High-Power Linear-Beam Tubes

Proceedings of the IEEE

Volumn 61, Issue 3, 1973, Pages 299-330

  Staprans, Armand ^a   McCune, Earl William ^a   Ruetz, Jack A ^a  

^a VARIAN MEDICAL SYSTEMS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LINEAR-BEAM TUBES;

ELECTRON TUBE COMPONENTS; ELECTRON TUBES, KLYSTRON; ELECTRON TUBES, TRAVELING WAVE; MICROWAVE DEVICES;

ELECTRON TUBES, MICROWAVE;

EID: 0015604543     PISSN: 00189219     EISSN: 15582256     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/PROC.1973.9033     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. R. R. Warnecke, M. Chodorow, P. R. Guenard, and E. L. Ginzton, “Velocity modulated tubes,” in Advances in Electronics, vol. 3. New York: Academic Press, 1951.
2. M. Chodorow and C. Susskind, Fundamentals of Microwave Electronics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964.
3. M. Chodorow and T. Wessel-Berg, “A high-efficiency klystron with distributed interaction,” IRE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-8, pp. 44–55, Jan. 1961.
4. A. D. LaRue and R. R. Rubert, “Multi-megawatt hybrid TWT's at S-band and C-band,” presented to the IEEE Electron Devices Meet., Washington, D.C., Oct. 1964.
5. J. K. Mann and D. Robinson, “X-band CW generator development,” Final Tech. Rep., Varian Associates, Rep. RADC-TR-69-388, Mar. 1970.
6. E. L. Lien, “High efficiency klystron amplifiers,” in Conv. Rec. MOGA-70 (8th Int. Conf. on Microwave and Optical Generation and Amplification, Amsterdam. The Netherlands, Sept. 1970).
7. J. R. Pierce, Theory and Design of Electron Beams, 2nd ed. New York: Van Nostrand, 1954.
8. J. R. Hechtel and J. A. Seeger, “Accuracy and limitations of the resistor network used for solving Laplace's and Poisson's equations,” Proc. IRE, vol. 49, pp. 933–940, May 1961.
9. T. Van Duzer and G. R. Brewer, “The space-charge simulation in an electrolytic tank,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 30, pp. 291–301, Mar. 1959.
10. P. T. Kirstein and J. S. Hornsby, “An investigation into the use of iteration methods for the analysis of axially symmetric and sheet beam electrode shapes with an emitting surface,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-11, pp. 196–204, May 1964.
11. J. E. Boers, “Digital computer analysis of axially symmetric electron guns,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-12, pp. 425–435, July 1965.
12. C. D. Bogart and E. A. Richley, “A space-charge flow computer program,” NASA Lewis Res. Cen., NASA Tech. Note D-3394, Apr. 1966.
13. C. C. Cutler and M. E. Hines, “Thermal velocity effects in electron guns,” Proc. IRE, vol. 43, pp. 307–315, Mar. 1955.
14. W. E. Danielson, J. L. Rosenfeld, and T. A. Saloom, “A detailed analysis of beam formation with electron guns of the Pierce type,” Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 35, p. 375, 1956.
15. T. Chisholm, “An analysis of thermal and space-charge spreading of electron beams from guns of the Pierce type,” Proc. IEEE (Lett.), vol. 57, pp. 357–358, Mar. 1969.
16. R. D. Frost, O. T. Purl, and H. R. Johnson, “Electron guns for forming solid beams of high perveance and high convergence,” Proc. IRE, vol. 50, pp. 1800–1807, Aug. 1962.
17. E. McCune, “A 250-kW CW X-band klystron,” Varian Associates, Palo Alto, Calif., presented to the IEEE Int. Electron Devices Meet., Washington, D.C., Oct. 18–20, 1967.
18. A. Staprans, “The hollowish beam gun for high power microwave tubes,” presented to the Int. Electron Devices Meet., Washington, D.C., Oct. 26–28, 1966.
19. L. A. Harris, “Toroidal electron guns for hollow beams,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 30, pp. 826–836, June 1959.
20. J. F. Hull, “High perveance gun study,” Final Rep., Litton Industries, San Carlos, Calif., Contract DA36-039-SC-87313, May 1966.
21. G. S. Kino and N. J. Taylor, “The design and performance of a magnetron-injection gun,” IRE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-9, pp. 1–11, Jan. 1962.
22. N. J. Taylor, “Magnetron injection guns derived from theoretical space-charge flow solutions,” in Microwave Tubes (Proc. 4th Int. Congr.), pp. 583–586, 1963.
23. W. E. Waters, “A theory of magnetron injection guns,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-10, pp. 226–234, July 1963.
24. P. T. Kirstein, “Some solutions to the equations of steady space-charge flow in magnetic fields,” J. Electron. Contr., vol. 7, pp. 417–422, Nov. 1959.
25. R. P. Wadhwa and R. A. Harris, “Transformation of fluctuations along magnetron injection beams,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-12, pp. 332–343, June 1965.
26. W. R. Curtice, “Measurement of noise quality of MIG beam noise,” Proc. IEEE (Lett.), vol. 57, pp. 739–740, Apr. 1969.
27. R. J. Bondley, “High emission density thermionic cathodes,” in Proc. 3rd High-Power Microwave Tubes Symp. (The Hexagon, Fort Monmouth, N.J., May 24 and 25, 1967).
28. L. A. Harris, “Closely-spaced, aligned grids in vacuum tubes,” IRE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-8, pp. 481–488, Nov. 1961.
29. G. V. Miram, “A new approach in the design of nonintercepting gridded guns for pulsed, high-power microwave tubes,” in Proc. 8th Int. Conf. on Microwaves and Optical Generation and Amplification (Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Sept. 1970), pp. 5-28–5-33, 1970.
30. G. R. Brewer, “Some characteristics of a cylindrical electron stream in immersed flow,” IRE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-4, pp. 134–140, Apr. 1957.
31. G. K. Merdinian and J. V. Lebacqz, “High power permanent magnet focused, S-band klystron for linear accelerator use,” in Proc. 5th Int. Congr. on Microwave Tubes (Paris, France, Sept. 1964), p. 242.
32. J. T. Mendel, C. F. Quate, and W. H. Yocom, “Electron beam focusing with periodic permanent magnet fields,” Proc. IRE, vol. 42, pp. 800–810, May 1954.
33. J. E. Sterrett and J. Heffner, “The design of periodic magnetic focusing structures,” IRE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-5, pp. 35–42, Jan. 1958.
34. M. J. Schindler, “An improved procedure for the design of periodic-permanent-magnet assemblies for traveling-wave tubes,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-13, pp. 942–949, Dec. 1966.
35. Y. Morizumi, “Computer-aided design of an axially symmetrical magnetic circuit and its application to electron-beam-focusing devices,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-19; pp. 782–797, June 1972.
36. J. L. Rawls, J. R. Ashley, and W. P. Kolb, “PPM focusing of convergent beams emerging from partially shielded cathodes,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-14, pp. 301–305, June 1967.
37. P. K. Tien, “Focusing of a long cylindrical electron stream by means of periodic electrostatic fields,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 25, pp. 1281–1288, Oct. 1954.
38. J. R. Hechtel, “Electrostatic focusing of microwave tubes,” Microwave J., vol. 3, pt. I, pp. 41–48, nov. 1960; pt. II, pp. 81–86, Dec. 1960.
39. J. R. Hechtel and A. Mizuhara, “An electrostatically focused klystron amplifier,” in Proc. 4th Int. Congr. on Microwave Tubes (Scheveningen, The Netherlands, Sept. 3–7, 1962).
40. E. L. Lien, A. Mizuhara, and D. I. Boilard, “Electrostatically-focused extended-interaction S-band klystron amplifier,” in Proc. 6th Int. Conf. on Microwave and Optical Generation and Amplification (Cambridge, England, Sept. 1966).
41. J. R. Hechtel and A. Mizuhara, “A new type of high-power microwave tube: the electrostatically-focused klystron amplifier,” Microwave J., vol. 8, pp. 78–83, Sept. 1965.
42. H. DeBrey and H. Rinia, “An improved method for the air-cooling of transmitting valves,” Philips Tech. Rev., vol. 9, pp. 177–178, 1947.
43. I. E. Mouromtseff, “Water and forced-air cooling of vacuum tubes,” Proc. IRE, vol. 30, pp. 190–205, Apr. 1942.
44. W. H. Giedt, Principles of Engineering Heat Transfer. New York: Van Nostrand, 1957.
45. C. Beurtheret, “The vapotron technique,” Rev. Tech. C.F.T.H., no. 24, pp. 53–82, Dec. 1956.
46. A. Basiulis and M. C. Starr, “Improved reliability of TWTs through the use of a new lightweight heat removal device,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices (Corresp.), vol. ED-15, pp. 613–614, Aug. 1968.
47. H. S. Carslaw and J. C. Jaeger, Conduction of Heat in Solids, 2nd ed. Oxford, England: Oxford Clarendon Press, 1959.
48. P. W. Crapuchettes, “Cooling of anodes subjected to long impulses of high peak power,” presented at AIEE Winter General Meet., New York, N.Y., Jan. 29–Feb. 3, 1961. Paper CP61-172.
49. W. Neugebauer and T. G. Mihran, “A ten-stage electrostatic depressed collector for improving klystron efficiency,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-19, pp. 111–121, Jan. 1972.
50. R. S. Symons, “Sealed waveguide window,” U.S. Patent 2 958 834, assigned to Varian Associates by R. S. Symons.
51. F. O. Johnson, “Computer synthesis of filter networks as applied to waveguide windows,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Microwaves Circuit Theory and Information Theory (Tokyo, Japan, Sept. 7–11, 1964).
52. F. O. Johnson, “Waveguide windows for multi-kilowatt CW applications,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Microwaves Circuit Theory and Infomration Theory (Tokyo, Japan, Sept. 7–11, 1964).
53. A. Goldfinger, “High power RF window study,” Varian Associates, Eimac Div., Final Rep. RADC-TR-66-657, Jan. 1967.
54. M. P. Forrer and E. T. Jaynes, “Resonant modes in waveguide windows,” IRE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-8, pp. 147–150, Mar. 1960.
55. C. E. Muehe, “Thermal cracking of waveguide windows,” MIT Lincoln Lab., Lexington, Mass., Tech. Note 1966-19, Feb. 9, 1966.
56. D. H. Preist and R. C. Talcott, “On the heating of output windows of microwave tubes by electron bombardment,” IRE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-8, pp. 243–251, July 1961.
57. R. C. Talcott, “The effects of titanium films on secondary electron emission phenomena in resonant cavities and at dielectric surfaces,” IRE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-9, pp. 405–410, Sept. 1962.
58. J G. M. Branch and T. G. Mihran, “Plasma frequency reduction factors in electron beams,” IRE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-2, pp. 3–11, Apr. 1955.
59. G. M. Branch, Jr., T. G. Mihran, W. Neugebauer, and W. J. Pohl, “Space-charge wavelengths in electron beams,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-14, pp. 350–357, July 1967.
60. G. M. Branch., “Electron beam coupling in interaction gaps of cylindrical symmetry,” IRE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-8, pp. 193–207, May 1961.
61. T. Wessel-Berg, “Space-charge wave theory of interaction gaps and multicavity klystrons with extended fields.” Norwegian Defense Research Establishment, Bergen, Norway, Rep. 32, 1960.
62. S. F. Catalano et al., “A multi-cavity klystron computer program including potential depression correction,” MIT Lincoln Lab., Lexington, Mass., Rep. 43G-1, Contract AF19(628)-500, Aug. 29, 1963.
63. J. E. Rowe, Nonlinear Electron-Wave Interaction Phenomena. New York and London: Academic Press, 1965.
64. J. E. Rowe, “A large-signal theory of the traveling-wave tube amplifier,” Dep. Elec. Eng., Electron Tube Lab., Univ. of Michigan, Tech. Rep. 19, Apr. 1955.
65. T. G. Mihran, “The effect of drift length, beam radius, and perveance on klystron power conversion efficiency,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-14, pp. 201–206, Apr. 1967.
66. M. Chodorow and B. Kulke, “An extended-interaction klystron: Efficiency and bandwidth,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-13, pp. 439–447, Apr. 1966.
67. W. Beaver, G. Caryotakis, A. Staprans, and R. S. Symons, “Wideband high power klystrons,” in 1955 IRE WESCON Conv. Rec., pt. 3, Electron Devices, pp. 103–111, Aug. 1959.
68. W. Luebke and G. Caryotakis, “Development of a one megawatt CW klystron,” Microwave J., vol. 9, Aug. 1966.
69. T. G. Mihran, G. M. Branch, Jr., and G. J. Griffin, Jr., “Electron bunching and output gap interaction in broad-band klystrons,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-19, pp. 1011–1017, Sept. 1972.
70. E. L. Lien, “High efficiency klystron amplifiers,” in Conv. Rec. MOGA 70 8th Int. Conf., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Sept. 1970).
71. J. R. Hechtel and W. J. Stolte, “Recent developments in the field of electrostatically focused CW klystrons,” presented at the IEEE Int. Electron Devices Meet., Oct. 26–28, 1966.
72. J. R. Hechtel, A. Goldfinger, and W. J. Stolte, “An electrostatically-focused klystron amplifier for UHF with 10 kW CW output power and air cooling,” presented at the 3rd High-Power Microwave Tubes Symp., sponsored by USAEC and AGED, The Hexagon, Fort Monmouth, N.J., May 24–25, 1967.
73. A. Staprans and R. S. Symons, “UHF klystron transmitter (VA-812) development program,” Final Rep., Varian Associates Engineering Rep. 179-1F, prepared for MIT Lincoln Lab., P.O. 4-04586, Jan. 1961.
74. G. Merdinian and J. V. Lebacqz, “High power, permanent magnet focused, S-band klystron for linear accelerator use,” in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Hyperfrequency Tubes (Paris, France, Sept. 1964).
75. M. Chodorow and R. A. Craig, “Some new circuits for high-power traveling-wave tubes,” Proc. IRE, vol. 45, pp. 1106–1118, Aug. 1957.
76. L. Brillouin, Wave Propagation in Periodic Structures, 2nd ed. New York: Dover, 1953.
77. T. Roumbanis, J. Needle, and D. K. Winslow, “A megawatt X-band TWT amplifier with 18% bandwidth,” in Proc. High-Power Microwave Tubes Symp., vol. 1 (The Hexagon, Fort Monmouth, N. J., Sept. 25 and 26, 1962).
78. A. J. Ruetzand W. H. Yocom, “High-powertraveling-wavetubesfor radar systems,” IRE Trans. Mil. Electron., vol. MIL-5, pp. 39–45, Apr. 1961.
79. G. S. Kino, Y. Hiramatsu, W. A. Harman, and J. A. Ruetz, “Small-signal and large-signal theories for the coupled-cavity TWT,” in Proc. 6th Int. Conf. on Microwave and Optical Generation and Amplification (Cambridge, England, Sept. 1966).
80. J. Ruetz, G. Kino, Y. Hiramatsu, and D. Bates, “A large-signal analysis for O-type microwave amplifiers,” in Proc. High-Power Microwave Tubes Symp. (Fort Monmouth, N.J., May 19–20, 1965).
81. J. R. Pierce, Traveling Wave Tubes. New York: Van Nostrand, 1950.
82. J. Bernier, “Essai de theorie du tube electronique a propagation d'ande,” Ann. Radio Elec., vol. 2, pp. 87–101, Jan. 1947.
83. R. Kompfner, “The traveling-wave tube as amplifier at microwaves,” Proc. IRE, vol. 35, pp. 124–127, Feb. 1947.
84. C. Shulman, and M. S. Heagy, “Small-signal analysis of traveling-wave tube,” RCA Rev., vol. 8, pp. 585–611, Dec. 1947.
85. L. J. Chu and J. D. Jackson, “Field theory of traveling-wave tubes,” Proc. IRE, vol. 36, pp. 853–863, July 1948.
86. H. J. Curnow, “A general equivalent circuit for coupled-cavity slow-wave structures,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-13, pp. 671–675, Sept. 1965.
87. J. F. Gittins, Power Traveling Wave Tubes. New York: American Elsevier, 1965.
88. A. W. Scott, “Why a circuit sever affects traveling-wave tube efficiency,” IRE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-9, pp. 35–40, Jan. 1962.
89. M. O. Bryant, “Some experiments on the effect of a circuit sever on high-power traveling-wave tube efficiency,” in Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Microwave Tubes. Scheveningen: Centrex Publ. Co., Sept. 1962.
90. S. O. Wallender, “Reflexions and gain ripple in TWT's,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-19, pp. 655–660, May 1972.
91. W. A. Harman, K. Slocum, and J. A. Ruetz, “High power TWT for satellite communication,” in Proc. 7th Int. Conf. on Microwave and Optical Generation and Amplification (Hamburg, Germany, Sept. 1968).
92. J. A. Ruetz, D. Robinson, and J. Pavkovich, “The effect of tapered circuits on efficiency for high-power traveling-wave tubes,” presented at IRE Electron Devices Meet., Washington, D.C., Oct. 1960.
93. J. E. Rowe and C. A. Brackett, “Velocity tapering in microwave amplifiers,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-12, pp. 441–447, Aug. 1965.
94. N. H. Pond and R. J. Twiggs, “Improvement of traveling-wave tube efficiency through period tapering,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-13, pp. 956–961, Dec. 1966.
95. R. C. Hess, “Traveling-wave tube large-signal theory with application to amplifiers having dc voltage tapered with distance,” Ph.D. dissertation, Elec. Eng. Dep., Univ. of California, Berkeley, July 1960.
96. O. G. Sauseng and M. N. Ernstoff, “Advancements in traveling-wave tube efficiency with combined voltage jump, tapers and enhanced beam bunching,” presented at the IEEE Int. Electron Devices Meet., Washington, D.C., Oct. 26–28, 1966.
97. J. A. Ruetz, “Resonant circuit oscillations in traveling-wave tubes,” in Proc. 4th Int. Congr. on Microwave Tubes. Scheveningen: Centrex Publ. Co., Sept. 1962, p. 94.
98. T. Wessel-Berg, “A general theory of klystrons with arbitrary, extended interaction fields,” Microwave Lab., Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif., Tech. Rep. 376, Mar. 1957.
99. H. W. Bode, Network Analysis and Feedback Amplifier Design. New York: Van Nostrand, 1945.
100. L. D. Clough, K. Evans, H. L. Hartnagel, and P. C. Kendall, “Low frequency output fluctuation of microwave tubes,” Int. J. Electron., vol. 27, pp. 195–199, 1969.
101. J. F. Gittins, “Some experiments with a TWT buncher klystron,” SERL J., no. 42, 1956.
102. S. V. Yadavalli, “On the performance of a class of hybrid tubes,” Proc. IRE (Corresp.), vol. 42, p. 263, Feb. 1960.
103. A. J. Lichtenberg, “Prebunched beam traveling-wave tube studies,” IRE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-9, pp. 345–351, July 1962.
104. A. D. LaRue and R. R. Rubert, “Multi-megawatt hybrid TWTs at S-band and C-band,” presented to the IEEE Electron Devices Meet., Washington, D. C., Oct. 1964.
105. T. Roumbanis, “Centipede Twystron amplifiers and traveling wave tubes for broadband, high-efficiency, super-power amplification,” in Proc. 7th Int. Conf. on Microwave and Optical Generation and Amplification (Hamburg, Germany, Sept. 16–20, 1968); see also Nachrichtentech. Fachberichte, vol. 35, pp. 110–114, VDE Verlag GmbH 1 Berlin 12, 1968.
106. M. R. Boyd, R. A. Dehn, J. S. Hickey, and T. G. Mihran, “The multiple-beam klystron,” IRE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-9, pp. 247–252, May 1962.
107. G. M. Branch et al., “High-power traveling-wave multiple-beam klystron,” Final Rep., General Electric Co., Tech. Rep. ECOM-00007-F, Oct. 1967.
108. W. J. Pohl, “The design and demonstration of a wide-band multiple-beam traveling-wave klystron,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-15, pp. 351–368, June 1965.
109. A. Staprans, “A study of space-charge wave propagation in periodic electron beams,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dep. Elec. Eng., Univ. of California, Berkeley, Jan. 1959; also WADC Tech. Rep. 59-160, ASTIA Doc. AD 212224.
110. R. H. Pantell, “Backward-wave oscillations in an unloaded waveguide,” Proc. IRE (Corresp.), vol. 47, p. 1146, June 1959.
111. R. B. Dyott and M. C. Davis, “Interaction between an electron beam of periodically varying diameter and EM waves in a cylindrical guide,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-13, pp. 374–376, Mar. 1966.
112. R. M. Phillips, “The Ubitron, a high-power traveling-wave tube based on a periodic beam interaction in unloaded waveguide,” IRE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-7, pp. 231–241, Oct. 1960.
113. C. E. Enderbyand R. M. Phillips, “The Ubitron amplifier—A high-power millimeter-wave TWT,” Proc. IEEE (Corresp.), vol. 53, p. 1648, Oct. 1965.