R., Tanaka, K., and Wagai, T. (1957). “Early Cancer Diagnosis Through Ultrasonics, ” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 29, 824–833.
76. Kishimoto, T. (1958). “Ultrasonic Absorption in Bones, ” Acustica 8, 179–180.
77. Kossoff, G., and Sharpe, C. J. (1966). “Examination of the Contents of the Pulp Cavity in Teeth, ” Ultrasonics 4, 77–83.
78. Kossoff, G., Fry, E. K., and Jellins, J. (1973). “Average Velocity of Ultrasound in the Human Female Breast, ” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 53, 1730–1736.
79. Kremkau, F. W., Carstensen, E. L., and Aldridge, W. G. (1973). “Macromolecular Interaction in the Absorption of Ultrasound in Fixed Erythrocytes, ” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 53, 1448–1451.
80. Kremkau, F. W., McGraw, C. P., and Barnes, R. W. (1978). “Acoustic Properties of Normal and Abnormal Human Brain, ” Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. Ultrasonic Tissue Characterization, NBS, Gaithersburg, MD, 13–15 June 1977 (in press).
81. Lang, S. B. (1970). “Ultrasonic Method for Measuring Elastic Coefficients of Bone and Results on Fresh and Dried Bovine Bones,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-17, 101–105.
82. Le Croissette, D. H., and Heyser, R. C. (1976). “Attenuation and Velocity Measurements in Tissue Using Time Delay Spectrometry,” Proc. 1st Int. Symp. Ultrasonic Tissue Characterization, NBS, Gaitherburg, MD, 28–30 May 1975, NBS Publ. No. 453, 81–95.
83. Lehmann, J. F., and Johnson, E. W. (1958). “Some Factors Influencing the Temperature Distribution in Thighs Exposed to Ultrasound, ” Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab. 39, 347–356.
84. Lele, P. P., Mansfield, A. B., Murphy, A. I., Namery, J. Senapati, N. (1976). “Tissue Characterization by Ultrasonic Frequency-Dependent Attenuation and Scattering, ” Proc. 1st Int. Symp. Ultrasonic Tissue Characterization, NBS Publ. No. 453, 167–196.
85. Lizzi, F. L., and Laviola, M. A. (1975). “Power Spectra Measurements of Ultrasonic Backscatter from Ocular Tissues,” 1975 Ultrasonics Symp. Proc., IEEE Cat. No. 75CH0944-4SU, 29–32.
86. Lizzi, F. L., and Laviola, M. A. (1976). “Ultrasonic Spectral Investigations for Tissue Characterization, ” in Ultrasound in Medicine, Vol. 2, edited by D. White and R. Barnes (Am. Inst. Ultrasound Med. and Plenum, New York), pp. 427–439.
87. Lizzi, F., Katz, L., St. Louis, L., and Coleman, D. J. (1976). “Applications of Spectral Analysis in Medical Ultrasonography, ” Ultrasonics 14, 77–80.
88. Ludwig, G. D. (1950). “The Velocity of Sound Through Tissues and the Acoustic Impedance of Tissues,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 22, 862–866.
89. Ludwig, G. D., and Struthers, F. W. (1949). “Considerations Underlying the Use of Ultrasound to Detect Gallstones and Foreign Bodies in Tissue,” Nav. Med. Res. Inst., Project NM 004001, Rep. No. 4 (June 1949).
90. Ludwig, G. D., and Struthers, F. W. (1950). “Detecting Gallstones with Ultrasonic Echoes, ” Electronics 23, 172–178.
91. McCutcheon, E. P., and Freund, W. R. (1976). “Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of the Accuracy of CW Doppler Flow Measurement with Implantable Transducers, ” Proc. 29th Ann. Conf. Eng. Med. Biol. (Boston, 1976), Vol. 18, p. 19.
92. McDaniel, G. A. (1977). “Ultrasonic Attenuation Measurements on Excised Breast Carcinoma at Frequencies from 6 to 10 MHz,” 1977 Ultrasonics Symp. Proc., IEEE Cat. No. 77CH1264-1SU, 234–236.
93. McNeely, W. D., and Noordergraaf, A. (1977). “Differentiation between Normal and Necrotic Tissue Using Ultrasound, ” in Ultrasound in Medicine, Vol. 3, edited by D. White and R. Brown (Am. Inst. Ultrasound Med. and Plenum, New York), pp. 1875–1881.
94. Marcus, P. W. (1973). “The Effects of Inhomogeneities in Tissue on Phase Sensitive Ultrasonic Absorption Measurements, ” M.S. Thesis, Univ. Rochester, NY; see also Marcus, P.W., and Carstensen, E. L., “Problems with Absorption Measurements of Inhomogeneous Solids, ” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 58, 1334–1335 (1975).
95. Martin, B., and McElhaney, J. H. (1971). “The Acoustic Properties of Human Skull Bone, ” J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 5, 325–333.
96. Miller, J. G., Yuhas, D. E., Mimbs, J. W., Dierker, S. B., Busse, L. J., Laterra, J. J., Weiss, A. N., and Sobel
97. Sobel, B. E. (1976). “Ultrasonic Tissue Characterization: Correlation between Biochemical and Ultrasonic Indices of Myocardial Injury,” 1976 Ultrasonics Symp. Proc., IEEE Cat. No. 76CH1120-5SU, 33–43.
98. Millner, R., Millner, M., Gramlich, B., and Runge, H. (1975). “Physical Ultrasound Parameters for the Characterization of the State of Bone in vivo, ” Scr. Med. 48, 21–26.
99. Mountford, R. A., and Wells, P. N. T. (1972). “Ultrasonic Liver Scanning: The Quantitative Analysis of the Normal A-scan, ” Phys. Med. Biol. 17, 14–25.
100. Nakaima, N. (1976). “Study on the Ultrasonic Attenuation of Human Brains Bearing Tumors, ” J. Wakayama Med. Soc. 27, 69–106 (in Japanese).
101. Nakaima, N., Aoyama, H., and Oka, M. J. (1976). “Supplementary Study on the Ultrasonic Absorption of Human Soft Tissues, ”J. Wakayama Med. Soc. 27, 107–115 (in Japanese).
102. Nakajimi, A., Nishi, S., Amano, K., Uesugi, T., and Wakai, T. (1960). “Measurement of the Axial Length of the Eye by an Ultrasonic Device, ” Jpn. J. Clin. Ophthalmol. 14, 1594–1599 (in Japanese).
103. Nover, A., and Glanschneider, D. (1965). “Untersuchungen über die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit und Absorption des Ultraschalls im Gewebe. Experimentelle Beitrage zur Ultraschall diagnostik intraocularer Tumoren, ” Graefes. Arch. Klin. Exp. Ophthal. 168, 304–321.
104. O'Donnell, M., Mimbs, J. W., Sobel, B. E., and Miller, J. G. (1977a). “Ultrasonic Attenuation of Myocardial Tissue: Dependence on Time After Excision and on Temperature, ” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 62, 1054–1057.
105. O'Donnell, M., Mimbs, J. W., Sobel, B. E., and Miller, J. G. (1977b). “Ultrasonic Attenuation in Normal and Ischemic Myocardium,” Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. Ultrasonic Tissue Characterization, NBS, Gaithersburg, MD (13–15 June) (in press).
106. Oka, M. (1977). “Progress in Studies of the Potential Use of Medical Ultrasonics, ” Wakayama Med. Rep. 20, 1–50.
107. Oka, M., and Yosioka, K. (1976). “Ultrasonic Absorption of Human Brain Tissue, ” given at World Congress of Ultrasound in Medicine, San Francisco (Aug. 1976), Paper 1302 (unpublished); see also Oka (1977).
108. Oksala, A., and Lehtinen, A. (1957). “Über die diagnostische Verwendung von Ultraschall in der Augenheilkunde, ” Ophthalmologica 134, 387–395.
109. Oksala, A., and Lehtinen, A. (1958a). “Measurement of the Velocity of Sound in Some Parts of the Eye, ” Acta Ophthalmol. 36, 633–639.
110. Oksala, A., and Lehtinen, A. (1958b). “Absorption of Ultrasound in the Aqueous Humor, Lens, and Vitreous Body,” Acta Ophthalmol. 36, 761–768.
111. Oksala, A., and Lehtinen, A. (1959). “Experimental Researches on Vitreous Haemorrhages and on the Echogram Emitted by Them, ” Acta Ophthalmol. 37, 17–25.
112. Pauly, H., and Schwan H. P. (1971). “Mechanism of Absorption of Ultrasound in Liver Tissue, ” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 50, 692–699.
113. Pohlman, R. (1939). “Über die Absorption des Ultraschalls im menschlichen Geweben und ihre AbhSängigkeit von der Frequenz, ” Phys. Z. 40, 159–161 [English transl. in Ultrasonic Biophysics, edited by F. Dunn and W. D. O'Brien, Jr., Benchmark Papers in Acoustics Vol. 7 (Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg, PA, 1976)].
114. Pond, J. B. (1968). “A Study of the Biological Action of Focused Mechanical Waves (Focused Ultrasound), ” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. London.
115. Poujol, J. (1973). “Mesure clinique de l'attenuation des ultrasons par les structures intra-oculaires pathologiques, ” in Diagnostica Ultrasonica in Ophthalmalogia, SIDUO IV Paris, 1971, edited by M. Massin and J. Poujol (Cent. Natl. Ophthalmol. des Quinze-Vingts, Paris), pp. 205–210.
116. Reid, J. M. (1965). “Ultrasonic Diagnostic Methods in Cardiology,” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Pennsylvania.
117. Rich, C., Klinik, E., Smith, R., and Graham, B. (1966). “Measurement on Bone Mass from Ultrasonic Transmission Time,” Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 123, 282–285.
118. Rivara, A., and Sanna, G. (1962). “Determination of the Speed of Ultrasound in the Ocular Tissues of Humans and Swine, ” Ann. Ottalmol. Clin. Ocul. 88, 675–682 (in Italian).
119. Robinson, T. C., and Lele, P. P. (1972). “An Analysis of Lesion Development in the Brain and in Plastics by High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound at Low-Megahertz Frequencies, ” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 51, 1333–1351.
120. Schiefer, W., Kazner, E., and Brückner, H. (1963). “Die Echoenzephalographie, ihre Anwendungsweise und Klinischen Ergebnisse, ” Fortschr. Neurol. Psychiatr. Ihrer Grenzgeb. 31, 457–491.
121. Schwan, H. P., and Carstensen, E. L. (1952). “Advantages and Limitations of Ultrasonics in Medicine,” J. Am. Med. Assoc. 149, 121–125.
122. Schwan, H. P., Carstensen, E. L., and Li, K. (1953). “Heating of Fat-Muscle Layers by Electromagnetic and Ultrasonic Diathermy, ” IEEE Trans. Commun. Electron. Pt. I 72, 483–488.
123. Schwan, H. P., Carstensen, E. L., and Li, K. (1954). “Electric and Ultrasonic Deep-heating Diathermy,” Electronics, March 1954, 172–175.
124. Shung, K. K., and Reid, J. M. (1977). “Ultrasonic Scattering from Tissues, ” 1977 Ultrasonics Symp. Proc., IEEE Cat. No. 77CH1264-1SU, 230–233.
125. Siegel, I. M., Anast, G. T., and Fields, T. (1958). “The Determination of Fracture Healing by Measurement of Sound Velocity Across the Fracture Site, ” Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 107, 327–332.
126. Smith, S. W., Phillips, D. J., vonRamm, O. T., and Thurs-tone, F. L. (1976). “Real Time B-mode Echo-encephalography,” in Ultrasonics in Medicine, Vol. 2, edited by D. N. White and R. Barnes (Am. Inst. Ultrasound Med. and Plenum, New York), pp. 373–382.
127. Tanaka, K. (1969). Diagnosis of Brain Disease by Ultrasound (Shindan-To-Chiryo Sha, Tokyo), pp. 52, 54.
128. Tanaka, K., Kikuchi, Y., and Uchida, R. (1961). “Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Surgical Disease, ” Jpn. Radio Co. Monogr. (Sept. 1961).
129. Tanaka, M., Kosaka, S. Oka, S., Kikuchi, Y., Okuyama, D., Kasai, C., Ebina, T., Terasawa, Y., Unno. K., and Uchida, R. (1969). “Ultrasono-tomography for the Heart and Great Vessels—Morphological Measurements of the Heart by the Ultrasono-cardio-tomography, ” Jpn. Med. Ultrasonics 7, 45–47.
130. Theismann, H., and Pfander, F. (1949). “Über die Durchläs-sigkeit des Knochens für Ultraschall, ” Strahlentherapie 80, 607–610.
131. Tschewnenko, A. A. (1965). “Über die Ausbreitungsgesehwindigkeit des Ultraschalls in den Augengeweben, ” Wiss. Z. Humbolt Univ. Berlin Math. Naturwiss. Reihe 14, 67–69.
132. Urick, R. J. (1947). “A Sound Velocity Method for Determining the Compressibility of Finely Divided Substances, ” J. Appl. Phys. 18, 983–987.
133. vanVenrooij, G. E. P. M. (1971). “Measurement of Ultrasound Velocity in Human Tissue, ” Ultrasonics 9, 240—242.
134. Vogel, S., Wollenberg, W., and Päzolt, H. J. (1972). “Ultraschalldampfungsmessung am menschlichen Röhrenknochen, ” Wiss. Z. Humbolt Univ. Berlin Math. Naturwiss. Reihe 14, 75–78.
135. White, D. N., Clark, J. M., Curry, G. R., and Stevenson, R. J. (1976). The Effects of the Skull Upon the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of a Generated Reflected Ultrasonic Beam, Monogr. (Ultramedison, Kingston, Ontario), pp. 28–37.
136. Whiting, J. F. (1977). “Ultrasonic Critical Angle Reflection Goniometer for in vivo Bone Mineral Analysis, ” in Ultrasound in Medicine, Vol 3, edited by D. White and R. Brown (Am. Inst. Ultrasound Med. and Plenum, New York), pp. 1629–1643.
137. Willocks, J., Donald, I., Duggan, T. C., and Day, N. (1964). “Foetal Cephalometry by Ultrasound,” J. Obstet. Gynaec. Br. Commonw. 71, 11—20.
138. Wladimiroff, J. W., Craft, I. L., and Talbert, D. G. (1975). “In vitro Measurements of Sound Velocity in Human Fetal Brain Tissue,” Ultrasound Med. Biol. 1, 377—382.
139. Yamakawa, K., Yoshioka, A., Shimizu, K., Moriya, T., Higashi, S., Sakamaki, T., Sawada, Y., Kuramochi, K., and Okuda, H. (1964). “Studies on the Acoustic Impedance of Experimentally Illed Liver Tissue of Rats, ” Proc. 4th Meeting Jpn. Soc. Ultrasonics Med. (16 Nov. 1963), Jpn. Med. Ultrasonics Suppl., pp. 39—49.
140. Yamamoto, Y., Namiki, R., Baba, M., and Kato, M. (1961). “A Study on the Measurement of Ocular Axial Length by Ultrasonic Echography, ” Jpn. J. Clin. Ophthalmol. 5, 134—139.
141. Yoon, H. S., and Katz, J. L. (1976). “Dispersion of the Ultrasonic Velocities in Human Cortical Bone, ” 1976 Ultrasonics Symp. Proc., IEEE Cat. No. 76CH1120-5SU, 48—50.
142. Yosioka, K., Hasegawa, T., Oka, M., and Omura, A. (1966). “Ultrasonic Absorption of Biological Soft Tissues,” Mem. Ultrasonics Comm. Jpn. Soc. Electr. Commun. (26 Oct. 1966), 1—10 (in Japanese).
143. Yosioka, K., Oka, M., Omura, A., and Hasegawa, T. (1969). “Absorption Coefficient of Ultrasound in Soft Tissues and Their Biological Conditions,” Mem. Inst. Scient. Ind. Res. Osaka U. 26, 55—59.
144. Yuhas, D. E., Mimbs, J. W., Miller, J. G., Weiss, A. N., and Sobel, B. E. (1977). “Changes in Ultrasonic Attenuation Indicative of Regional Myocardial Infarction, ” in Ultrasound in Medicine, Vol. 3, edited by D. White and R. Brown (Am. Inst. Ultrasound Med. and Plenum, New York), pp. 1883–1894.
145. Zana, R., and Lang, J. (1974). “Interaction of Ultrasound and Amniotic Liquid, ” Ultrasound Med. Biol. 1, 253–258.