Parylene as a Chronically Stable, Reproducible Microelectrode Insulator

IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering

Volumn BME-24, Issue 2, 1977, Pages 121-128

  Loeb, Gerald E ^a   Bak, M J ^a   Schmidt, E M ^a   Salcman, M ^b  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE   (United States)

^b Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AROMATIC POLYMERS - APPLICATIONS; COATING TECHNIQUES; ELECTRIC INSULATING MATERIALS - COATINGS;

PARYLENE RESINS;

BIOMEDICAL EQUIPMENT;

INSULATOR; METHODOLOGY; MICROELECTRODE; PARYLENE;

ANIMAL; CATS; ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY; HAPLORHINI; MICROELECTRODES; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; POLYMERS; XYLENES;

EID: 0017368305     PISSN: 00189294     EISSN: 15582531     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TBME.1977.326115     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. W. Rall, “Electrophysiology of a dendritic neuron model,” Biophys. J., vol. 2, pp. 145–167, 1962.
2. C. M. Ballintijn, “Fine tipped metal microelectrodes with glass insulation,” Experientia, vol. 17, pp. 523–524, 1961.
3. L. W. A. Mills, “A fast inexpensive method of producing large quantities of metallic microelectrodes,” EEG Clin. Neurophysiol., vol. 14, pp. 278–279, 1962.
4. C. Guld, “A glass-covered platinum microelectrode,” Med. Biol. Eng., vol. 2, pp. 317–327, 1964.
5. J. A. Freeman, “A simple method for producing in quantity, metal micro-electrodes with a desired taper and impedance,” EEG Clin. Neurophysiol., vol. 26, pp. 623–626, 1969.
6. J. G. McElligott, J. R. Aldeghi, M. H. Loughnane, and R. J. Tallarida, “A technique for producing mathematically predictable etched microelectrodes,” Abstract 446, Society for Neuroscience Ann. Meeting, 1974.
7. J. D. Green, “A simple microelectrode for recording from the central nervous system,” Nature, vol. 182, p. 962, 1958.
8. D. H. Hubel, “Tungsten microelectrode for recording from single units,” Science, vol. 125, pp. 549–550, 1957.
9. E. Marg, “A rugged, reliable and sterilizable microelectrode for recording single units from the brain,” Nature, vol. 202, pp. 601–603, 1964.
10. J. R. Bartlett, “Insulating microelectrodes by centrifuging,” EEG Clin. Neurophysiol., vol. 21, pp. 304–305, 1966.
11. D. S. Pierce and I. H. Wagman, “A method of recording from single muscle fibers of motor units in human skeletal muscle,” J. Appl. Physiol., vol. 19, pp. 366–368, 1964.
12. J. Hannerz, “An electrode for recording single motor unit activity during strong muscle contractions,” EEG Clin. Neurophysiol., vol. 37, pp. 179–182, 1974.
13. J. Olds, “Operant conditioning of single unit responses,” in Proc. 23rd Int. Congr. Physiol. Union, vol. 4, pp. 372–380, 1965.
14. H. Grundfest, R. W. Sengstaken, and W. H. Oettinger, “Stainless steel micro-needle electrodes made by electrolytic pointing,” Rev. Sci. Instrum., vol. 21, pp. 360–362, 1950.
15. M. J. Mela, “Microperforation with laser beam in the preparation of micro-electrodes,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. BME-13, pp. 70–76, 1966.
16. G. L. Gerstein and W. A. Clark, “Simultaneous studies of firing patterns in several neurons,” Science, vol. 143, pp. 1325–1327, 1964.
17. D. N. Spinelli, B. Bridgeman, and S. Owens, “A simple single unit microelectrode recording system,” Med. Biol. Eng., vol. 8, pp. 599–602, 1970.
18. M. A. Kinnard and P. D. MacLean, “A platinum microelectrode for intracerebral exploration with a chronically fixed stereotaxic device,” EEG Clin. Neurophysiol., vol. 22, pp. 183–186, 1967.
19. K. I. Naka and K. Ryonosuke, “Hypothalamic spike potentials recorded by chronically implanted tungsten microelectrodes,” Brain Res., vol. 5, pp. 422–424, 1967.
20. R. A. Weale, “A new microelectrode for electrophysiological work,” Nature, vol. 167, pp. 529–530, 1951.
21. G. Svaetichin, “Low resistance micro-electrodes,” Acta Physiol. Scand., vol. 24, Supplement 86, pp. 5–13, 1951.
22. M. L. Wolbarsht, E. F. MacNichol, Jr., and H. G. Wagner, “Glass insulated platinum microelectrode,” Science, vol. 132, pp. 1309–1310, 1960.
23. H. A. Baldwin, S. Frenk, and J. Y. Lettvin, “Glass-coated tungsten microelectrodes,” Science, vol. 148, pp. 1462–1464, 1965.
24. W. R. Levick, “Another tungsten microelectrode,” Med. Biol. Eng., vol. 10, pp. 510–515, 1972.
25. R. M. Dowben and J. E. Rose, “A metal filled microelectrode,” Science, vol. 118, pp. 22–24, 1953.
26. C. Guld, “A glass-covered platinum microelectrode,” Acta Physiol. Scand., vol. 59, Supplement 213, pp. 57–58, 1963.
27. K. D. Wise, J. B. Angell, and A. Starr, “An integrated circuit approach to extracellular microelectrodes,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. BME-17, pp. 238–247, 1970.
28. P. E. Burt, “Local removal of glass insulation from metal microelectrodes by air-abrasion,” J. Sci. Instrum., vol. 43, pp. 664–665, 1966.
29. F. Strumwasser, “Long-term recording from single neurons in brain of unrestrained mammals,” Science, vol. 127, pp. 469–470, 1958.
30. M. Salcman and M. J. Bak “Design, fabrication and in vivo behavior of chronic recording intracortical microelectrodes,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. BME-20, pp. 253–260, 1973.
31. J. M. R. Delgado, “Evaluation of permanent implantation of electrodes within the brain,” EEG Clin. Neurophysiol., vol. 7, pp. 637–644, 1955.
32. P. E. K. Donaldson, “Experimental visual prosthesis,” Proc. Inst. Elec. Eng. (Contr. and Sci. Rec.) vol. 120, pp. 281–298, 1973.
33. M. Salcman and M. J. Bak, “A new chronic recording intracortical microelectrode,” Med. Biol. Eng., vol. 14, pp. 42–50, 1976.
34. G. E. Loeb, A. E. Walker, S. Uematsu, and B. W. Konigsmark, “Histologic reaction to various conductive and dielectric films chronically implanted in the subdural space,” J. Biomed. Mater. Res., to be published.
35. C. W. Sem-Jacobsen, personal communication, Sept. 11, 1974.
36. S. D. Bruck, “Biomaterials in medical devices,” Trans. Amer. Soc. Artif. Int. Org., vol. 18, pp. 1–9, 1972.
37. R. H. Kahn, “Multiple layered intimai linings by perfusion culture,” Ann. Rep., NHLI Grant NIH-71-2054, Nat. Tech. Info. Serv. Accession, PB-207088, PB-223039, 1972–1973.
38. P. B. Mansfield, “Development of intimai linings,” Ann. Report, NHLI Contract NIH-71-2060, 1972.
39. J. B. Boatman, “Development of intimai linings,” Ann. Rep., NHLI Contract NIH-71-2058, 1972.
40. W. G. Campbell, W. V. Clark, Jr., and C. B. Converse, “Bathythermograph system,” U.S. Patent 3 221 556, Dec. 7, 1965.
41. J. W. Boretos, Concise Guide to Biomedical Polymers. Springfield, MA: Thomas, 1973.
42. W. A. Miller, M. A. Spivack, F. R. Tittman, and J. S. Byck, “Ultrathin microfiber lining for artificial organs,” Textile Res. J., vol. 43, pp. 728–734, 1973.
43. W. F. Gorham, “Para-xylylene Copolymers,” U.S. Patent 3 288 728, Nov. 29, 1966.
44. Union Carbide Corporation, Parylene 9 inch Experimental Coating Unit, Instruction Manual. Bound Brook, NJ: Union Carbide Corp., 1971.
45. G. M. Dold and R. E. Burke, “A joystick operated microforge for fabrication of glass micropipette electrodes,” EEG Clin. Neurophysiol., vol. 33, pp. 232–235, 1972.
46. H. Lee, D. Stoffey, and K. Neville, New Linear Polymers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967.
47. R. E. Burger, J. Estavillo, J. Osborne, P. J. Stoll, and W. Wallace, “Low-impedance tungsten microelectrode for recording from sensory ganglia,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. BME-20, pp. 378–380, 1973.
48. G. E. Loeb, “Decreased conduction velocity in the proximal projections of myelinated dorsal root ganglion cells,” Brain Res., vol. 103, pp. 381–385, 1976.
49. R. C. Gesteland, B. Howland, J. Y. Lettvin, and A. H. Pitts, “Comments on microelectrodes,” Proc. IRE, vol. 47, pp. 1856–1862, 1959.
50. G. Jones and G. M. Bollinger, “The measurement of the conductance of electrolytes. VII. On Platinization,” J. Amer. Chem. Soc., vol. 57, pp. 281–284, 1935.
51. D. A. Robinson, “The electrical properties of metal microelectrodes,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 56, pp. 1065–1071, 1968.