Biotic events and positive δCcarb anomaly at 2.3-2.06 Ga

Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation

Volumn 7, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 413-436

  Semikhatov, M A ^a   Raaben, M E ^a   Sergeev, V N ^a   Veis, A F ^a   Artemova, O V ^a  

^a GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

Archean; Biosphere evolution; C isotope anomaly; Microfossils; Paleoproterozoic; Stromatolites

Indexed keywords

EID: 0013279638     PISSN: 08695938     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (220)

1. Abel, P.J., McClory, J., Martin, A., and Nisbet, E.G., Archean Stromatolites from the Ngesi Group, Belingwe Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe; Preservation and Stable Isotopes - Preliminary Results, Precambrian Res., 1985a, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 357-383.
2. Abel, P.J., McClory, J., Martin, A., Nisbet, E.G., and Kyzer, T.K., Petrography and Stable Isotope Rations from Archean Stromatolites, Mushandive Formation, Zimbabwe, Precambrian Res., 1985b, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 385-398.
3. Akhmedov, A.M., Travin, L.V., and Tikhomirova, M., Glacial and Evaporitization Epochs in the Early Proterozoic and Interregional Correlation, Regional Geology and Metallogeny, 1996, no. 5, pp. 84-97.
4. Altermann, W., Discussion on "Zircon Pb-Evaporation Age Determination of the Oax Tree Formation, Chuniesport Group, Transvaal Sequence: Implication the Transvaal-Griqualand West Basin Correlations," S. Afr. J. Geol., 1996, vol. 99, no. 3, pp. 337-338.
5. Armstrong, R.A., Compston, W., Retief, E.A., et al., Zircon ion Microprobe Studies Beating on the Age and Evolution of the Witwatersrand Triad, Precambrian Res., 1991, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 243-266.
6. Arndt, N.T., Nelson, D.R., Compston, W., and Thorne, A.M., The Age of the Fortescue Group, Hamersly Basin, Western Australia, from Ion Microprobe Zircon-U-Pb Results, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 1991, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 261-281.
7. Awramik, S.M., Archean and Proterozoic Stromatolites, in Calcareous Algae and Stromatolites, Berlin: Springer, 1991, pp. 289-304.
8. Awramik, S.M., Precambrian Columnar Stromatolite Diversity: Reflection of Metazoan Appearance, Science, 1971, vol. 174, pp. 825-827.
9. Awramik, S.M., The History and Significance of Stromatolites, in Early Organic Evolution: Implications for Mineral and Energy Resources, Berlin: Springer, 1992a, pp. 435-449.
10. Awramik, S.M., The Oldest Records of Photosynthesis, Photosynthesis Res., 1992b, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 75-89.
11. Baral, M.C., Archean Stromatolites from Dodguni Belt of Karnataka Craton, India, J. Geol Soc. India, 1986, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 328-333.
12. Barton, E.S., Altermann, W., Williams, J.S., and Sims, C.B., U-Pb Zircon Age for a Tuff in the Campbell Group, Griqualand West Sequence, South Africa: Implication for Early Proterozoic Rock Accumulation Rate, Geology, 1994, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 343-346.
13. Bekker, A., Karhu, J.A., Beukes, N.J., et al., Early Paleoproterozoic Climate Changes in Relation to Biogechemical Cycling of Carbon, in Paleoklimaty i evolyutsiya paleogeograficheskikh obstanovok v istorii Zemli. Tez. dokladov (Paleoclimates and Evolution of Paleogeographic Settings in the Earth's History. Abstracts), Petrozavodsk: Karel'skii Nauchn. Tsentr RAS, 1998, pp. 14-16.
14. Berezhnaya, N.G., Bibikova, E.V., Sochava, A.V., et al., Isotopic Age of the Chinei Subgroup of the Udokan Group in the Korodo-Ydokan Depression, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1998, vol. 302, no. 5, pp. 1209-1212.
15. Bertrand-Sarfati, J. and Eriksson, K.A., Columnar Stromatolites from the Early Proterozoic Schmidtsdrift Formation, Northern Cape Province, South Africa, Part 1: Systematic and Diagnostic Features, Paleontol. Afric., 1977, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 1-26.
16. Bibikova, E.V., Lobach-Zhuchenko, S.B., Semikhatov, M.A., et al., Precambrian Geochronological Scale of the East European Platform and Framing Structures, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., 1989, no. 4, pp. 8-22.
17. Bickle, M.J., Martin, A., and Nisbet, E.G., Basaltic and Peridotitic Komatiites and Stromatolites above a Basal Unconformity in the Belingwe Greenstone Belt, Rhodesia, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 1975, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 155-162.
18. Brasier, M.D. and Lindsay, J.F., A Billion Years of Environmental Stability and Emergence of Eucaryotes: New Data from Northern Australia, Geology, 1998, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 555-558.
19. Buick, R., Microfossil Recognition in Archean Rocks: an Apprisal of Spheroides and Filaments from a 3500 M.Y. Old Chert-Barite Unit at North Pole, Western Austr., Palaios, 1991, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 441-459.
20. Buick, R., The Antiquity of Oxigenic Photosynthesis: Evidence from Stromatolites in Sulfate-Deficient Archean Lakes, Science, 1992, vol. 225, no. 5033, pp. 74-77.
21. Buick, R., and Dunlop, J.S.R., Evaporitic Sediments of Early Archean Age from the Warrawoona Group, North Pole, Western Australia, Sedimentology, 1990, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 247-277.
22. Bunting, J.A., Geology of the Eastern Part of the Nabberu Basin, Western Australia, Geol. Surv. West. Austral., 1986, bull. 131, pp. 1-130.
23. Burne, R.V. and Moore, L.S., Microbialites: Organosedimentary Deposits of Benthic Microbial Communities, Palaios, 1987, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 241-254.
24. Byerly, G.R., Lowie, D.R., and Walsh, M.M., Stromatolites from the 3.300-3.500 Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa, Nature, 1986, vol. 319, pp. 499-491.
25. Cahen, L., Snelling, N.J., Delhal, J., et al., The Geochronology and Evolution of Africa, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984.
26. Campbell, F.H.A. and Cecile, M.P., Evolution of the Early Proterozoic Kilohigok Basin, Bathurst Inlet-Victoria Island, Northwest Territories, Pap. Geol. Surv. Can., 1981, no. 81-10, pp. 103-132.
27. Canfield, D.E. and Raiswell, R., Carbonate Precipitation and Dissolution: Its Relevance to Fossil Preservation, in Taphonomy: Releasing and Data Locked in the Fossil Record, London: Plenum Press, 1991, pp. 411-453.
28. Cecile, M.P. and Campbell, F.H.A., Regressive Stromatolite Reefs and Associated Facies, Iddle Goulbern Group (Lower Proterozoic), Bull. Can. Pet. Geol., 1978, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 237-267.
29. Chadwick, B., Vasudev, V.N., and Hegde, G.V., The Dharwar Craton, Southern India, and Its Late Archean Plate Tectonic Setting: Current Interpretation and Controversies, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth Planet. Sci.), 1997, vol. 106, no. 4, p. 249-258.
30. Chandler, F.W. and Parrish, R.R., Age of the Richmond Gulf Group and Implications for Rifting in the Trans-Hudsonian Orogen, Canada, Precambrian Res., 1989, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 277-288.
31. Chauhan, D.C., Microbial Activities and Genesis of Aravalli Phosphorite, Udaipur, Rajasthan, Himalayan Geology, 1989, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 39-51.
32. Chumakov, N.M., Main Past Glacial Events and Their Geological Significance, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR. Ser. Geol., 1984, no. 7, pp. 35-53.
33. Chumakov, N.M., The Problem of the Warm Biosphere, Stratigr. Geol. Korrelyatsiya, 1995, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 3-14.
34. Cloud, P.E., A Working Model of the Primitive Earth, Am. J. Sci., 1972, vol. 272, no. 6, pp. 537-548.
35. Cloud, P.E., Beginnings of Biospheric Evolution and Their Biogeochemical Consequences, Paleobiology, 1976, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 351-387.
36. Cloud, P.E., Evolution of Ecosystems, Am. Sci., 1974, vol. 62, no. 1, p. 54-66.
37. Cloud, P.E. and Semikhatov, M.A., Proterozoic Stromatolite Zonation, Am. J. Sci., 1969, vol. 267, no. 11, pp. 1017-1060.
38. Derry, L.A., Kaufman, A.J., and Jacobsen, S.B., Sedimentary Cycling and Environmental Change in the Late Proterozoic: Evidence from Stable and Radiogenic Isotopes, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1992, vol. 56, no. 12, pp. 1317-1329.
39. Des Marais, D.J., Tectonic Control of the Crustal Organic Carbon Reservoir during the Precambrian, Chem. Geol., 1994, vol. 114, no. 3, pp. 303-314.
40. Des Marais, D.J., Long-term Evolution of the Biogeochemical Carbon Cycle, Rev. in Mineralogy, vol. 35, Geomicrobiology: Interactions between Microbes and Minerals, Washington: Min. Soc. Amer., 1997a, pp. 428-448.
41. Des Marais, D.J., Isotopic Evolution on the Biogeochemical Carbon Cycle during the Proterozoic Eon, Org. Geochem., 1997b, vol. 27, nos. 5-6, pp.185-193.
42. Des Marais, D.J., Bauld, J., Palmisano, A.C., et al., The Biochemistry of Carbon in Modern Microbial Mats, in The Proterozoic Biosphere, New York: Cambridge Univ., 1992a, pp. 287-293.
43. Des Marais, D.J., Strauss, H., Summons, R.E., and Hayes, J.M., Carbon Isotope Evidence for the Stepwize Oxidation of the Proterozoic Environments, Nature, 1992b, vol. 359, pp. 605-609.
44. Dol'nik, T.A., Stromatolites of the Akitkan Group of the Northwestern Baikal Region, in Nizhnyaya granitsa rifeya i stromatolity afebiya (The Lower Riphean Boundary and Aphebian Stromatolites), Moscow: Nauka, 1978, pp. 106-110.
45. Donaldson, J.A., Aphebian Stromatolites in Canada: Implication for Stromatolite Zonation, in Stromatolites. Development in Sedimentology, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1976, vol. 20, pp. 371-380.
46. Douglas, R.J.W. (Ed.), Geology and Economic Minerals of Canada, Ottawa: Geol. Surv. Can., 1972.
47. Fralick, P.W., Kissin, S.A., and Davis, D.W., Age and Provenance of the Gunflint Lapilli Tuff, in Prog. and Abstr., 44th Annual Meeting, Inst. Lake Superior Geol. Minneapolis, Minnesota, May 6-10, 1998, pp. 66-67.
48. Gao, Zh., Report of Activity, Stromatolite Newsletters, 1983, no. 10, pp. 76-79.
49. Gao, Zh., Stromatolites and Their Stratigraphic Significance of Middle and Late Proterozoic at the Tian Shan Mts and Contiguous Regions, Xinjiang, in Intern. Symposium on Stromatolites and Plenary Meeting of IGCP 261 Project, Tianjin, 1992.
50. Gebelein, C.D., Biotic Control on Stromatolite Microstructure: Implication for Precambrian Time Stratigraphy, Am. J. Sci., 1974, vol. 274, no. 6, pp. 575-598.
51. Gee, R.D. and Grey, K., Proterozoic Rocks on the Glengarry 1 : 250 000 Sheet: Stratigraphy, Structure, and Stromatolite Biostratigraphy, West. Aust. Geol. Surv. Rep., 41, 1993.
52. Gerasimenko, L.M. and Krylov, I.N., Posthumous Cyanobacteria Alterations in the Algal-Bacterial Films from Thermal Springs of Kamachatka, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1983, vol. 272, no. 1, pp. 201-203.
53. Gerlach, D.C., Shirey, R.W., and Carlson, A.H., Eos, 1988, vol. 69, no. 1515.
54. Giovannoni, S.J., Turner, S., Olsen, G.J., et al., Evolutionary Relationships among Cyanobacteria and Green Chloroplasts, J. Bacteriology, 1988, vol. 170, pp. 3584-3592.
55. Golovenok, V.K. and Belova, M.Yu., Finds of Obruchevella in the Riphean of the Patoma Highland and in the Vendian of Southern Kazakhstan, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1983, vol. 262, no. 3, pp. 675-678.
56. Golovenok, V.K. and Belova, M.Yu., Gigantism in Precambrian Microfossils and Its Biostratigraphical Significance, Stratigr. Geol. Korrelyatsiya, 1994, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 33-39.
57. Golubich, S. and Hofmann, H.J., Comparision of Holocene and Mid-Precambrian Entophysaliceae (Cyanophyta) in Stromatolitic Algal Mats: Cell Division and Degradation, J. Paleontol., 1976, vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 1074-1082.
58. Golubic, S., Sergeev, V.N., and Knoll, A.H., Mesoproterozoic Archaeolellipsoides: Akinetes of Heterocystous Cyanobacteria, Lethaia, 1995, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 285-298.
59. Gorokhov, I.M., Kuznetsov, A.B., Melezhik, V.A., et al., Sr Isotope Composition in Upper Jatulian Dolomites of the Tulomozero Formation, Southeastern Karelia, Dokl. Ross. Akad. Nauk, 1998, vol. 360, no. 4, pp. 609-678.
60. Grey, K., Small Conical Stromatolites from the Archean near Kanowna, Western Australia, Geol. Surv. West. Austral. Ann. Rep. 1980, 1981, pp. 90-94.
61. Grey, K., Aspects of Proterozoic Stromatolite Biostratigraphy in Western Australia, Precambrian Res., 1982, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 347-365.
62. Grey, K., Biostratigraphic Studies of Stromatolites from the Proterozoic Earaheedy Group, Nabberu Basin, Western Australia, Geol. Surv. West. Aust. Bull., 1984, no. 130.
63. Grey, K., Stromatolites from the Proterozoic Earaheedy Group, Earaheedy Basin, Western Australia, Alcheringa, 1994a, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 187-218
64. Grey, K., Stromatolites from the Paleoproterozoic (Orosirian) Glengarry Group, Glengarry Basin, Western Australia, Alcheringa, 1994b, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 275-300.
65. Grotzinger, J.P., Cyclicity and Paleoenvironmental Dynamics, Rocknest Platform, Northwest Canada, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 1986, vol. 97, no. 11, pp. 1208-1231.
66. Grotzinger, J.P., Introduction to Precambrian Reefs, Mem. Can. Soc. Petrol. Geol., 1988, no. 13, pp. 9-12.
67. Grotzinger, J.P., Facies and Evolution of Precambrian Carbonate Depositional Systems: Emergence of the Modern Platform Archetype, in Controls on carbonate platform and basinal development, Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral. Spec. Publ., 44, 1989, pp. 79-106.
68. Grotzinger, J.P., Geochemical Model for Proterozoic Stromatolite Decline, Am. J. Sci., 1990, vol. 290-A, pp. 80-103.
69. Grotzinger, J.P., McCormic, D.S., and Pelechaty, S.M., Progress Report on the Stratigraphy, Sedimentology, and Significance of the Kimerot and Bear Creek Groups, Kilohigon Basin, District of Mackenzie, Pap. Geol. Surv. Can., 1987, no. 87-1A, pp. 219-238.
70. Han, T.-M. and Runnegar, B., Megascopic Eucaryotic Algae from the 2.1-Billion-Year-Old Negaunee Iron Formation, Michigan, Science, 1992, vol. 257, pp. 232-235.
71. Hayes, J.M., Global Methanotropy at the Archean-Proterozoic Transition, in Early Life on Earth. Nobel Symp. 84, New York: Columbia Univ., 1994, pp. 220-236.
72. Henderson, J.B., Archean Stromatolites in the Northern Slave Province, Northwest Territories, Canada, Can. J. Earth Sci., 1975, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 1619-1630.
73. Hildebrand, R.S., Early Proterozoic LaBine Group of Wopmay Orogen: Remnant of a Continental Volcanic Arc Developed during Oblique Convergence, Pap. Geol. Surv. Can., 1981, no. 81-10, pp. 133-156.
74. Hoffman, P.F., Evolution of an Early Proterozoic Continental Margin: the Coronation Geosyncline and Associated Aulacogens of the Nortwestern Canadian Shield, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. A, 1973, vol. 273, pp. 547-581.
75. Hoffman, P.F., Shallow and Deepwater Stromatolites in Lower Proterozoic Platform-to-Basin Facies Change, Great Slave Lake, Canada, Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., 1974, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 856-867.
76. Hoffmann, P.E., Pethei Reef Complex (1.9 Ga), Great Slave Lake. N.W.T., Mem. Can. Soc. Pet. Geol., 1988a, no. 13, pp. 38-48.
77. Hoffman, P.E., United Plates of America, the Birth of a Craton: Early Proterozoic Assembley and Growth of Laurentia, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 1988b, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 543-603.
78. Hoffman, P.F., Precambrian Geology and Tectonic History of North America, in The Geology of North America - an Overview, 1989, vol. A, pp. 447-512.
79. Hofmann, H.J., Stromatolites from the Proterozoic Animikie and Sibley Groups, Ontario, Pap. Geol. Surv. Can., 1969, nos. 68-69, pp. 1-77.
80. Hofmann, H.J., Precambrian Microflora, Belcher Island, Canada: Significance and Systematics, J. Paleontol., 1976, vol. 50, no. 10, pp. 1040-1073.
81. Hofmann, H.J., New Stromatolites from the Aphebian Mistassini Group, Ontario, Can. J. Earth Sci., 1978, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 571-585.
82. Hofmann, H.J., Precambrian Fossils in Canada - the 1970s in Retrospect, Pap. Geol. Surv. Can., 1981, no. 81-10, pp. 419-443.
83. Hofmann, H.J., Proterozoic Carbonaceous Compression ("Metaphytes" and "Worms"), in Early Life on Earth, Nobel Symp. 84, New York: Columbia Univ., 1994, pp. 342-357.
84. Hofmann, H.J. and Chen, J., Carbonaceous Megafossils from the Precambrian (1800 Ma) near Jixian, Northern China, Can. J. Earth Sci., 1981, vol 18, no. 4, pp. 443-447.
85. Hofmann, H.J. and Grotzinger, J.P., Shelf-facies Microbiota from the Odjick and Rocknest Formations (Epworth Group, 1.89 Ga), NW Canada, Can. J. Earth Sci., 1985, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 1781-1792.
86. Hofmann, H.J., and Grotzinger, J.P., Abner/Denault Reef Complex (2.1 Ga), Labrador Trough, N.E. Quebec, Mem. Can. Soc. Petrol. Geol., 1988, no. 13, pp. 49-54.
87. Hofmann, H.J. and Masson, M., Archean Stromatolites from Abitili Greenstone Belt, Quebec, Canada, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 1994, vol. 106, no. 4, pp. 424-429.
88. Hofmann, H.J. and Schopf, J.W., Early Proterozoic Microfossils, in Earth's Earliest Biosphaere: Its Origin and Evolution, Schopf, J.W., Ed., Princeton: Princeton Univ., 1983, pp. 321-360.
89. Hofmann, H.J. and Snyder, G.L., Archean Stromatolites from the Hartville Uplift, Eastern Wyoming, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 1985, vol. 96, no. 8, pp. 842-849.
90. Hofmann, H.J., Sage, R.P., and Berdusco, E.N., Archean Stromatolites in Michipicoten Group Siderite Ore at Wawa, Ontario, Econ. Geol., 1991, vol. 86, no. 5, pp. 1023-1030.
91. Hofmann, H.J., Thurston, P.C., and Wallace, H., Archean Stromatolites from Uchi Greenstone Belt, Northwestern Ontario, in Evolution of Archean Supracrustal Strucrures, Pap. Geol. Assoc. Can., 1985, no. 28, pp. 125-132.
92. Holland, H.D., Early Proterozoic Atmospheric Change, in Early Life on Earth, Nobel Symp. 84, New-York: Columbia Univ., 1994, pp. 237-244.
93. Holland, H.D. and Rye, R., Evidence in Pre-2.2 Ga Paleosoils for the Early Evolution of Atmospheric Oxygen and Terrestrial Biota. Comment, Geology, 1997, vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 857-858.
94. Hua, Zh., and Yongsheng, Ma., Carbon Isotope Stratigraphy of Dolomites in the Early Proterozoic Succession, North China, Geol. Mag., 1997, vol. 134, no. 6, pp. 763-770.
95. Jackson, M.J., Lower Proterozoic Cowles Lake Foredeep Reef, N.W.T., Canada, Mem. Can. Soc. Petrol. Geol., 1988, no. 13, pp. 64-71.
96. Ivanova, L.V., Chapina, O.S., and Melezhik, V.A., First Finds of Coccoidal Microphytofossils in Lower Proterozoic Metamorphosed Cherts of the USSR, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1988, vol. 303, no. 1, pp. 210-212.
97. Ivliev, A.I., Stromatolite Finds in the Granulite Complex of the Kola Peninsula, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1971, vol. 198, no. 3, pp. 661-664.
98. Karhu, J.A., Paleoproterozoic Evolution of the Carbon Isotope Ratios of Sedimentary Carbonates in the Fennoscandian Shield, Bull. Geol. Surv. Finland, 1993, no. 371.
99. Karhu, J.A. and Holland, H.D., Carbon Isotopes and Rise of Atmospheric Carbon, Geology, 1996, vol. 24, no. 10, pp. 867-870.
100. Kasting, J.F., Earth's Early Atmosphere, Science, 1993, vol. 259, no. 5097, pp. 920-926.
101. Kerans, C., Ross, G.M., Donaldson, J.A., and Geldsetzer, H.J., Tectonism and Depositional History of the Helikan Hornby Bay and Dismal Lake Groups, District of Mackenzie, Pap. Geol. Surv. Can., 1981, no. 81-10, pp. 157-182.
102. Klein, C., Beukes, N.J., and Schopf, J.W., Filamentous Microfossils in the Early Proterozoic Transvaal Supergroup: Their Morphology, Significance, and Paleoenvironmental Setting, Precambrian Res., 1987, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 81-94.
103. Knight, J. and Morgan, W.C., The Aphebian Ramah Group, Northern Labrador, Pap. Geol. Surv. Can., 1981, no. 81-10, pp. 313-356.
104. Knoll, A.H., Archean Photoantotrophy: Some Alternatives and Limits, in Origins of Life, Dordrecht: Reider Publ. Co., 1979, vol. 9, pp. 313-327.
105. Knoll, A.H., A Paleobiological Perspective on Sabkhas, Ecological Studies, 1985, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 407-425.
106. Knoll, A.H., The Early Evolution of Eukaryotes: A Global Perspective, Science, 1992, vol. 256, pp. 622-627.
107. Knoll, A.H., Archean and Proterozoic Paleontology, in Palynology: Principles and Applications, Jansonius, J. and McGregor, D.C., Eds., Am. Assoc. Stratigr. Palynol. Foundation, 1996, vol. 1, pp. 51-80.
108. Knoll, A.H. and Canfield, D.E., Isotopic Inference on Early Ecosystems, Pap. Paleontol. Soc., 1998, vol. 4, pp. 212-243.
109. Knoll, A.H. and Semikhatov, M.A., The Genesis and Time-Distribution of Two Distinctive Proterozoic Stromatolite Microstructures, Palaios, 1998, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 408-422.
110. Knoll, A.H. and Simonson, D., Early Proterozoic Microfossils and Penecontemporeneous Quartz-Cementation in the Sokoman Iron Formation, Canada, Science, 1981, vol. 211, pp. 478-480.
111. Knoll, A.H., Strother, P.K., and Rossi, S., Distribution and Diagenesis of Microfossils from the Lower Proterozoic Duck Creek Dolomite, Western Australia, Precambrian Res., 1988, vol. 38, pp. 257-279.
112. Lanier, W.P., Approximate Growth Rates of Early Proterozoic Microstromatolites as Deduced by Biomass Productivity, Palaios, 1986, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 525-542.
113. Lanier, W.P., Interstitial and Peloid Microfossils from the 2.9 Ga Gunflint Formation: Implication for the Paleoecology of the Gunflint Stromatolites, Precambrian Res., 1989, vol. 45, pp. 291-318.
114. Liang, Yu., Zhang, J., et al., Stromatolite Assemblages of Late Precambrian in China, Precambrian Res., 1985, vol. 29, nos. 1-3, pp. 15-32.
115. Lowerindge, W.D., Eade, K.E., and Sullivan, R.W., Geochronological Studies of Precambrian Rocks from the Southern District of Keewatin, Pap. Geol. Surv. Can., 1988, no. 88-18.
116. Lowe, D.R., Stromatolites 3400 Myr Old from the Archean of W. Australia, Nature, 1980, vol. 284, pp. 441-443.
117. Lowe, D.R., Restricted Shallow-Water Sedimentation on Early Atchean Stromatolitic and Evaporitic Strata of the Strelley Pool Chert, Pilbara Block, W. Australia, Precambrian Res., 1983, vol. 19, no 2, pp. 239-283.
118. Lowe, D.R., Abiological Origin of Described Stromatolites Older Than 3.2 Ga, Geology, 1994, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 387-390.
119. Lu, S. and Li, H., A Precise U-Pb Single Zircon Age Determination for the Volcanics of the Dahongyu Formation, Changcheng System in Jixian, Bull. Chin Acad. Geol. Sci., 1991, vol. 22, pp. 137-145.
120. Macgregor, A.M., A Pre-Cambrian Algal Limestones in South Rodesia, Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr., 1941, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 9-16.
121. Maliva, R.G., Knoll, A.H., and Siever, R., Secular Change in Chert Distribution: a Reflection of Evolving Biological Participation in the Silica Cycle, Palaios, 1989, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 519-532.
122. Martin, A., Nisbet, E.G., and Bickle, M.Y., Archean Stromatolites of the Belingwe Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe (Rodesia), Precambrian Res., 1980, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 337-362.
123. Mason, T.R. and Von Brunn, V., 3-Gyr-old Stromatolites from South Africa, Nature, 1977, vol. 266, pp. 47-49.
124. carb Anomaly as a Phenomenon in Relation to the Earth's Major Paleoenvironmental Changes, Mineral. Mag., 1994, vol. 58A, no. 6, pp. 593-594.
125. carb. Anomaly at Around 2.33-2.06 Ga on the Fennoscandian Shield: a Paradox?, Terra Nova, 1996, vol. 8, no. 2, pp.141-157.
126. Melezhik, V.A., Fallick, A.E., and Clark, T., Two Billion Year Old Isotopically Heavy Carbon: Evidence from the Labrador Trough, Canada, Can. J. Earth Sci., 1997a, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 217-285.
127. Melezhik, V.A., Semikhatov, M.A., and Fallick, A.E., The Positive Carbon Anomaly and Stromatolite Explosion at Around 2.3-2.0 Ga Ago: Are They Linked?, EUG-9 Abstr., Strasbourg, 1997b, p. 252.
128. Melezhik, V.A., Fallick, A.E., Makarikhin, V.V., and Lyubtsov, V.V., Links between Paleoproterozoic Palaeogeography and Rise and Decline of Stromatolites: Fennoscandian Schield, Precambrian Res., 1997c, vol. 82. no. 3, pp. 311-348.
129. Mendelson, C.V., Bauld, J., Horodyski, R.J., et al., Proterozoic and Selected Early Cambrian Microfossils: Prokaryotes and Protists, in The Proterozoic Biosphere: A Multidisciplinary Study, New York: Cambridge Univ., 1992, pp. 175-245.
130. Miorta, M.D. and Veizer, J., Geochemistry of Precambrian Carbonates: VI. Aphebian Albanel Formation, Quebec, Canada, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1994, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 1735-1745.
131. Moitra, A.K. and Raha, P.K., Research on Precambrian Life and Biostratigraphy: Search for Biota in Archean Sediments of Singhbhum Iron Ore Group in Parts of Orissa and Bihar, Rec. Geol. Surv. India, 1991, vol. 124, no. 2, pp. 5-6.
132. Morey, G.B., Continental Margin Assemblages, U.S.Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 1996, no. 1556, pp. 34-44.
133. Morey, G.B. and Van Schmus, W.R., Correlation of Precambrian Rocks of the Lake Superior Region, United States, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 1988, no. 1241-F.
134. Muir, M.D., Proterozoic Microfossils from the Amelia Dolomite, McArthur Basin, Northern Territory, Alcheringa, 1976, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 143-158.
135. Murthy, P.S.N. and Reddy, K.K., 2900 M.Y. Old Stromatolites from Sandur Greenstone Belt of Karnataka Craton, India, J. Geol. Soc. India, 1984, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 263-266.
136. Naqvi, S.M., Venkatachala, B.S., and Shukla, M., et al., Silicified Cyanobacteria from the Cherts of the Archaean Sandur Schist Belt-Karnataka, India, J. Geol. Soc. India, 1987, vol. 29, pp. 535-539.
137. Needman, R.S., Stuart-Smith, P.G., and Page, R.W., The Stratigraphy, Metamorphism and Tectonics of the Early Proterozoic Litchfield Province and Western Pine Creek Geosyncline, Northern Territories, Precambrian Res., 1988, vos. 40/41, pp. 543-564.
138. Nisbet, E.G. and Wilks, M.E., Archean Stromatolite Reefs at Steep Rock Lake, Atikotan, Northwestern Canada, Mem. Can. Soc. Petrol. Geol., 1988, no. 13, pp. 89-92.
139. Nutman, A.P., Chadwick, B., Krishna, R.B., and Vasudev, V.N., SRIMP U/Pb Zircon Ages of Acid Volcanic Rocks in the Chitradurga and Sandur Groups, and Granites Adjacent to the Sandur Schist Belt, Karnataka, South India, J. Geol. Soc. India, 1996, vol. 39, no 3, pp. 367-374.
140. Oehler, D.Z., Microflora of the Middle Proterozoic Balbirini Dolomite (McArthur Group) of Australia, Alcheringa, 1978, vol. 2, pp. 269-309.
141. Ohmoto, H., Evidence in Pre-2.2 Ga Paleosoils for the Early Evolution of Atmospheric Oxygen and Terrestrial Biota, Geology, 1996, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 1135-1138.
142. Ojakangas, R.W., Glaciation: an Uncommon "Mega-event" as a Key to Intracontinental and Intercontinental Correlation of Early Proterozoic Basin Fill, North America and Baltic Shield, in New Perspective in Basin Analysis, Berlin: Springer, 1988, pp. 431-444.
143. Orpen, J.L. and Wilson, J.F., Stromatolites at 3500 Myr and a Greenstone-granite Unconformity in the Zimbabwean Archean, Nature, 1981, vol. 291, pp. 218-220.
144. Page, R.W., Geochronology of Early to Middle Proterozoic Fold Belts in Northern Australia, Precambrian Res., 1988, vos. 40/41, pp. 1-20.
145. Page, R.W. and Sun, S.S., Aspects of Geochonology and Crustal Evolution in the Eastern Fold Belt, Mt Isa Inlier, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 1998, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 343-361.
146. Page, R.W. and Sweet, J.P., Geochronology of Basin Phases in Western Mount Isa Inlier, and Correlation with the McArthur Basin, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 1998, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 219-232.
147. Page, R.W, Sun, S.-S., and Carr, G.R., U-Pb Zircon and Pb Isotopes Studies in Relation to Proterozoic Sediment-Hosted Lead-Zink-Silver Deposits in Northern Australia, in Abstr. 8-th Intern. Conf. on Geochron., Cosmochronol. and Isotope Geol., Berkeley, California., U.S. Geol. Surv. Circular 1107, 1994, p. 240.
148. Patterson, J.G., The Amer Belt: Remnants of an Aphebian Foreland Fold and Thrust Belt, Can. J. Earth Sci., 1986, vol. 23, no. 12, pp. 2012-2023.
149. Pencat, J.J., Honhallier, H., Fanning, G.M., and Jayananda, M., Age of the Holenarsipur Greenstone Belt and Relationship with the Surrounding Gneisses (Karnataka, S. India), J. Geol., 1995, vol. 103, no. 6, pp. 701-711.
150. Pidgeon, R.T. and Horwitz, R.G., The Origin of Olistoliths in Proterozoic Rocks of the Ashburton Trough, Western Australia, Using Zircon U-Pb Isotopic Characteristics, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 1991, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 55-63.
151. Plumb, K.A., Subdivision and Correlation of the Australian Precambrian, in Geology of the Mineral Deposits of Australia and Papua New Guinea. Mongraph 14, Parkvill: Austral. Inst. of Mining and Metallurgy, 1990, pp. 27-32.
152. Plumb, K.A., New Precambrian Time Scale, Episodes, 1991, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 139-140.
153. Plumb, K.A. and Derrick, G.M., Geology of the Proterozoic Rocks of the Kimberley to Mount Isa Region, in Econom. Geol. of Australia and Papua New Guinea, Parkvill: Austral. Inst. Mining Metallurgy, 1976, pp. 217-252.
154. Plumb, K.A., Derrick, G.M., and Wilson, J.H., Precambrian Geology of the McArthur River-Mount Isa Region, Northwestern Australia, in The Geology and Geophysics of Northeastern Australia, Brisbane: Geol. Soc. Austral., Queensland Division, 1980, pp. 71-88.
155. Pokrovskii, B.G. and Melezhik, V.A., Carbon and Oxygen Isotopic Variations in the Lower Proterozoic Carbonates of the Kola Peninsula, Stratigr. Geol. Korrelyatsiya, 1995, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 42-53.
156. Preiss, W.V., Proterozoic Stromatolites from the Naberru and Officer Basin, Western Australia, and Their Biostratigraphic Significance, South Aust. Geol. Surv. Rep., 1976, no. 47, pp. 1-33.
157. Raaben, M.E., Microstromatites and Their Nature, Litol. Polezn. Iskop., 1998, no. 2, 153-161.
158. Ramaekers, P., Hudsonian and Helikian Basins of the Athabosca Region, Northern Saskatchewan, Pap. Geol. Surv. Can., 1981, no. 81-10, pp. 219-234.
159. Ricketts, B.D. and Donaldson, J.A., Sedimentary History of the Belcher Group of Hudson Bay, Pap. Geol. Surv. Can., 1981, no. 81-10, pp. 235-254.
160. Ricketts, B.D. and Donaldson, J.A., Stromatolite Reef Development on a Mud-Dominated Platform in the Middle Precambrian Belcher Group of Hudson Bay, Mem. Can. Soc. Petrol. Geol., 1988, no. 13, pp. 113-119.
161. Ritts, B.D. and Grotzinger, J.P., Depositional Facies and Detrital Composition of the Proterozoic Et-Then Group, N.W.T., Canada: Sedimentary Response to Intercratonic Indentation, Can. J. Earth Sci., 1994, vol. 31, no. 12, pp. 1736-1778.
162. Rosen, O.M., Condie, K.C., Natapov, L.M., and Nozhkin, A.D., Archean and Early Proterozoic Evolution of the Siberian Craton: a Preliminary Assessment, in Archean Crustal Evolution, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1994, pp. 411-459.
163. Russell, J., Grey, K., Whitehous, M., and Moorbath, S., Direct Pb/Pb Age Determination of Proterozoic Stromatolites from the Ashburton and Nabberu Basins, Western Australia, in Abstr. 8th Internat. Conf. on Geochronol., Cosmochronol., and Isotope Geol., U.S. Geol. Surv. Circular 1107, 1994, p. 275.
164. Sami, T.T. and James, W.P., Peritidal Carbonate Platform Growth and Cyclicity in an Early Proterozoic Foreland Basin, Upper Pithei Group, Northwest Canada, J. Sediment. Res., 1994, vol. B64, no. 2, pp. 11-131.
165. Sarfati, J., Cherty Stromatolites in the 2000 Ma Fransevillian Cherts, Gabon, in Intern. Symposium on Stromatolites and Plenary Meeting of IGCP 261 Project, Tianjin, 1992, p. 23.
166. Schidlowski, M., Early Atmospheric Oxygen Level: Constraints from Archean Photoautotrophy, J. Geol. Soc. London, 1984, vol. 141, part 2, pp. 243-250.
167. Schidlowski, M., The Initiation of Biological Processes in Early Biogeochemical Evolution on Earth, in Organic Geochemistry, Eugel, M.N. and Macko, S.A., Eds., New-York: Plenum, 1993, pp. 639-655.
168. Schidlowski, M., Eichmann, R., and Junge, C.E., Carbon Isotope Geochemistry of the Precambrian Lomagundi Carbonate Province, Rhodesia, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1976, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 449-455.
169. Schidlowski, M., Hayes, J.M., and Kaplan, J.P., Isotopic Inferences of Ancient Biochemistries: Carbon, Sulfur, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen, in Earth's Earliest Biosphere, Its Origin and Evolution, Princeton: Princeton Univ., 1983, pp. 147-186.
170. Schidlowski, M., Matzigkeit, U., and Krumbein W.E., Superheavy Organic Carbon from Hypersaline Microbial Mats: Assimilatory Pathways and Geochemical Implications, Naturwissenschaften, 1984, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 303-308.
171. Schopf, J.W., Paleobiology of the Archean, in The Proterozoic Biosphaere: A Multidisciplinary Study, Schopf, J.W. and Klein, C., Eds., Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992, pp. 24-39.
172. Schopf, J.W. and Walter, M.R., Archean Microfossils, New Evidence of Ancient Microbes, in Earth's Earliest Biosphaere: Its Origin and Evolution, Schopf, J.W., Ed., Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1983, pp. 241-239.
173. Schopf, J.W. and Klein C., Eds., The Proterozoic Biosphaere: A Multidisciplinary Study, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ., 1992.
174. Schopf, W., Oehler, D.Z., Horodyski, J., and Kvenvolden, K.A., Biogenecy and Significance of the Oldest Known Stromatolites, J. Paleontol., 1971, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 477-485.
175. Semikhatov, M.A., Some Carbonate Stromatolites of the Aphebian in the Canadian Shield, in Nizhnyaya granitsa rifeya i stromatolity afebiya (The Lower Riphean Boundary and Aphebian Stromatolites), Moscow: Nauka, 1978, pp. 111-147.
176. Semikhatov, M.A. and Raaben, M.E., Dynamics of the Global Diversity of Preterozoic Stromatolites. Article 1: Northern Eurasia, China, and India, Stratigr. Geol. Korrelyatsiya, 1994, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 10-32.
177. Semikhatov, M.A. and Raaben, M.E., Dynamics of the Global Diversity of Preterozoic Stromatolites. Article 2: Africa, Australia, North America, and General Synthesis, Stratigr. Geol. Korrelyatsiya, 1996, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 26-54.
178. Semikhatov, M.A., Shurkin, K.A., Aksenov, E.M., et al., New Precambrian Stratigraphic Scheme of the USSR, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR., Ser. Geol., 1991, no. 4, pp. 3-16.
179. Sepkoski, J.J., Jr., Chapter One Foundational Life in the Oceans, in The Book of Life, Gould, S.J., Ed., New York: Norton and Co., 1993, pp. 34-63.
180. Sergeev V.N., Okremnennye mikrofossilii dokembriya i keinbriya Urala i Srednei Azii (Precambrian and Cambrian Silicified Microfossils of the Urals and Central Asia), Moscow: Nauka, 1992.
181. Sergeev, V.N., Microfossils in Cherts from the Middle Riphean (Mesoproterozoic) Avzyan Formation, Southern Ural Mountains, Russian Federation, Precambrian Res., 1994, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 231-254.
182. Sergeev, V.N., Mesoproterozoic Microbiotas of the Northern Hemisphere and the Meso-Neoproterozoic Transition, Proc. 30th Intern. Geol. Congress, Beijin, 1997, vol. 1, pp. 177-185.
183. Sergeev, V.N., Knoll, A.H., and Grotzinger, G.P., Paleobiology of the Mezoproterozoic Billyach Group, Anabar Uplift Northern Siberia, Mem. Paleontol. Soc., 1995, no. 39, pp. 1-37.
184. Shrinavasan, R., Nagvi, S.M., and Kumar, B.V., Archean Shelf-Facies and Stromatolites Proliferation in Dharwar Supergroup, North Karnataka, District Karnataka, J. Geol. Soc. India, 1990, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 203-212.
185. Sims, P.K., Card, K.D., and Lumbers, S.B., Evolution of Early Proterozoic Basins of the Great Lakes Region, Pap. Geol. Surv. Can., 1981, no. 81-10, pp. 379-398.
186. Sogin, M.L., Gunderson, J.H., Elwood, H.J., et al., Philogenetic Meaning
187. Steiner, M., Chuaria circularis Mascot 1899 - Megaspheromorphic Acritarchs or Prokaryotic Colony?, Acta Univ. Carolinae. Geol., 1996, vol. 40, nos. 3-4, pp. 645-665.
188. Strauss, H., Des Marais, D.J., Hayes, J.M., and Summons, R.E., The Carbon-Isotopic Record, in The Proterozoic Biosphere: A Multidisciplinary Study, Schopf, W.B. and Klein, C., Eds., Cambridge: Cambridge Univ., 1992, pp. 117-127.
189. Sumner, D.Y. and Bowring, S.A., U-Pb Geochronologic Constrains on Deposition of the Camberland Subgroup, Trasvaal Supergroup, South Africa, Precambrian Res., 1996, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 25-35.
190. Sun, W.G., Palaeontology and Biostratigraphy of Late Precambrian Macroscopic Colonial Algae: Chuaria Walcott and Tawuia Hofmann, Palaeontographica B, 1987, vol. 203, no. 1, pp. 109-134.
191. Thorne, A.M. and Seymour, D.B., Geology of the Aushburton Basin, Western Australia, Bull. Geol. Surv. West. Aust., 1991, no. 139.
192. Thorpe, R.I., Hickman, A.H., Davis, D.W., et al., U-Pb Zircon Geochronology of Archean Felsic Units in the Marble Bar Region, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia, Precambrian Res., 1992, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 169-189.
193. 13C Anomaly of Lower Proterozoic Sedimentary Carbonate, Terra Nova, 1993, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 244-248.
194. Timofeev, B.V., Mikrofossilii rannego dokembriya (Early Precambrian Microfossils), Leningrad: Nauka, 1982.
195. Truswell, J.F. and Eriksson, K.A., The Morphology of Stromatolites from the Transvaal Dolomite Northwest of Johannesburg, South Africa, Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Africa, 1972, vol. 75, part 2, pp. 99-110.
196. Truswell, J.F. and Eriksson, K.A., Stromatolitic Associations and Their Palaeoenvironmental Significance: a Re-Apprisal of a Lower Proterozoic Locality from the Northern Cape Province, South Africa, Sediment. Geol., 1973, vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 1-23.
197. Truswell, J.F. and Eriksson, K.A., A Palaeoenvironmental Interpretation of the Early Proterozoic Malmani Dolomite from Zwartkopf, South Africa, Precambrian Res., 1975, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 227-303.
198. Vasudev, V.N., Naqvi, S.M., Shukla, M., and Raj, B.U., Stromatolites from the Chert-Dolomites of Archean Shimoga Schist Belt, Dharwar Craton, India, J. Geol. Soc. India, 1989, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 201-205.
199. Veizer, J., Plumb, K.A., Clayton, R.N., et al., Geochemistry of Precambrian Carbonates: V. Late Paleoproterozoic Seawater, Geochem. Cosmochem. Acta, 1992, vol. 56, no. 12, pp. 2487-1501.
200. Venkatachala, B.S., Sharma, M., Srinivasan, R., et al., Bacteria from the Archaean Banded Iron Formation of Kudremukh Region, Dharwar Craton, South India, The Palaeobotanist, 1986, vol. 35, pp. 200-203.
201. Venkatachala, B.S., Naqvi, S.M., Chada, M.S., et al., Paleobiology and Geochemistry of the Precambrian Stromatolites and Associated Sedimentary Rocks from the Dharwar Craton: Constraints on Archean Biogenic Processes, Himalayan Geol., 1989, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1-20.
202. Xing, Yu., Duan, Ch., Liang, Yu., et al., Late Precambrian Paleontology of China, Beijing: Geol. Publ. House, 1992, pp. 28-106.
203. Walsh, M.M., Microfossils and Possible Microfossils from the Early Archean Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa, Precambrian Res., 1992, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 271-293.
204. Walter, M.R., Stromatolites and the Biostratigraphy of the Australian Precambrian and Cambrian, Paleontol. Assoc. Spec. Pap., 1972, no. 11, pp. 1-190.
205. Walter, M.R., Archean Stromatolites: Evidence of the Earth's Earliest Benthos, in Earth's Earliest Biosphere: Its Origin and Evolution, Princeton: Princeton Univ., 1983, pp. 187-213.
206. Walter, M.R. and Heys, G.R., Links between the Rise of the Metazoa and the Decline of Stromatolites, Precambrian Res., 1985, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 149-174.
207. Walter, M.R., Bauld, J., and Brock, T.D., Microbiology and Morphogenesis of Columnar Stromatolites (Conophyton, Vacerrilla) from Hot Springs in Yellowstone National Park, in Stromatolites. Development in Sedimentology, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1976, vol. 20, pp. 273-311.
208. Walter, M.R., Buick, R., and Dunlop, J.S.R., Stromatolites 3.400-3.500 My Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia, Nature, 1980, vol. 284, pp. 443-445.
209. Walter, M.R., Krylov, J.N., and Muir, M.D., Stromatolites from Middle and Late Proterozoic Sequences in the McArthur and Georgina Basins and the Mount Isa Province, Australia, Alcheringa, 1988, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 79-106.
210. Walter, M.R., Du, R., and Horodyski, R.J., Coiled Carbonaceous Megafossils from the Middle Proterozoic of Jixian (Tianjin) and Montana, Am. J. Sci., 1990, vol. 200-A, pp. 133-148.
211. Wardle, R.J. and Bailey, D.G., Early Proterozoic Sequences in Labrador, Pap. Geol. Surv. Can., 1981, no. 81-10, pp. 331-360.
212. Williams, J.R., Bangemall Basin, Mem. Geol. Surv. West. Aust., 1990, no. 3, pp. 308-329.
213. Wilmotte, A. and Golubic, S., Morphological and Genetic Criteria in the Taxonomy of Cyanophyta, Cyanobacteria. Algological Studies, 1991, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 1-24.
214. Yan, Yu-Zh., Microflora from Shaly Facies of Lower Chancheng System, Kuangchan District, Hubei, and Its Comparision with That of Adjacent Areas, Acta Micropaleontol. Sinica, 1995, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 453-456.
215. Yakauskas, T.V., Mikhailova, N.S., German, T.N., et al., Mikrofossilii dokembriya SSSR (Precambrian Microfossils of the USSR), Moscow: Nauka, 1989.
216. Yudovich, Ya.E., Makarikhin, V.V., Medvedev, P.V., and Sukhanov, N.V., Carbon Isotopic Anomalies in Carbonates of the Karelian Complex, Geokhimiya, 1990, no. 7, pp. 972-978.
217. Zhang, Zh., Discovery of Microfossils from the 1848-Ma-old Changzhoigou Formation, Jixian Section, North China, J. Nanjing Univ. Nat. Sci. Sect., 1995, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 198-199.
218. Zhang, Y., A Gunflint Type of Microfossil Assemblage from Early Proterozoic Stromatolite Cherts in China, Nature, 1984, vol. 309, no. 5968, pp. 547-579.
219. Zhu, Sh. and Chen H., Characteristics of Paleoproterozoic Stromatolites in China, Precambrian Res., 1992, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 135-163.
220. Zhu, Sh., Xu, Ch., and Gao, R., Early Proterozoic Stromatolites from Wutai Mt. and Its Adjacent Regions, Bull. Tianjin Inst. Geol., Mineral. Resources, 1987, no. 7, pp. 1-180.