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1
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0141823016
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Ueber die ungarischen warmen und heissen Kochsalzseen als natuerliche Waermeaccumulatoren
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(1902)
Annalen der Physik
, vol.7
, pp. 408
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Kalecsinsky1
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3
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0014777027
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Salt flats as solar heat collectors for industrial purposes
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(1970)
Solar Energy
, vol.13
, pp. 83
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Hirschmann1
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6
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84916664133
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Climatological Data, National Summary. U.S. Weather Bureau, Department of Commerce.
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7
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50549219954
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The long-term average performance of flat-plate solar energy collectors
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Data on insolation (as well as information on diffuse radiation) are also listed in
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(1963)
Solar Energy
, vol.7
, pp. 53
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Liu1
Jordan2
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8
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84916664132
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Weinberger, Ref. 4, has calculated the temperature change due to the variation of insolation during the day and found a maximum daily amplitude of 7°C in a pond without a convection zone and 3°C if the pond has a convection zone of 20 cm. Our design calls for a convection zone of several meters and so the daily variations will be just a fraction of a degree and can be neglected.
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11
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84916664130
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To within 3 per cent, leading to an uncertainty of a few degrees in the water temperature.
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12
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84916664129
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To get an idea for the magnitude of the variation of reflective and absorptive losses with angle of incidence, we note that the reflective losses increase from about 2 per cent at 0° to 3 per cent at 48°. Also at i = 48°, the path inside the water is a factor 1·2 larger than at i = 0°, and the increased effective losses at 48° amount to about 3·5 per cent. In midlatitudes, each percent of radiation lost depresses the water temperature by about one degree.
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13
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84916664128
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i and this simplification cannot be made. Of course, our solution reduces to Weinberger's in the appropriate limit.
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20
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0042257276
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This rapid approach to steady state in the insulation layer justifies the following numerical approximation scheme: start with a given temperature in the pond, then consider, month by month, the heat added by the sun, the heat extracted for heating and the heat lost to the surface, and calculate the corresponding change in temperature for each month. The effect of ground storage can be approximated by an equivalent layer of water in the convection zone. For greater accuracy, the pond can be divided into more layers and smaller time intervals can be chosen. This is the method of finite differences which has been suggested for solar pond calculations by
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(1967)
Solar Energy
, vol.11
, pp. 109
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Tybout1
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25
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84916664127
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max is reached later.
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28
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84916664126
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C. E. Nielsen, A. Rabl, J. Watson, and P. Weiler, Maintenance of salt concentration gradient in solar ponds, Ohio State University preprint, in preparation.
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