Numerical models of the geodynamo and observational constraints

Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems

Volumn 1, Issue 10, 2000, Pages

  Dormy, Emmanuel ^a   Valet, Jean Pierre ^a   Courtillot, Vincent ^a  

^a INSTITUT DE PHYSIQUE DU GLOBE DE PARIS   (France)

Author keywords

Earth core; Geodynamo; geomagnetic field; magnetic records

Indexed keywords

FORECASTING; MAGNETIC RECORDING; NUMERICAL MODELS; SOLAR SYSTEM;

DEGREE OF CONFIDENCE; DIPOLAR MAGNETIC FIELDS; EARTH CORE; FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS; GEODYNAMO; GEOMAGNETIC FIELDS; OBSERVATIONAL DATA; ROBUST OBSERVATION;

GEOMAGNETISM;

EID: 0013402979     PISSN: None     EISSN: 15252027     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2000GC000062     Document Type: Article

References (196)

1. Alexandrescu, M., D. Gibert, G. Hulot, J.-L. Le Mouël, and, G. Saracco, (1995), Detection of geomagnetic jerks using wavelet analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 100 (B7), 12,557-12,572.
2. Alexandrescu, M., V. Courtillot, and, J.-L. Le Mouël, (1996 a), Geomagnetic field direction in Paris since the mid-sixteenth century, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 98, 321-360.
3. Alexandrescu, M., D. Gibert, G. Hulot, J.-L. Le Mouël, and, G. Saracco, (1996 b), Worldwide wavelet analysis of geomagnetic jerks, J. Geophys. Res., 101 (B10), 21,975-21,994.
4. Alexandrescu, M., V. Courtillot, and, J.-L. Le Mouël, (1997), High-resolution secular variation of the geomagnetic field in western Europe over the last 4 centuries: Comparison and integration of historical data from Paris and London, J. Geophys. Res., 102 (B9), 20,245-20,258.
5. Aurnou, J., D. Brito, and, P. Olson, (1996), Mechanics of inner core super-rotation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 3401-3404.
6. Barton, C. E., and, P. L. McFadden, (1996), Inclination shallowing and preferred transitional VGP paths, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 140, 147-157.
7. Bloxham, J., and, D. Gubbins, (1985), The secular variation of the Earth's magnetic field, Nature, 317, 777-781.
8. Bloxham, J., and, D. Gubbins, (1986), Geomagnetic field analysis, VI, Testing the frozen-flux hypothesis, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 84, 139-152.
9. Bloxham, J., and, A. Jackson, (1992), Time-dependant mapping of the magnetic field at the core-mantle boundary, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 19,537-19,563.
10. Bogue, S. W., and, H. A. Paul, (1993), Distinctive field behaviour following geomagnetic reversals, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2399-2402.
11. Bonhommet, N., and, J. Babkine, (1967), Sur la présence d'aimantations inversées dans la Chaîne des Puys, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 264, 92-94.
12. Braginsky, S., and, V. P. Meytlis, (1990), Local turbulence in the Earth's core, Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid. Dyn., 55 (2), 71-87.
13. Braginsky, S., and, P. H. Roberts, (1995), Equations governing convection in Earth's core and the geodynamo, Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid. Dynam., 79, 1-97.
14. Bullard, E. C., C. Freedman, H. Gellman, and, J. Nixon, (1950), The westward drift of the Earth's magnetic field, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, A243, 67-92.
15. Busse, F. H., E. Grote, and, A. Tilgner, (1998), On convection driven dynamos in rotating spherical shells, Stud. Geophys. Geod., 42, 211-223.
16. Camps, P., R. S. Coe, and, M. Prévot, (1999), The transitional geomagnetic impulses hypothesis: Geomagnetic fact or rock-magnetic artifact? J. Geophys. Res., 104, 17,747-17,758.
17. Carlut, J., and, V. Courtillot, (1998), How complex is the time-averaged geomagnetic field over the past 5 Myr? Geophys. J. Int., 134, 527-544.
18. Carlut, J., J.-P. Valet, X. Quidelleur, V. Courtillot, T. Kidane, Y. Gallet, and, P.-Y. Gillot, (1999), Paleointensity across the Réunion event in Ethiopia, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 170, 17-34.
19. Carlut, J., V. Courtillot, and, G. Hulot, (2000), Over how much time should the geomagnetic field be averaged to obtain the mean paleomagnetic field? Terra Nova, 11 (5), 239-243.
20. Champion, D. E., M. A. Lanphere, and, M. A. Kuntz, (1988), Evidence for a new geomagnetic reversal from lava flows in Idaho: Discussion of short polarity reversals in the Brunhes and late Matuyama polarity chrons, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 11,667-11,680.
21. Channell, J. E. T., and, B. Lehman, (1997), The last two geomagnetic polarity reversals recorded in high deposition-rate sediments drifts, Nature, 389, 712-715.
22. Chauvin, A., P. Roperch, and, R. A. Duncan, (1990), Records of geomagnetic reversals from volcanic islands of french Polynesia, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 2727-2752.
23. Chauvin, A., P.-Y. Gillot, and, N. Bonhommet, (1991), Paleointensity of the Earth's magnetic field recorded by two late quaternary volcanic sequences at the island of La Réunion (Indian Ocean), J. Geophys. Res., 96, 1981-2006.
24. Childress, S., and, A. M. Soward, (1972), Convection-driven hydromagnetic dynamos, Phys. Rev. Lett., 29, 837-839.
25. Christensen, U., P. Olson, and, G. Glatzmaier, (1998), A dynamo model interpretation of geomagnetic field structures, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 10.
26. Christensen, U., P. Olson, and, G. Glatzmaier, (1999), Numerical modeling of the geodynamo: A systematic parameter study, Geophys. J. Int., 138, 393-409.
27. Cioni, S., S. Ciliberto, and, J. Sommeria, (1997), Strongly turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection in mercury: Comparison with results at moderate Prandtl number, J. Fluid Mech., 335, 111-140.
28. Clement, B. M., (1991), Geographical distribution of transitional VGPs: Evidence for non zonal equatorial symmetry during the Matuyama-Brunhes geomagnetic reversal, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 104, 48-58.
29. Coe, R. S., and, M. Prévot, (1989), Evidence suggesting extremely rapid field variation during a geomagnetic reversal, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 92, 292-298.
30. Coe, R. S., M. Prévot, and, P. Camps, (1995), New evidence for extraordinarily rapid change of the geomagnetic field during a reversal, Nature, 374, 687-692.
31. Coe, R. S., L. Hongre, and, G. Glatzmaier, (2000), An examination of simulated geomagnetic polarity reversals, Proc. R. Soc. London, 358 (1768), 1141-1170.
32. Constable, S. R., and, R. L. Parker, (1988), Statistics of the geomagnetic secular variation for the past 5 Myr, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 11,569-11,581.
33. Courtillot, V., and, J. Besse, (1987), Magnetic field reversals, polar wander, and core-mantle coupling, Science, 237, 1140-1147.
34. Courtillot, V., and, J.-L. Le Mouël, (1984), Geomagnetic secular variation impulses, Nature, 311, 709-716.
35. Courtillot, V., and, J.-L. Le Mouël, (1988), Time variations of the Earth's magnetic field: From daily to secular, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 16, 389.
36. Courtillot, V., and, J.-P. Valet, (1995), Secular variation of the Earth magnetic field; from jerks to reversals, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. IIa, 320, 903-922.
37. Courtillot, V., J.-P. Valet, G. Hulot, and, J.-L. Le Mouël, (1992), The Earth's magnetic field: Which geometry? Eos Trans. AGU, 73 (32), 337.
38. Cox, A., (1975), The frequency of geomagnetic reversals and the symmetry of the nondipole field, Rev. Geophys., 13, 3.
39. Dagley, P., and, E. Lawley, (1974), Paleomagnetic evidence for the transitional behaviour of the geomagnetic field, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 36, 577-598.
40. Denham, C. R., (1975), Spectral analysis of paleomagnetic time series, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 1897-1901.
41. Desjardins, B., E. Dormy, and, E. Grenier, (1999), Stability of mixed Ekman-Hartmann boundary layers, Nonlinearity, 12 (2), 181.
42. De Wijs, G., et al., (1998), The viscosity of liquid iron at the physical conditions of the Earth's core, Nature, 392 (6678), 239-243.
43. Dodson, R. E., (1979), Counterclockwise precession of the geomagnetic field vector and westward drift of the non dipole field, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 637-644.
44. Dormy, E., P. Cardin, and, D. Jault, (1998), MHD flow in a slightly differentially rotating spherical shell, with conducting inner core, in a dipolar magnetic field, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 160, 15-30.
45. Eltayeb, I. A., and, S. Kumar, (1977), Hydromagnetic convective instabilities of a rotating self-gravitating fluid sphere containing a uniform distribution of heat sources, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 353, 145-162.
46. Eltayeb, I. A., and, P. H. Roberts, (1970), On the hydromagnetics of rotating fluids, Astrophys. J., 162, 688-701.
47. Evans, M. E., (1987), New archeomagnetic evidence for the persistence of the geomagnetic westward drift, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 39, 769-772.
48. Fearn, D., (1979 a), Thermally driven hydromagnetic convection in a rapidly rotating sphere, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 369, 227-242.
49. Fearn, D., (1979 b), Thermal and magnetic instabilities in a rotating fluid sphere, Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 14, 103-126.
50. Frank, M., (2000), Comparison of cosmogenic radionuclide production and geomagnetic field intensity over the last 200 000 years, Philos. Trans. R. Soc., 358, 1089-1107.
51. 10Be in globally stacked deep-sea sediments, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 149, 121-129.
52. Gallet, Y., and, G. Hulot, (1997), Stationary and nonstationary behaviour within the geomagnetic polarity timescale, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24 (15), 1875-1878.
53. Gee, J., L. Tauxe, and, E. Barg, (1990), Lower Jaramillo transition records from the equatorial Atlantic and Indian Oceans, Proc. ODP Sci. Results, 121.
54. Gee, J., D. A. Schneider, and, D. V. Kent, (1996), Marine magnetic anomalies as recorders of geomagnetic intensity variations, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 144, 327-335.
55. Gillot, P.-Y., J. Labeyrie, C. Laj, G. Valladas, G. Guerin, G. Poupeau, and, G. Delibrias, (1979), Age of the Laschamp paleomagnetic excursion revisited, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 42, 444-450.
56. Gire, C., J.-L. Le Mouël, and, T. Madden, (1984), The recent westward drift rate of the geomagnetic field and the body drift of external layers of the core, Ann. Geophys., 2 (1), 37-45.
57. Glatzmaier, G., and, P. H. Roberts, (1995 a), A three-dimensional convective dynamo solution with rotating and finitely conducting inner core and mantle, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 91, 63-75.
58. Glatzmaier, G., and, P. H. Roberts, (1995 b), A three-dimensional self-consistent computer simulation of a geomagnetic field reversal, Nature, 377, 203-209.
59. Glatzmaier, G., and, P. H. Roberts, (1996 a), On the magnetic sounding of planetary interiors, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 98, 207-220.
60. Glatzmaier, G., and, P. H. Roberts, (1996 b), An anelastic evolutionary geodynamo simulation driven by compositional and thermal convection, Physica D, 97, 81-94.
61. Glatzmaier, G., and, P. H. Roberts, (1996 c), Rotation and magnetism of Earth's inner core, Science, 274, 1887-1891.
62. Glatzmaier, G., and, P. H. Roberts, (1997 a), Simulating the geodynamo, Contemp. Phys., 38.
63. Glatzmaier, G., and, P. H. Roberts, (1997 b), Numerical simulation of the geodynamo, Acta Astron. Geophys. Univ. Comenianae, XIX.
64. Glatzmaier, G., R. Coe, L. Hongre, and, P. H. Roberts, (1999), The role of the Earth's mantle in controlling the frequency of geomagnetic reversals, Nature, 401, 885-890.
65. Glen, J., R. Coe, and, J. Liddicoat, (1999), A detailed record of paleomagnetic field change from Searles Lake, California, 2, The Gauss/Matuyama polarity reversal, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 12,883-12,894.
66. Grote, E., F. H. Busse, and, A. Tilgner, (1999), Convection-driven quadrupolar dynamos in rotating spherical shells, Phys. Rev. E, 60 (5), 5025-5028.
67. Grote, E., F. H. Busse, and, A. Tilgner, (2000 a), Regular and chaotic spherical dynamos, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 117, 259-272.
68. Grote, E., F. H. Busse, and, A. Tilgner, (2000 b), Effects of hyperdiffusivities on dynamo simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2001-2004.
69. Gubbins, D., (1994), Geomagnetic polarity reversals: A connection with secular variation and core-mantle interaction, Rev. Geophys., 32 (1), 61-83.
70. Gubbins, D., (1999), The distinction between geomagnetic excursions and reversals, Geophys. J. Int., 137, F1-F3.
71. Gubbins, D., and, J. Bloxham, (1987), Morphology of the geomagnetic field and implications for the geodynamo, Nature, 325, 509-511.
72. Gubbins, D., and, R. S. Coe, (1993), Longitudinally confined geomagnetic reversal paths from nondipolar transition fields, Nature, 362, 51-53.
73. Gubbins, D., and, J. J. Love, (1998), Preferred VGP paths during geomagnetic polarity reversals: Symmetry considerations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25 (7), 1079-1082.
74. Guyodo, Y., and, J.-P. Valet, (1999), Global changes in geomagnetic intensity during the past 800 thousand years, Nature, 399, 249-252.
75. Hagee, V. L., and, P. Olson, (1989), An analysis of paleomagnetic secular variation in the Holocene, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 56, 266-284.
76. Herrero-Bervera, E., and, J.-P. Valet, (1999), Paleosecular variation during sequential geomagnetic reversals from Hawaii, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 171, 139-148.
77. Hillhouse, J., and, A. Cox, (1976), Brunhes-Matuyama polarity transition, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 29, 51-64.
78. Hirshing, W., and, F. Busse, (1995), Stationary and chaotic dynamos in rotating spherical shells, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 90, 243-254.
79. Hoffman, K. A., (1984), Late acquisition of "primary" remanence in some fresh basalts: A case of spurious paleomagnetic results, Geophys. Res. Lett., 11, 681-684.
80. Hoffman, K. A., (1991), Long-lived transitional states of the geomagnetic field and the two dynamo families, Nature, 354, 273-277.
81. Hoffman, K. A., (1992), Dipolar reversal states of the geomagnetic field and core-mantle dynamics, Nature, 359, 789-794.
82. Hoffman, K. A., (1996), Transitional paleomagnetic field behavior: Preferred paths or patches? Surv. Geophys., 17, 207-211.
83. Holcomb, R. T., (1987), Eruptive history and long-term behaviour of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, in Volcanism in Hawaii, edited by, R. W. Decker, T. L. Wright, and, P. H. Stauffer, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 1350, 261-350.
84. Hongre, L., G. Hulot, and, A. Khokhlov, (1998), An analysis of the geomagnetic field over the past 2000 years, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 106, 311-335.
85. Hulot, G., and, J.-L. Le Mouël, (1994), A statistical approach to the Earth's main magnetic field, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 82, 167-183.
86. Hulot, G., M. Le Huy, and, J.-L. Le Mouël, (1993), Secousses (jerks) de la variation séculaire et mouvements dans le noyau terrestre, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. II, 317, 333-341.
87. Jackson, A., J. Bloxham, and, D. Gubbins, (1993), Time-dependent flow at the core surface and conservation of angular momentum in the coupled core-mantle system, in Dynamics of the Earth's Deep Interior and Earth Rotation, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 72, edited by, J.-L. Mouël, et al., pp. 97-107, AGU, Washington, D. C.
88. Jault, D., C. Gire, and, J.-L. Le Mouël, (1988), Westward drift, core motions and exchanges of angular momentum between core and mantle, Nature, 333, 353-356.
89. Johnson, C. L., and, C. G. Constable, (1997), The time averaged geomagnetic field: Global and regional biases for 0-5Ma, Geophys. J. Int., 131, 643-666.
90. Johnson, C. L., and, C. G. Constable, (1998), Persistently anomalous Pacific geomagnetic fields, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1011-1014.
91. Jones, C., A. Longbottom, and, R. Hollerbach, (1995), A self-consistent convection driven geodynamo model, using a mean field approximation, Physics Earth Planet. Int., 92, 119-141.
92. Juarez, M. T., and, L. Tauxe, (2000), The intensity of the time averaged geomagnetic field: The last 5 Myr, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 175, 169-180.
93. Kageyama, A., and, T. Sato, (1997 a), Velocity and magnetic field structures in magnetohydrodynamic dynamo, Phys. Plasma, 4 (5), 1569-1575.
94. Kageyama, A., and, T. Sato, (1997 b), Generation mechanism of a dipole field by a magnetohydrodynamic dynamo, Phys. Rev. E, 55, 4.
95. Kageyama, A., and, T. Sato, (1997 c), Dipole field generation by an MHD dynamo, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion, 39, A83-A91.
96. Kageyama, A., M. Ochi, and, T. Sato, (1999), Flip-flop transitions of the magnetic intensity and polarity reversals in the magnetohydrodynamic dynamo, Phys. Rev. Lett., 82 (26), 5409-5412.
97. Katayama, J., M. Matsushima, and, Y. Honkura, (1999), Some characteristics of magnetic field behavior in a model of MHD dynamo thermally driven in a rotating spherical shell, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 111, 141-159.
98. Kelly, P., and, D. Gubbins, (1997), The geomagnetic field over the past 5 million years, Geophys. J. Int., 128, 1-16.
99. Kida, S., and, H. Kitauchi, (1998), Thermally driven MHD dynamo in a rotating spherical shell, Prog. Theoret. Phys. Suppl., 130, 121-136.
100. Kitauchi, H., and, S. Kida, (1998), Intensification of magnetic field by concentrate-and-stretch of magnetic flux lines, Phys. Fluids, 10 (2), 457-468.
101. Kok, Y. S., and, L. Tauxe, (1996 a), Saw-tooth pattern of relative paleointensity records and cumulative viscous remanence, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 137, 95-99.
102. Kok, Y. S., and, L. Tauxe, (1996 b), Saw-tooth pattern of sedimentary paleointensity records explained by cumulative viscous remanence, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 144, E9-E14.
103. Kuang, W., and, J. Bloxham, (1997), An Earth-like numerical dynamo model, Nature, 389, 371-374.
104. Kuang, W., and, J. Bloxham, (1998), Numerical dynamo modeling: Comparison with the Earth's magnetic field, in The Core-Mantle Boundary Region, Geodyn. Ser., vol. 28, edited by, M. Gurnis, et al, pp. 197-208, AGU, Washington, D. C.
105. Kuang, W., and, J. Bloxham, (1999), Numerical modeling of magnetohydrodynamic convection in a rapidly rotating spherical shell: Weak and strong field dynamo action, J. Comput. Phys., 153, 51-81.
106. Kuang, W., (1999), Force balances and convective state in the Earth's core, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 116, 65-79.
107. Kutzner, C., and, U. Christensen, (2000), Effects of driving mechanisms in geodynamo models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 29-32.
108. Laj, C., A. Mazaud, R. Weeks, M. Fuller, and, E. Herrero-Bervera, (1992), Geomagnetic reversal paths, Nature, 351, 447.
109. Laj, C., C. Kissel, and, F. Garnier, (1996), Relative geomagnetic field intensity and reversals for the last 1.8 My from a central equatorial Pacific core, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23 (23), 3393-3396.
110. Langereis, C. G., A. A. M. van Hoof, and, P. Rochette, (1992), Longitudinal confinement of geomagnetic reversal paths: Sedimentary artefact or true field behavior? Nature, 358, 226-230.
111. Langereis, C. G., M. J. Dekkers, G. J. DeLange, M. Paterne, and, P. J. M. vanSantvoort, (1997), Magnetostratigraphy and astronomical calibration of the last 1.1 Myr from an eastern Mediterranean piston core and dating of short events in the Brunhes, Geophys. J. Int., 129, 75-94.
112. Le Mouël, J.-L., (1984), Outer core geostrophic flow and secular variation of Earth's geomagnetic field, Nature, 311, 734-735.
113. Levi, S., H. Audunsson, R. A. Duncan, L. Kristansson, P.-Y. Gillot, and, S. P. Jakobsson, (1990), Late Pleistocene geomagnetic excursion in Icelandic lavas: Confirmation of the Laschamp excursion, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 96, 443-457.
114. Love, J. J., (1998), Paleomagnetic volcanic data and geometric regularity of reversals and excursions, J. Geophys. Res., 103 (B6), 12,435-12,452.
115. Love, J. J., and, A. Mazaud, (1997), A database for the Matuyama-Brunhes magnetic reversal, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 103, 207-245.
116. Lowes, F. J., (1974), Spatial power spectrum of the main geomagnetic field, and extrapolation to the core, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 36, 717-730.
117. Lund, S. P., (1997), Initial paleomagnetic results from ODP leg 172-Evidence for at least 14 geomagnetic excursions during the Brunhes epoch (abstract), Eos Trans. AGU, 78, Fall Meet. Suppl., F181.
118. 4 year) memory and periodic behavior in the Earth's core dynamic process, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 1101-1104.
119. Lund, S. P., G. Acton, B. Clement, M. Hastedt, M. Okada, and, T. Williams, (1998), Geomagnetic field excursions occurred often during the last million years, Eos Trans. AGU, 79, 178-179, the ODP Leg 172 Scientific Party.
120. Lutz, T. M., and, G. S. Watson, (1988), Effects of long-term variation on the frequency spectrum of the geomagnetic reversal record, Nature, 334, 240-242.
121. Mandea-Alexandrescu, M., D. Gibert, G. Hulot, J.-L. Le Mouël, and, G. Saracco, (1999), An estimate of average lower mantle conductivity by wavelet analysis of geomagnetic jerks, J. Geophys. Res., 104 (B8), 17,735-17,745.
122. Mankinen, E. A., M. Prévot, C. S. Grommé, and, R. S. Coe, (1985), The Steens Mountain (Oregon) geomagnetic polarity transition 1, Directional history, duration of episodes and rock magnetism, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 10,393-10,416.
123. Mary, C., and, V. Courtillot, (1993), 3-D representation of geomagnetic reversal records, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 22,461-22,476.
124. Mazaud, A., (1996), Saw-tooth variation in magnetic intensity profiles and delayed acquisition of magnetization in deep sea cores, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 139, 379-386.
125. McElhinny, M. W., and, W. E. Senanayake, (1982), Variations in the geomagnetic dipole. I. The past 50,000 years, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 34, 39-51.
126. McElhinny, M. W., P. L. McFadden, and, R. T. Merrill, (1996), The myth of the Pacific dipole window, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 143, 13-22.
127. McFadden, P. L., (1984), Statistical tools for the analysis of geomagnetic reversal sequences, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 3363-3372.
128. McFadden, P. L., and, R. T. Merrill, (1984), Lower mantle convection and geomagnetism, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 3354-3362.
129. McFadden, P. L., and, R. T. Merrill, (1986), Geodynamo energy source constraints from paleomagnetic data, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 43, 22-33.
130. McFadden, P. L., and, R. T. Merrill, (1993), Inhibition and geomagnetic field reversals, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 6189-6199.
131. McFadden, P. L., R. T. Merrill, W. Lowrie, and, D. V. Kent, (1987), The relative stabilities of the reverse and normal polarity states of the Earth's magnetic field, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 82, 372-383.
132. McFadden, P. L., R. T. Merrill, and, C. E. Barton, (1993), Do virtual geomagnetic poles follow preferred path during geomagnetic reversals? Nature, 361, 342-344.
133. McMillan, S., (1996), A geomagnetic jerk for the early 1990's, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 137, 189-192.
134. Merrill, R. T., and, P. L. McFadden, (1999), Geomagnetic polarity transitions, Rev. Geophys., 37, 201-226.
135. Merrill, R. T., M. W. McElhinny, and, P. L. McFadden, (1996), The Magnetic Field of the Earth: Paleomagnetism, The Core and the Deep Mantle, Academic, San Diego, Calif.
136. Meynadier, L., and, J.-P. Valet, (1995), Relative paleointensity in sediments: What should we believe? paper presented at IUGG XXI General Assembly, Boulder, Colo.
137. Meynadier, L., and, J.-P. Valet, (1996), Post-depositional realignment of magnetic grains and asymmetrical saw-toothed pattern of magnetization intensity, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 140, 123-132.
138. Meynadier, L., J.-P. Valet, Y. Guyodo, and, C. Richter, (1998), Saw-toothed variations of relative paleointensity and cumulative viscous remanence: Testing the records and the model, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 7095-7105.
139. Olson, P., and, J. Aurnou, (1999), A polar vortex in the Earth's core, Nature, 402, 170-173.
140. Olson, P., U. Christensen, and, G. Glatzmaier, (1999), Numerical modeling of the geodynamo: Mechanisms of field generation and equilibration, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 10,383-10,404.
141. Opdyke, D., and, E. T. Channel, (1996), Magneto stratigraphy, in Int. Geophys. Ser., 346 pp., Academic, San Diego, Calif.
142. Pais, A., and, G. Hulot, (1997), Could some axial differential rotation at the core surface be detected by geomagnetic observations? in IAGA Abstract Volume, p. 11, Uppsala, Sweden.
143. Pais, A., and, G. Hulot, (2000), Length of day decade variations, torsional oscillations and inner core superrotation: Evidence from recovered core surface zonal flows, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 118, 291-316.
144. Parker, E. N., (1979), Cosmical Magnetic Fields, Clarendon Press, Oxford, England.
145. Perrin, M., M. Prévot, and, E. Mankinen, (1991), Low intensity of the geomagnetic field in Early Jurassic time, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 14,197-14,210.
146. Poirier, J.-P., (1994), Physical properties of the Earth's core, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 318, 341-350.
147. Poupinet, G., A. Souriau, and, O. Coutant, (2000), The existence of an inner core super-rotation questioned by teleseismic doublets, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 118 (1-2), 77-88.
148. Prévot, M., and, P. Camps, (1993), Absence of longitudinal confinement of poles in volcanic records of geomagnetic reversals, Nature, 366, 53-57.
149. Prévot, M., Mankinen, R. S. Coe, and, C. S. Grommé, (1985), The Steens Mountain (Oregon) geomagnetic polarity transition. Field intensity variations and discussion of reversal models, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 10,417-10,448.
150. Quidelleur, X., and, J.-P. Valet, (1994), Paleomagnetic records of excursions and reversals: Possible biases caused by magnetization artefacts? Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 82, 27-48.
151. Quidelleur, X., and, J.-P. Valet, (1996), Geomagnetic changes across the last reversal recorded in lava flows from La Palma (Canaries islands), J. Geophys. Res., 101, 13,755-13,774.
152. Quidelleur, X., J.-P. Valet, M. LeGoff, and, X. Bouldoire, (1995), Field dependence on magnetization of laboratory redeposited deep-sea sediments: First results, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 133, 311-325.
153. Quidelleur, X., P.-Y. Gillot, J. Carlut, and, V. Courtillot, (1999), Link between excursions and paleointensity inferred from abnormal field directions recorded at La Palma around 600 ka, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 168, 233-242.
154. Raisbeck, G. M., F. Yiou, and, S. Z. Zhou, (1994), Paleointensity puzzle, Nature, 371, 207-208.
155. Roberts, P. H., (1978), Magnetoconvection in a rapidly rotating fluid, in Rotating Fluids in Geophysics, edited by, P. H. Roberts, and, A. M. Soward, p. 421, Academic, San Diego, Calif.
156. Rochette, P., (1990), Rationale of geomagnetic reversal versus remanence recording process in rocks: A critical review, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 98, 33-39.
157. Roperch, P., N. Bonhommet, and, S. Levi, (1988), Paleointensity of the Earth's magnetic field during the Laschamp excursion and its geomagnetic implications, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 88, 209-219.
158. Runcorn, S. K., (1959), On the theory of the geomagnetic secular variation, Ann. Geophys., 15, 87-92.
159. Sakuraba, A., and, M. Kono, (1999), Effect of the inner core on the numerical solution of the magnetohydrodynamic dynamo, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 111, 105-121.
160. Sarson, G., and, C. Jones, (1999), A convection driven geodynamo reversal model, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 1, 3-20.
161. Sarson, G., C. Jones, and, A. Longbottom, (1998), Convection driven geodynamo models of varying Ekman number, Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 111, 225-259.
162. Schneider, D. A., and, D. V. Kent, (1988), The paleomagnetic field from equatorial deep-sea sediments: Axial symmetry and polarity asymmetry, Science, 88, 252-256.
163. Song, X., and, P. Richards, (1996), Seismological evidence for differential rotation of the Earth's inner core, Nature, 382, 221-224.
164. Souriau, A., (1998 a), Earth's inner core-Is the rotation real? Science, 281 (5373), 55-56.
165. Souriau, A., (1998 b), New seismological constraints on differential rotation of the inner core from Novaya Zemlya events recorded at DRV Antarctica, Geophys. J. Int., 134, 1-5.
166. Souriau, A., P. Roudil, and, B. Moynot, (1997), Inner core differential rotation: Facts and artefacts, Geophys. Research Lett., 24 (16), 2103-2106.
167. Soward, A. M., (1977), On the finite amplitude thermal instability of a rapidly rotating fluid sphere, Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 9, 19-74.
168. Soward, A. M., (1979), Convection driven dynamos, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 20, 134-151.
169. Soward, A. M., (1998), The Earth's dynamo, In Recent Advances in Fluid Mechanics, pp. 249-268, P. L. Sachdev and M. Venkatachalppa, Gordon and Breach, New York.
170. Su, W., A. Dziewonski, and, R. Jeanloz, (1996), Planet within a planet-Rotation of the inner-core of Earth, Science, 274, 1883-1887.
171. Tarduno, J. A., W. Lowrie, W. Sliter, T. Bralower, and, F. Heller, (1992), Reversed polarity characteristics magnetizations in the Albian Contessa Section, Umbrian Apennines, Italy: Implications for the existence of a mid-cretaceous mixed polarity interval, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 241-271.
172. Thibal, J., J. P. Pozzi, V. Barthès, and, G. Dubuisson, (1995), Continuous record of geomagnetic field intensity between 4.7 and 2.7 Ma from downhole measurements, Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett., 136, 541-550.
173. Thompson, R., and, D. R. Barraclough, (1982), Geomagnetic secular variation based on spherical harmonic and cross validation analyses of historical and archeomagnetic data, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 34, 245-263.
174. Thouveny, N., K. M. Créer, and, I. Blunk, (1990), Extension of the lac du Bouchet paleomagnetic record over the last 120,000 years, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 97, 140-161.
175. Tric, E., C. Laj, C. Jehanno, J.-P. Valet, A. Mazaud, C. Kissel, and, S. Iaccarino, (1991), A detailed record of the upper Olduvai polarity transition from high sedimentation rate marine deposits of the Po valley, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 65, 319-336.
176. Ultré-Guérard, P., and, J. Achache, (1995), Core flow instabilities and geomagnetic storms during reversals: The Steens mountain impulsive field variation revisited, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 139, 91-99.
177. Ultré-Guérard, P., D. Jault, M. Alexandrescu, and, J. Achache, (1998), Improving geomagnetic field models for the period 1980-1999 using Oersted data, Earth Planet. Space, 50, 635-640.
178. Valet, J.-P., and, L. Meynadier, (1993), Geomagnetic field intensity and reversals during the last four million years, Nature, 366, 234-238.
179. Valet, J.-P., C. Laj, and, P. Tucholka, (1986), High resolution sedimentary record of a geomagnetic reversal, Nature, 322, 27-32.
180. Valet, J.-P., L. Tauxe, and, D. Clark, (1988), The Matuyama-Brunhes polarity transition recorded from Lake Tecopa sediments (Calif.), Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 87, 463-472.
181. Valet, J.-P., L. Tauxe, and, B. M. Clement, (1989), Equatorial and mid-latitudes records of the last geomagnetic reversal from the Atlantic Ocean, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 94, 371-384.
182. Valet, J.-P., P. Tucholka, V. Courtillot, and, L. Meynadier, (1992), Paleomagnetic constraints on the geometry of the geomagnetic field during reversals, Nature, 356, 400-407.
183. Valet, J.-P., L. Meynadier, F. Bassinot, and, F. Garnier, (1994), Relative paleointensity across the last geomagnetic reversal from sediments of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21 (6), 485-488.
184. Valet, J.-P., T. Kidane, V. Soler, J. Brassart, V. Courtillot, and, L. Meynadier, (1998), Remagnetization in lava flows recording pretransitional directions, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 9755-9775.
185. Valet, J.-P., J. Brassart, X. Quidelleur, V. Soler, P.-Y. Gillot, and, L. Hongre, (1999), Paleointensity variations across the last geomagnetic reversal at La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain), J. Geophys. Res., 104, 7577-7598.
186. Van Hoof, (1993), The Gilbert/Gauss sedimentary geomagnetic reversal record from southern Sicily, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 835-838.
187. Verosub, K. L., (1982), Geomagnetic excursions: A critical assessment of the evidence as recorded in sediments of the Brunhes epoch, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 306, 161-168.
188. Verosub, K. L., and, S. K. Benerjee, (1977), Geomagnetic excursions and their paleomagnetic record, Rev. Geophys., 15, 145-155.
189. Verosub, K. L., E. Herrero-Bervera, and, A. P. Roberts, (1996), Relative geomagnetic paleointensity across the Jaramillo subchron and the Matuyama/Brunhes boundary, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 467-470.
190. Walker, A., and, G. E. Backus, (1996), On the difference between the average values of Br2in the Atlantic and Pacific hemispheres, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 1965-1968.
191. Wicht, J., and, F. H. Busse, (1997), Magnetohydrodynamic dynamos in rotating spherical shells, Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 86, 103-129.
192. Yukutake, T., (1967), The westward drift of the Earth's magnetic field in historic times, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 19, 103-116.
193. Zhang, K., and, F. H. Busse, (1988), Finite amplitude convection and magnetic field generation in a rotating spherical shell, Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 44, 33-53.
194. Zhang, K., and, F. H. Busse, (1989), Convection driven magnetohydrodynamic dynamos in rotating spherical shells, Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 49, 97-116.
195. Zhang, K., and, C. Jones, (1997), The effect of hyperviscosity on geodynamo models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2869-2872.
196. Zhang, K., F. H. Busse, and, W. Hirsching, (1989), Numerical models in the theory of geomagnetism, in Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism, pp. 347-358, edited by, F. J. Lowes, et al., Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass.