The possibility of structural and functional restitution after spinal cord injury. A review

Experimental Neurology

Volumn 55, Issue 1, 1977, Pages 1-42

  Puchala, Elizabeth ^a   Windle, William F ^a  

^a DENISON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INJURY; REGENERATION; REHABILITATION; REVIEW; SPINAL CORD INJURY;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; ANIMAL; AXONS; CASE REPORT; CATS; DOGS; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYPOTHERMIA, INDUCED; MALE; MEMBRANES, ARTIFICIAL; NERVE GROWTH FACTORS; NERVE REGENERATION; PANCREATIC ELASTASE; PERIPHERAL NERVES; PYROGENS; RATS; SEX FACTORS; SPINAL CORD; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, P.H.S.; TIME FACTORS; TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS; TRYPSIN; WOUNDS, NONPENETRATING; WOUNDS, PENETRATING;

EID: 0017711637     PISSN: 00144886     EISSN: 10902430     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(77)90155-8     Document Type: Review

References (290)

1. Cell division in injured spinal cord
2. Cell proliferation in injured spinal cord. An electron microscopic study
3. Autotransplantation of the cultured cerebellar cortex for spinal cord reconstruction
4. Energy attenuation in a new experimental model for closed impact injury of the spinal cord
5. Study of functional recovery produced by delayed localized cooling after spinal cord injury in primates
6. Spinal cord hypothermia by localized perfusion cooling
7. Localized spinal cord hypothermia: Anesthetic effects and applications to spinal cord injury
8. Effects of localized cooling on spinal cord trauma
9. SURGERY OF EXPERIMENTAL LESION OF SPINAL CORD EQUIVALENT TO CRUSH INJURY OF FRACTURE DISLOCATION OF SPINAL COLUMN
10. REMARKS ON THE HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE SPINAL CORD DUE TO IMPACT. AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
11. Are new neurons formed in the brains of adult mammals?
12. The compensatory adaptability in cases of injury to the spinal cord and the effect of certain drugs on the restoration of the disordered functions
13. Research on the regeneration of the spinal cord in the cat submitted to the action of pyrogenous substances (5 or 3895) of bacterial origin
14. Experimental traumatic paraplegia. The vascular and pathological changes seen in reversible and irreversible spinal-cord lesions
15. Suture médullaire
16. Lack of regeneration in the spinal cord of the rat
17. Reinnervation of spinal cord by cholinergic neurons
18. Peripheral nerve and spinal cord regeneration: Factors leading to success of a tabulation technique employing Millipore
19. Electrophysiologic evidence that neither sprouting nor neuronal hyperactivity occur following long term trigeminal or cervical primary deafferentation
20. Response of the central nervous system to injury
21. An immunological approach to regeneration in the central nervous system
22. Relation of spinal cord regeneration to age in adult goldfish
23. Relationship of cortico-spinal tract growth to age and body weight in the rat
24. Ultrastructure of normal regeneration and loss of regenerative capacity following Teflon block of the goldfish spinal cord
25. Axonal regeneration and formation of synapses proximal to the site of lesion following hemisection of the rat spinal cord
26. Regeneration of Axons and Synaptic Complex Formation Rostral to the Site of Hemisection in the Spinal Cord of the Monkey
27. Neuronal alteration and reinnervation following axonal regeneration and sprouting in the mammalian spinal cord
28. Alterations of neuron synaptic complement during regeneration and axonal sprouting of rat spinal cord
29. Über Regenerationserscheinungen an zentralen Nervenfasern
30. Development and growth of axonal sprouts from noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine neurones in the rat spinal cord
31. Growth of central catecholamine neurones into smooth muscle grafts in the rat mesencephalon
32. Nerve growth factor: Stimulation of regenerative growth of central noradrenergic neurons
33. Experimental spinal cord injury in monkeys: Comparison of steroids and hypothermia
34. Remyelination by Schwann cells of axons demyelinated by intraspinal injection of 6-aminonicodinamide in the rat
35. A study of the mechanics of gunshot injury to the spinal cord of the cat
36. Abortive regeneration of the transected spinal cord
37. Expériences sur les plaies de la moelle épinière
38. Régénération des tissus de la moelle épinière
39. Sur plusieurs cas de cicarisation de plaies faites à la moelle épinère, avec retour de fonctions perdues
40. De la régénération de la moelle épinière d'apres l'experimentation et des faits cliniques
41. Glial cells and the central myelin sheath
42. REPORT OF THE CONDITION OF A CASE OF COMPLETE DIVISION OF THE SPINAL CORD BY GUNSHOT WOUND NINETEEN YEARS AFTER THE INJURY
43. The regenerative capacity of the dorsal root ganglion
44. Regeneration of adult mammalian spinal cord
45. Axonal regeneration in the transected adult feline spinal cord
46. The use of nerve grafts to orient axonal regeneration in transected spinal cords
47. Effects of antifibrinolytic and steroid therapy on the contused spinal cord of cats
48. Experimental treatment of spinal cord contusion in the cat
49. 3 into the dorsal root ganglion
50. Distribution of biogenic amines in the contused feline spinal cord
51. Relation of Millipore to healing and regeneration in transected spinal cords of monkeys
52. Regeneration of feline dorsal roots
53. Structural regeneration in the mammalian central nervous system in relation to age
54. Site of action in the central nervous system of a bacterial pyrogen
55. Sur un cas de section anatomique complête de la moelle dorsale. Suture de la moelle. Survie de huit mois
56. Structural regeneration in the mammalian central nervous system and the role of neuroglia and connective tissue
57. Regeneration in the vertebrate central nervous system
58. Regeneration of severed nerve fibers in the spinal cord of the adult cat
59. Trattamanto delle lesioni traumatiche spinali, con riporto di due casi di sutura del midollo
60. Spontaneous elimination of synapses on cat spinal motoneurons after birth: Do half of the synapses on the cell bodies disappear?
61. Peripheral nerve implantation in experimental paraplegia
62. The special field of neurological surgery
63. Evidence for the existence of monoamine neurones in the central nervous system. II. Experimentally induced changes in the intraneuronal amine levels of bulbospinal neuron systems
64. Absence of spinal cord regeneration in the cat
65. Neurophysiological assessment of afferent and efferent conduction in the injured spinal cord of monkeys
66. Anaesthesia for laminectomy and localized cord cooling in acute cervical spine injury
67. Fine structure of the neuropil in relation to neuroglia cells
68. Quelques Recherches sur la Régénération Functionelle et Anatomique de la Moelle Épinière
69. Adjustment of olfactory bulb projections after transection of the lateral olfactory tract
70. Trophic regulation of nerve sprouting
71. Experimental spinal cord trauma: A historical review
72. Transitory traumatic paraplegia: Electron microscopy of early alterations in myelinated nerve fibers
73. Aberrant regenerating nerve fibers in injury to the spinal cord
74. Experimental treatments of acute spinal cord injury
75. Pathological findings in acute experimental spinal cord trauma
76. Restoration of destroyed functions and regeneration of conductor nerves in trauma of the spinal cord
77. Experimental compression of the spinal cord
78. Penetration of an experimental sarcoma by nerve fibers from the spinal cord.
79. The plasticity of the mammalian central nervous system with special reference to new growths in response to lesions
80. Collateral Nerve Regeneration
81. The growth and differentiation of the regenerating spinal cord of the lizard, Anolis carolinensis
82. Absence of regeneration in the spinal cord of the young rat
83. Descending spinal motor tract regeneration after spinal cord transection
84. Spinal cord regeneration in rats after immunosuppressive treatment. Theoretic considerations and histologic results
85. Immunosuppressive treatment to enhance spinal cord regeneration in rats
86. Enhancement of axonal regeneration in the brain of the rat by corticotrophin and triiodothyromine
87. A quantitative investigation of the response to injury of the central nervous system of rats treated with ACTH and triiodothyronine
88. La regeneración traumática en la médula espinal de las aves
89. Return of function after complete transection of the spinal cord of the rat, cat, and dog
90. Functional recovery in spinal rats
91. Neuronal regeneration in the central nervous system of man. Successful growth of intercoastal spinal nerve anastomosis and growth of intercostal nerve-spinal cord implant
92. Experimental observations upon axonal regeneration in the transected spinal cord of mammals
93. Regeneration of spinal cord of the rat
94. The treatment of experimental lesions of the spinal cord of dogs with trypsin
95. Influence upon reflex activity of viable nerve implants into the distal segment of the divided spinal cord of paraplegic animals.
96. Experimental observations of concussion and contusion of the spinal cord
97. Regeneration of sectioned spinal cord by implantation of a peripheral nerve
98. Modifications structurales et histochimiques de la névroglie à proximité et à distance d'une section de la moelle
99. Studies on spinal cord regeneration in the rat
100. Remyelination in multiple sclerosis with peripheral type myelin
101. Demyelination and remyelination after acute spinal cord compression
102. Restitution of function and collateral sprouting in the cat spinal cord: The deafferented animal
103. Recovery of movements after CNS lesions in monkeys
104. Restitution of function and collateral sprouting in cat spinal cord: The deafferented animal
105. Sequential pathologic changes in spinal cord injury: A preliminary report
106. Evolution of edema in the acutely injured spinal cord: A fluorescence microscopic study
107. Role of slow axonal transport in nerve regeneration
108. The nerve cell body response to axotomy
109. Cellular mechanisms in axonal growth
110. Concussion of the spinal cord. An experimental study and a critique of the use of the term
111. Axonal regeneration and functional plasticity in the central nervous system
112. History of central nervous system regeneration research
113. The enigma of central nervous regeneration
114. Physiological, molecular, and genetic aspects of central nervous regeneration
115. Effects of sympatholytic agents on CNS regeneration, cystic necrosis after spinal cord transection
116. The postnatal development of bloodvessels in the substantia gelatinosa of rat cervical spinal cord—An ultrastructural study
117. Remyelination in the central diphtheria toxin lesion
118. Locomotor activity and axon regeneration following spinal cord compression in rats treated with l-thyroxine
119. Studies in experimental spinal cord trauma. Part 2: Comparison of treatment with steroids, low molecular weight dextran, and catecholamine blockade
120. Studies in experimental spinal cord trauma. Part 1: Alterations in catecholamine levels
121. The ground substance of the developing central nervous system
122. Blood-brain barrier and ground substance of the central nervous system
123. Reactions of mammalian fetal spinal cord, spinal ganglia, and brain to injury
124. Ultrastructural and light microscopic studies of the developing feline spinal cord white matter. I. Cell death and myelin sheath disintegration in early postnatal period
125. The effect of injury to the spinal cord of rats in prenatal stages
126. Spinal cord section in rat fetuses
127. Encapsulated intramedullary tumor involving the whole spinal cord from medulla to conus: Complete enucleation with recovery
128. The problem of neuronal regeneration in the central nervous system. I. The insertion of centrally connected peripheral nerve stumps into the spinal cord
129. Urea and spinal cord trauma
130. Dimethylsulfoxide in the treatment of experimental acute spinal cord injury
131. Histochemical changes in the feline spinal cord during the developments of experimental paraplegia
132. Comparison of healing process in transected spinal cords grafted with autogenous brain tissue, sciatic nerve, and nodose ganglion
133. Successful axonal regeneration to bridge the gap of transected mammalian spinal cords: An electron microscopic study of the result of delayed microsurgical nerve grafting
134. Experimental use of cultured cerebellar cortical tissue to inhibit the collagenous scar following spinal cord transection
135. Structural and functional evidence of plasticity in the central nervous system
136. Neuropasticity of primary afferents in the neonatal cat and some results of early deafferentation of the trigeminal spinal nucleus
137. Pituicytes and the regenerative properties of neurosecretory and other axons in the rat
138. Discussion of regeneration in spinal nerve roots
139. Dorsal roots following anastomosis of the central stumps
140. Axon regeneration in the human spinal cord with formation of neuromata
141. Serial section analysis of myelin development in the central nervous system of the albino rat: An electron microscopical study of early axonal ensheathment
142. Functionelle Regeneration des Rückenmarkes bei Anamniern
143. Epidemiology of spinal cord injury
144. Axonal regeneration in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord of adult rats. An electron microscopic study
145. Behavior of pyramidal axons following section
146. Regeneration of nervous tissue
147. The problem of neuronal regeneration in the central nervous system. II. The insertion of peripheral nerve stumps into the brain
148. Chemical characteristics of traumatic spinal cord edema in cats. Effect of steroids on potassium depletion
149. Section complète de la moelle dorsale, verifiée chirugicalement et anatomiquement
150. Apparent functional restitution in Piromen treated spinal cats
151. Intraspinal sprouting of dorsal root axons; development of new collaterals and preterminals following partial denervation of the spinal cord in the cat
152. Regeneration in the dorsal spinocerebellar tract of the cat
153. Ischemia in primate spinal cord injury
154. Evidence of structural and functional regeneration of the central nervous system in man
155. Note sur un cas de retour partiel de la motilité volontaire survenu après suture de la moelle épinière complètement sectionée par unnéclat d'obus (intervention pratiquée 130 jours aprés la traumatisme)
156. Transplantation of the spinal cord for the relief of paraplegia
157. Transplanted neural tissue develops connections with host rat brain
158. Formation of myelin in the central nervous system
159. Alterations of central nervous system protein synthesis in response to spinal cord hemisection
160. Evidence for selective post-lesion growth in the dentate gyrus of the rat
161. Sprouting as a cause of spasticity
162. Mechanisms of functional loss and recovery in spinal cord damage
163. R and ACTH upon the regenerative capacity
164. Functional recovery following spinal cord hemisection and intrathecal use of hypochlorite treated trypsin
165. Phylo-ontogenetic characteristics of functional compensation in organic damage to the spinal cord and its enzyme therapy
166. The problem of the effect of some drugs on the recovery of disturbed functions of the central nervous system
167. Functional and structural restitution after transection of the spinal cord
168. Some observations on early myelination in the human spinal cord. Light and electron microscope study
169. Development of axonal pathways after neurosurgical lesions in the septum of the fetal rat: fornix ventralis, commissures of the fornix ventralis, corpus callosum and anterior commissure
170. La rigenerazione del midolla spinale nei feti e nei neonati
171. Kritische Beobachtungen über die Heilungsmoglichkeit der Rückenmarksverletzungen bei der experimentallen Rachiotomie des Fötus
172. Wirbelresektion bei Kompressionfrakturen mit Lähmung
173. Regeneration of sensory nerve roots in young and senile rats
174. Regeneration in injured spinal cord
175. Restitution of function and collateral sprouting in cat spinal cord. The partially hemisected animal
176. Biogenic amine concentration in traumatized spinal cords of cats. Effect of drug therapy
177. The CNS and adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase activity and norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine in the spinal cord after transection
178. Faulty regulation of catecholamine metabolism in spinal cord injury
179. Relationship between serum dopamine-hydroxylase activity, catecholamine metabolism, and hemodynamic changes during paroxysmal hypertension in quadriplegia
180. Local hypothermia in spinal cord traumatic lesions.
181. Restoration of the regenerative capacity of the conduction fibers of the mammalian central nervous system
182. Partial regeneration of nerve-conductors in the sectioned spinal cord of dog
183. The formation of spinal cord scar and regeneration of nerve fibers under the effect of pyrogenal
184. Progressive cord degeneration and collateral transmission of spinal impulses following section of the spinal cord in albino-rat fetuses
185. THE ROLE OF MESENCHYMAL CELLS IN REGENERATION IN THE SPINAL CORD OF THE ADULT CAT.
186. Functional regeneration of 5-hydroxytryptamine nerve terminals in the rat spinal cord following 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine induced degeneration
187. Regeneration of monoamine-containing axons in the developing and adult spinal cord of the rat following intraspinal 6-OH-dopamine injections or transections
188. Axon regeneration in the rat spinal cord
189. Some clinical data on the enzyme therapy of spinal cord injuries
190. Certain problems of the treatment of trauma of the vertebral column and spinal cord
191. Recovery of structure and function following transection of the primary olfactory nerves in pigeons
192. Noradrenergic mediation of traumatic spinal cord autodestruction
193. The pathophysiological response to spinal cord injury. The current status of related research
194. Altered norepinephrine metabolism following experimental spinal cord injury. Part 1: Relationship to hemorrhagic necrosis and postwounding neurological deficits
195. Altered norepinephrine metabolism following experimental spinal cord injury. Part 2: Protection against traumatic spinal cord hemorrhagic necrosis by norepinephrine synthesis blockade with alpha methyl tyrosine
196. Spinal pathways mediating traumatic hemorrhage necrosis
197. Functional recovery from spinal cord trauma following incision of spinal meninges in dogs
198. Functional recovery from spinal cord trauma following delayed incision of spinal meninges in dogs
199. REGENERATION OF POSTERIOR ROOT FIBERS IN THE CAT
200. Reaction of spinal cord to laminectomy
201. Distal-proximal nerve implants in spinal cord transection
202. The effect of enzymatic debridement on scar formation and cavitation in experimental spinal cord transection
203. Trypsin inhibition of scar formation in cordotomized rats
204. Factors in recovery from spinal cord injury
205. The development of glio-vascular relationships in the rat spinal cord
206. An electron microscopic study of macroglia and microglia in the lateral funiculus of the developing spinal cord of the fetal monkey
207. Preliminary observations of the regeneration potentials of the spinal cord after cryogenic surgery
208. The background of Galen's life and activities, and its influence on his achievements
209. Factors in recovery from spinal cord injury
210. Identification of adenylate cyclase-coupled beta-adrenergic receptors with radiolabeled beta-adrenergic antagonists.
211. Neuronal plasticity in the septal nuclei of the adult rat
212. Notas preventivas sobre la degeneración y regeneración de las vias nerviosos centrales
213. Notas preventivas sobre la degeneración y regeneración de las vias nerviosos centrales
214. Algunos hechos favorabls a la hipótesis neurotrópica
215. On the medullated nerve fibers crossing the site of lesions in the brain of the white rat
216. Rehabilitation of patients with closed traumas of the vertebral column and lesions of the spinal cord with lidase and pyrogenal
217. Action of proteolytic and glycolytic enzymes on the permeability of the blood-brain barrier
218. La rigenerazione del tessuto nervoso nei vertebrati superiori
219. Studies on regeneration in the central nervous system. Note II
220. Discussion of regeneration of dorsal funiculus neurons
221. Electronenmikroskopische Befunde sur Feinstruktur von Axonveranderungen im peritraumatischen Bereich nach experimenteller Strangdurchtrennung am Rückenmark der weiszen Ratte
222. PHILADELPHIA NEUROLOGICAL SOCIETY
223. Regeneration of spinal cord fibers in the cat
224. Regeneration in spinal neurons: Proteosynthesis following nerve growth factor administration
225. The effect of nerve growth factor on regeneration of spinal neurons in the cat
226. Factors promoting regeneration of spinal neurons: Positive influence of nerve growth factor
227. Axonal regeneration or generation after corpus callosum section in the neonatal rat
228. Ontogeny of interhemispheric evoked potentials in the rat: Significance of myelination of the corpus callosum
229. Sulla rigenerazione del midollo spinale nei vertebrati
230. Walking spinal cornivores
231. Progressive demyelination and reparative phenomena in chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
232. Altered axons and axon terminals in the lateral vestibular nucleus of the rat
233. Zur Frage über die Regeneration des Rückermarknervengewebes nach aseptischen Verletzungen
234. Effects of spinal transection in neonatal and weanling rats: Survival of function
235. A case of severed spinal cord in which myelorrhaphy was followed by partial return of function
236. Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die degenerativen und repearatoischen Vorgänge bei der Heilung von Verletzungen des Rückenmarks, usw
237. Die allegemeine Histologie der degenerativen und regenerationen Processe in centralen und peripheren Nervensystem nach neuersten Forschungen
238. Spinal cord regeneration in the rat
239. Regeneration of central cholinergic neurones in the adult rat brain
240. Spinal cord compression studies. I. Experimental techniques to produce acute and gradual compression
241. Acute spinal cord injury in primates produced by an inflatable extradural cuff
242. Value of normothermic perfusion, hypothermic perfusion, and durotomy in treatment of experimental acute spinal cord trauma
243. Studies of the treatment and pathophysiology of acute spinal cord injury in primates
244. Biolectric characteristics of regenerated fibers in the feline spinal cord
245. A survey of the management of experimental spinal cord trauma
246. Monoamine changes in experimental head and spinal cord trauma: Failure to confirm previous observation
247. Modification of experimental head and spinal cord injuries using dimethyl sulfoxide
248. Apparent spinal cord regeneration following intramuscular trypsin
249. Peripheral nerve-spinal cord anastomosis for experimental cord transection
250. X-radiaiton of experimental lesions of the spinal cord
251. A quantitative study of synapses on motor neuron dendritic growth cones in developing mouse spinal cord
252. Mechanisms of norepinephrine accumulation within sites of spinal cord injury
253. Electron microscopic observations of the delayed effects of spinal cord compression
254. Signs of plasticity and reconnection in spinal cord damage
255. Spinal cord injury: sequential morphology and hypothermia stabilization
256. Conference report
257. The development of scar tissue in the central nervous system
258. Activities of certain bacterial polysaccharides
259. Regeneration in the spinal cord of the cat in relation to observation on a human subject
260. Regeneration of axons in the vertebrate central nervous system
261. Prospects of regeneration in the mammalian central nervous system
262. Regeneration in the spinal cord of the cat and dog
263. REACTION OF TISSUES TO ADMINISTRATION OF A PYROGENIC PREPARATION FROM A PSEUDOMONAS SPECIES
264. Inhibition of formation of a glial barrier as a means of permitting a peripheral nerve to grow into the brain
265. Induction of neuronal regeneration in the central nervous system of animals
266. Residual function after subtotal spinal cord transection in adult cats
267. The neuropathology of traumatic paraplegia. A critical historical review
268. Post-traumatic regeneration of nerve fibers in the human spinal cord and its relation to intradmedullary neuroma
269. Ischemia of the spinal cord. An experimental study
270. Human spinal cord transplant
271. Der Ersatz eines Defects im Rückenmark durch Homotransplantat des degenerierten Nervus ischiadicus
272. On regeneration of nerve fibers in the spinal cord of white rats
273. Edema of the spinal cord following experimental impact trauma
274. The functional repair of nervous tissue
275. Damage and repair of the peripheral myelin sheath and node of Ranvier after treatment with trypsin