Civic journalism and nonelite sourcing: Making routine newswork of community connectedness

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 75, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 394-407

  Massey, Brian L ^a  

^a NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (Singapore)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0013255351     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769909807500213     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. For example, James W. Carey, "The Press, Public Opinion, and Public Discourse," in Public Opinion and the Communication of Consent, ed. Theodore J. Glasser and Charles T. Salmon (NY: Guilford, 1995), 373-402; Richard Harwood, "America's Struggle Within: Citizens Talk about the State of the Union" [report on-line] (1996, accessed 20 January 1998), available at http:/ / democracyplace.org/~democracy/harwood.html, Internet; David S. Allen, "Theories of Democracy and American Journalism: Creating an Active Public" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Washington, DC, August 1995); Carol Reese Dykers, "A Critical Review: Re-conceptualizing the Relation of 'Democracy' to 'News'" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Washington, DC, August 1995); Robert D. Putnam, "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital," Journal of Democracy 6 (January 1995): 65-78.
2. For example, James W. Carey, "The Press, Public Opinion, and Public Discourse," in Public Opinion and the Communication of Consent, ed. Theodore J. Glasser and Charles T. Salmon (NY: Guilford, 1995), 373-402; Richard Harwood, "America's Struggle Within: Citizens Talk about the State of the Union" [report on-line] (1996, accessed 20 January 1998), available at http:/ / democracyplace.org/~democracy/harwood.html, Internet; David S. Allen, "Theories of Democracy and American Journalism: Creating an Active Public" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Washington, DC, August 1995); Carol Reese Dykers, "A Critical Review: Re-conceptualizing the Relation of 'Democracy' to 'News'" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Washington, DC, August 1995); Robert D. Putnam, "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital," Journal of Democracy 6 (January 1995): 65-78.
3. For example, James W. Carey, "The Press, Public Opinion, and Public Discourse," in Public Opinion and the Communication of Consent, ed. Theodore J. Glasser and Charles T. Salmon (NY: Guilford, 1995), 373-402; Richard Harwood, "America's Struggle Within: Citizens Talk about the State of the Union" [report on-line] (1996, accessed 20 January 1998), available at http:/ / democracyplace.org/~democracy/harwood.html, Internet; David S. Allen, "Theories of Democracy and American Journalism: Creating an Active Public" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Washington, DC, August 1995); Carol Reese Dykers, "A Critical Review: Re-conceptualizing the Relation of 'Democracy' to 'News'" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Washington, DC, August 1995); Robert D. Putnam, "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital," Journal of Democracy 6 (January 1995): 65-78.
4. For example, James W. Carey, "The Press, Public Opinion, and Public Discourse," in Public Opinion and the Communication of Consent, ed. Theodore J. Glasser and Charles T. Salmon (NY: Guilford, 1995), 373-402; Richard Harwood, "America's Struggle Within: Citizens Talk about the State of the Union" [report on-line] (1996, accessed 20 January 1998), available at http:/ / democracyplace.org/~democracy/harwood.html, Internet; David S. Allen, "Theories of Democracy and American Journalism: Creating an Active Public" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Washington, DC, August 1995); Carol Reese Dykers, "A Critical Review: Re-conceptualizing the Relation of 'Democracy' to 'News'" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Washington, DC, August 1995); Robert D. Putnam, "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital," Journal of Democracy 6 (January 1995): 65-78.
5. For example, James W. Carey, "The Press, Public Opinion, and Public Discourse," in Public Opinion and the Communication of Consent, ed. Theodore J. Glasser and Charles T. Salmon (NY: Guilford, 1995), 373-402; Richard Harwood, "America's Struggle Within: Citizens Talk about the State of the Union" [report on-line] (1996, accessed 20 January 1998), available at http:/ / democracyplace.org/~democracy/harwood.html, Internet; David S. Allen, "Theories of Democracy and American Journalism: Creating an Active Public" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Washington, DC, August 1995); Carol Reese Dykers, "A Critical Review: Re-conceptualizing the Relation of 'Democracy' to 'News'" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Washington, DC, August 1995); Robert D. Putnam, "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital," Journal of Democracy 6 (January 1995): 65-78.
6. For example, Ed Fouhy, speech to the Election '96 Workshop of the Radio Television News Directors Foundation, Reston, VA [speech on-line] (2 December 1995, accessed 20 January 1998), available at http:// democracyplace.org/fouhy.html, Internet; Andrea Sachs, "Mud and the Mainstream," Columbia Journalism Review, May/June 1995, 33-38; Carl Sessions Stepp, "The Thrill Is Gone," American Journalism Review, October 1995, 15-19; John McManus, Market-Driven Journalism: Let the Citizen Beware? (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994); Doug Underwood, When MBAs Rule the Newsroom (NY: Columbia University Press, 1993); Roy Peter Clark, A Call to Leadership (St. Petersburg, FL: The Poynter Institute for Media Studies, 1992).
7. For example, Ed Fouhy, speech to the Election '96 Workshop of the Radio Television News Directors Foundation, Reston, VA [speech on-line] (2 December 1995, accessed 20 January 1998), available at http:// democracyplace.org/fouhy.html, Internet; Andrea Sachs, "Mud and the Mainstream," Columbia Journalism Review, May/June 1995, 33-38; Carl Sessions Stepp, "The Thrill Is Gone," American Journalism Review, October 1995, 15-19; John McManus, Market-Driven Journalism: Let the Citizen Beware? (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994); Doug Underwood, When MBAs Rule the Newsroom (NY: Columbia University Press, 1993); Roy Peter Clark, A Call to Leadership (St. Petersburg, FL: The Poynter Institute for Media Studies, 1992).
8. For example, Ed Fouhy, speech to the Election '96 Workshop of the Radio Television News Directors Foundation, Reston, VA [speech on-line] (2 December 1995, accessed 20 January 1998), available at http:// democracyplace.org/fouhy.html, Internet; Andrea Sachs, "Mud and the Mainstream," Columbia Journalism Review, May/June 1995, 33-38; Carl Sessions Stepp, "The Thrill Is Gone," American Journalism Review, October 1995, 15-19; John McManus, Market-Driven Journalism: Let the Citizen Beware? (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994); Doug Underwood, When MBAs Rule the Newsroom (NY: Columbia University Press, 1993); Roy Peter Clark, A Call to Leadership (St. Petersburg, FL: The Poynter Institute for Media Studies, 1992).
9. For example, Ed Fouhy, speech to the Election '96 Workshop of the Radio Television News Directors Foundation, Reston, VA [speech on-line] (2 December 1995, accessed 20 January 1998), available at http:// democracyplace.org/fouhy.html, Internet; Andrea Sachs, "Mud and the Mainstream," Columbia Journalism Review, May/June 1995, 33-38; Carl Sessions Stepp, "The Thrill Is Gone," American Journalism Review, October 1995, 15-19; John McManus, Market-Driven Journalism: Let the Citizen Beware? (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994); Doug Underwood, When MBAs Rule the Newsroom (NY: Columbia University Press, 1993); Roy Peter Clark, A Call to Leadership (St. Petersburg, FL: The Poynter Institute for Media Studies, 1992).
10. For example, Ed Fouhy, speech to the Election '96 Workshop of the Radio Television News Directors Foundation, Reston, VA [speech on-line] (2 December 1995, accessed 20 January 1998), available at http:// democracyplace.org/fouhy.html, Internet; Andrea Sachs, "Mud and the Mainstream," Columbia Journalism Review, May/June 1995, 33-38; Carl Sessions Stepp, "The Thrill Is Gone," American Journalism Review, October 1995, 15-19; John McManus, Market-Driven Journalism: Let the Citizen Beware? (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994); Doug Underwood, When MBAs Rule the Newsroom (NY: Columbia University Press, 1993); Roy Peter Clark, A Call to Leadership (St. Petersburg, FL: The Poynter Institute for Media Studies, 1992).
11. For example, Ed Fouhy, speech to the Election '96 Workshop of the Radio Television News Directors Foundation, Reston, VA [speech on-line] (2 December 1995, accessed 20 January 1998), available at http:// democracyplace.org/fouhy.html, Internet; Andrea Sachs, "Mud and the Mainstream," Columbia Journalism Review, May/June 1995, 33-38; Carl Sessions Stepp, "The Thrill Is Gone," American Journalism Review, October 1995, 15-19; John McManus, Market-Driven Journalism: Let the Citizen Beware? (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994); Doug Underwood, When MBAs Rule the Newsroom (NY: Columbia University Press, 1993); Roy Peter Clark, A Call to Leadership (St. Petersburg, FL: The Poynter Institute for Media Studies, 1992).
12. James Fallows, "Why Americans Hate the Media," The Atlantic Monthly, February 1996, 45-64; E.J. Dionne Jr., Why Americans Hate Politics (NY: Simon & Schuster, 1991); Hardwood, "America's Struggle Within."
13. James Fallows, "Why Americans Hate the Media," The Atlantic Monthly, February 1996, 45-64; E.J. Dionne Jr., Why Americans Hate Politics (NY: Simon & Schuster, 1991); Hardwood, "America's Struggle Within."
14. James Fallows, "Why Americans Hate the Media," The Atlantic Monthly, February 1996, 45-64; E.J. Dionne Jr., Why Americans Hate Politics (NY: Simon & Schuster, 1991); Hardwood, "America's Struggle Within."
15. Clark, Call to Leadership, 3.
16. Ronald D. Clark, "Foundations and Public Journalism" (paper presented at the meeting of Newspaper-related Foundations, Miami, FL, January 1995), 1.
17. Jay Rosen, Getting the Connections Right: Public Journalism and the Troubles in the Press (NY: Twentieth Century Fund, 1996), 2.
18. Jay Rosen, Community Connectedness: Passwords for Public Journalism (St. Petersburg, FL: The Poynter Institute for Media Studies, 1993); Jay Rosen, "Beyond Objectivity," Neiman Reports 47 (winter 1993): 48-53; Jay Rosen and Davis Merritt, Public Journalism: Theory and Practice (Dayton, OH: Kettering Foundation, 1994); Jay Rosen, "Making Things More Public: On the Political Responsibility of the Media Intellectual," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (December 1994): 362-88; Davis Merritt, Public Journalism & Public Life: Why Telling the News Is Not Enough (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995).
19. Jay Rosen, Community Connectedness: Passwords for Public Journalism (St. Petersburg, FL: The Poynter Institute for Media Studies, 1993); Jay Rosen, "Beyond Objectivity," Neiman Reports 47 (winter 1993): 48-53; Jay Rosen and Davis Merritt, Public Journalism: Theory and Practice (Dayton, OH: Kettering Foundation, 1994); Jay Rosen, "Making Things More Public: On the Political Responsibility of the Media Intellectual," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (December 1994): 362-88; Davis Merritt, Public Journalism & Public Life: Why Telling the News Is Not Enough (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995).
20. Jay Rosen, Community Connectedness: Passwords for Public Journalism (St. Petersburg, FL: The Poynter Institute for Media Studies, 1993); Jay Rosen, "Beyond Objectivity," Neiman Reports 47 (winter 1993): 48-53; Jay Rosen and Davis Merritt, Public Journalism: Theory and Practice (Dayton, OH: Kettering Foundation, 1994); Jay Rosen, "Making Things More Public: On the Political Responsibility of the Media Intellectual," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (December 1994): 362-88; Davis Merritt, Public Journalism & Public Life: Why Telling the News Is Not Enough (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995).
21. Jay Rosen, Community Connectedness: Passwords for Public Journalism (St. Petersburg, FL: The Poynter Institute for Media Studies, 1993); Jay Rosen, "Beyond Objectivity," Neiman Reports 47 (winter 1993): 48-53; Jay Rosen and Davis Merritt, Public Journalism: Theory and Practice (Dayton, OH: Kettering Foundation, 1994); Jay Rosen, "Making Things More Public: On the Political Responsibility of the Media Intellectual," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (December 1994): 362-88; Davis Merritt, Public Journalism & Public Life: Why Telling the News Is Not Enough (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995).
22. Jay Rosen, Community Connectedness: Passwords for Public Journalism (St. Petersburg, FL: The Poynter Institute for Media Studies, 1993); Jay Rosen, "Beyond Objectivity," Neiman Reports 47 (winter 1993): 48-53; Jay Rosen and Davis Merritt, Public Journalism: Theory and Practice (Dayton, OH: Kettering Foundation, 1994); Jay Rosen, "Making Things More Public: On the Political Responsibility of the Media Intellectual," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (December 1994): 362-88; Davis Merritt, Public Journalism & Public Life: Why Telling the News Is Not Enough (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995).
23. John McManus, "A Market-based Model of News Production," Communication Theory 5 (November 1995): 330.
24. Rosen, Getting the Connections Right, 34.
25. Jaifei Yin, "A Trend, Imagined or Real? A Comparative Study of Development Journalism and Public Journalism" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Anaheim, CA, August 1996).
26. Arthur Charity, Doing Public Journalism (NY: Guilford, 1995).
27. Daniel C. Hallin, Robert Karl Manoff, and Judy K. Weddle, "Sourcing Patterns of National Security Reporters," Journalism Quarterly 70 (winter 1993): 753. See also, Pamela J. Shoemaker and Stephen D. Reese, Mediating the Message: Theories of Influence on Mass Media Content, 2d ed. (White Plains, NY: Longman, 1996).
28. Daniel C. Hallin, Robert Karl Manoff, and Judy K. Weddle, "Sourcing Patterns of National Security Reporters," Journalism Quarterly 70 (winter 1993): 753. See also, Pamela J. Shoemaker and Stephen D. Reese, Mediating the Message: Theories of Influence on Mass Media Content, 2d ed. (White Plains, NY: Longman, 1996).
29. Charity, Doing Public Journalism.
30. For example, Mixed News: The Public/Civic/Communitarian Journalism Debate, ed. Jay Black (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997); Carol Reese Dykers, "Defining 'Public Journalism' by Analyzing the News Discourse of One 'Public' Journalist" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Anaheim, CA, August 1996); Sally McMillan, Macy Guppy, Bill Kunz, and Raul Reis, "A Defining Moment: Who Says What about Public Journalism" (paper presented at the annual meeting AEJMC, Anaheim, CA, August 1996); Renita Coleman, "The Intellectual Antecedents of Public Journalism" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Anaheim, CA, August 1996).
31. For example, Mixed News: The Public/Civic/Communitarian Journalism Debate, ed. Jay Black (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997); Carol Reese Dykers, "Defining 'Public Journalism' by Analyzing the News Discourse of One 'Public' Journalist" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Anaheim, CA, August 1996); Sally McMillan, Macy Guppy, Bill Kunz, and Raul Reis, "A Defining Moment: Who Says What about Public Journalism" (paper presented at the annual meeting AEJMC, Anaheim, CA, August 1996); Renita Coleman, "The Intellectual Antecedents of Public Journalism" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Anaheim, CA, August 1996).
32. For example, Mixed News: The Public/Civic/Communitarian Journalism Debate, ed. Jay Black (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997); Carol Reese Dykers, "Defining 'Public Journalism' by Analyzing the News Discourse of One 'Public' Journalist" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Anaheim, CA, August 1996); Sally McMillan, Macy Guppy, Bill Kunz, and Raul Reis, "A Defining Moment: Who Says What about Public Journalism" (paper presented at the annual meeting AEJMC, Anaheim, CA, August 1996); Renita Coleman, "The Intellectual Antecedents of Public Journalism" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Anaheim, CA, August 1996).
33. For example, Mixed News: The Public/Civic/Communitarian Journalism Debate, ed. Jay Black (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997); Carol Reese Dykers, "Defining 'Public Journalism' by Analyzing the News Discourse of One 'Public' Journalist" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Anaheim, CA, August 1996); Sally McMillan, Macy Guppy, Bill Kunz, and Raul Reis, "A Defining Moment: Who Says What about Public Journalism" (paper presented at the annual meeting AEJMC, Anaheim, CA, August 1996); Renita Coleman, "The Intellectual Antecedents of Public Journalism" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Anaheim, CA, August 1996).
34. For example, Ester Thorson, Lewis A. Friedland, and Peggy Anderson, "Civic Lessons: Report on Four Civic Journalism Projects Funded by the Pew Center for Civic Journalism" [report on-line] (The Pew Charitable Trusts, 1997, accessed 20 January 1998), available from http://www.cpn.org/ sections/topics/journalism/stories-studies/pew_cj_lessons.html, Internet; Philip Meyer and Deborah Potter, "Newspapers and Citizen-Based Journalism in the 1996 Elections: A Cross-Market Comparison" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Chicago, IL, August 1997); David Blomquist and Cliff Zukin, "Does Public Journalism Work?: The 'Campaign Central' Experience" [report on-line] (The Pew Center for Civic Journalism, accessed 20 Jan. 1998), available from http://www.pewcenter.org/PUBLICATIONS/ bergensummary.html and http://www.pewcenter.org/PUBLICATIONS/ bergenresearch.html, Internet; Amy Reynolds, "The 1996 Presidential Campaign, Civic Journalism, and Local TV News: Does 'Doing Civic Journalism' Make Any Difference?" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Chicago, IL, August 1997); Frank Denton, Esther Thorson, and James Coyle, "Effects of a Multimedia Public Journalism Project on Political Knowledge and Attitudes" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Washington, DC, August 1995); Barbara Zang, "Missing Voices in the Civic/Public Journalism Debates: 'I Never Thought a Newspaper Could Ask "What if?"' and Other Citizen-Reader Observations," (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Washington, DC, August 1995).
35. For example, Ester Thorson, Lewis A. Friedland, and Peggy Anderson, "Civic Lessons: Report on Four Civic Journalism Projects Funded by the Pew Center for Civic Journalism" [report on-line] (The Pew Charitable Trusts, 1997, accessed 20 January 1998), available from http://www.cpn.org/ sections/topics/journalism/stories-studies/pew_cj_lessons.html, Internet; Philip Meyer and Deborah Potter, "Newspapers and Citizen-Based Journalism in the 1996 Elections: A Cross-Market Comparison" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Chicago, IL, August 1997); David Blomquist and Cliff Zukin, "Does Public Journalism Work?: The 'Campaign Central' Experience" [report on-line] (The Pew Center for Civic Journalism, accessed 20 Jan. 1998), available from http://www.pewcenter.org/PUBLICATIONS/ bergensummary.html and http://www.pewcenter.org/PUBLICATIONS/ bergenresearch.html, Internet; Amy Reynolds, "The 1996 Presidential Campaign, Civic Journalism, and Local TV News: Does 'Doing Civic Journalism' Make Any Difference?" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Chicago, IL, August 1997); Frank Denton, Esther Thorson, and James Coyle, "Effects of a Multimedia Public Journalism Project on Political Knowledge and Attitudes" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Washington, DC, August 1995); Barbara Zang, "Missing Voices in the Civic/Public Journalism Debates: 'I Never Thought a Newspaper Could Ask "What if?"' and Other Citizen-Reader Observations," (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Washington, DC, August 1995).
36. For example, Ester Thorson, Lewis A. Friedland, and Peggy Anderson, "Civic Lessons: Report on Four Civic Journalism Projects Funded by the Pew Center for Civic Journalism" [report on-line] (The Pew Charitable Trusts, 1997, accessed 20 January 1998), available from http://www.cpn.org/ sections/topics/journalism/stories-studies/pew_cj_lessons.html, Internet; Philip Meyer and Deborah Potter, "Newspapers and Citizen-Based Journalism in the 1996 Elections: A Cross-Market Comparison" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Chicago, IL, August 1997); David Blomquist and Cliff Zukin, "Does Public Journalism Work?: The 'Campaign Central' Experience" [report on-line] (The Pew Center for Civic Journalism, accessed 20 Jan. 1998), available from http://www.pewcenter.org/PUBLICATIONS/ bergensummary.html and http://www.pewcenter.org/PUBLICATIONS/ bergenresearch.html, Internet; Amy Reynolds, "The 1996 Presidential Campaign, Civic Journalism, and Local TV News: Does 'Doing Civic Journalism' Make Any Difference?" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Chicago, IL, August 1997); Frank Denton, Esther Thorson, and James Coyle, "Effects of a Multimedia Public Journalism Project on Political Knowledge and Attitudes" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Washington, DC, August 1995); Barbara Zang, "Missing Voices in the Civic/Public Journalism Debates: 'I Never Thought a Newspaper Could Ask "What if?"' and Other Citizen-Reader Observations," (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Washington, DC, August 1995).
37. For example, Ester Thorson, Lewis A. Friedland, and Peggy Anderson, "Civic Lessons: Report on Four Civic Journalism Projects Funded by the Pew Center for Civic Journalism" [report on-line] (The Pew Charitable Trusts, 1997, accessed 20 January 1998), available from http://www.cpn.org/ sections/topics/journalism/stories-studies/pew_cj_lessons.html, Internet; Philip Meyer and Deborah Potter, "Newspapers and Citizen-Based Journalism in the 1996 Elections: A Cross-Market Comparison" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Chicago, IL, August 1997); David Blomquist and Cliff Zukin, "Does Public Journalism Work?: The 'Campaign Central' Experience" [report on-line] (The Pew Center for Civic Journalism, accessed 20 Jan. 1998), available from http://www.pewcenter.org/PUBLICATIONS/ bergensummary.html and http://www.pewcenter.org/PUBLICATIONS/ bergenresearch.html, Internet; Amy Reynolds, "The 1996 Presidential Campaign, Civic Journalism, and Local TV News: Does 'Doing Civic Journalism' Make Any Difference?" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Chicago, IL, August 1997); Frank Denton, Esther Thorson, and James Coyle, "Effects of a Multimedia Public Journalism Project on Political Knowledge and Attitudes" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Washington, DC, August 1995); Barbara Zang, "Missing Voices in the Civic/Public Journalism Debates: 'I Never Thought a Newspaper Could Ask "What if?"' and Other Citizen-Reader Observations," (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Washington, DC, August 1995).
38. For example, Ester Thorson, Lewis A. Friedland, and Peggy Anderson, "Civic Lessons: Report on Four Civic Journalism Projects Funded by the Pew Center for Civic Journalism" [report on-line] (The Pew Charitable Trusts, 1997, accessed 20 January 1998), available from http://www.cpn.org/ sections/topics/journalism/stories-studies/pew_cj_lessons.html, Internet; Philip Meyer and Deborah Potter, "Newspapers and Citizen-Based Journalism in the 1996 Elections: A Cross-Market Comparison" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Chicago, IL, August 1997); David Blomquist and Cliff Zukin, "Does Public Journalism Work?: The 'Campaign Central' Experience" [report on-line] (The Pew Center for Civic Journalism, accessed 20 Jan. 1998), available from http://www.pewcenter.org/PUBLICATIONS/ bergensummary.html and http://www.pewcenter.org/PUBLICATIONS/ bergenresearch.html, Internet; Amy Reynolds, "The 1996 Presidential Campaign, Civic Journalism, and Local TV News: Does 'Doing Civic Journalism' Make Any Difference?" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Chicago, IL, August 1997); Frank Denton, Esther Thorson, and James Coyle, "Effects of a Multimedia Public Journalism Project on Political Knowledge and Attitudes" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Washington, DC, August 1995); Barbara Zang, "Missing Voices in the Civic/Public Journalism Debates: 'I Never Thought a Newspaper Could Ask "What if?"' and Other Citizen-Reader Observations," (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Washington, DC, August 1995).
39. For example, Ester Thorson, Lewis A. Friedland, and Peggy Anderson, "Civic Lessons: Report on Four Civic Journalism Projects Funded by the Pew Center for Civic Journalism" [report on-line] (The Pew Charitable Trusts, 1997, accessed 20 January 1998), available from http://www.cpn.org/ sections/topics/journalism/stories-studies/pew_cj_lessons.html, Internet; Philip Meyer and Deborah Potter, "Newspapers and Citizen-Based Journalism in the 1996 Elections: A Cross-Market Comparison" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Chicago, IL, August 1997); David Blomquist and Cliff Zukin, "Does Public Journalism Work?: The 'Campaign Central' Experience" [report on-line] (The Pew Center for Civic Journalism, accessed 20 Jan. 1998), available from http://www.pewcenter.org/PUBLICATIONS/ bergensummary.html and http://www.pewcenter.org/PUBLICATIONS/ bergenresearch.html, Internet; Amy Reynolds, "The 1996 Presidential Campaign, Civic Journalism, and Local TV News: Does 'Doing Civic Journalism' Make Any Difference?" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Chicago, IL, August 1997); Frank Denton, Esther Thorson, and James Coyle, "Effects of a Multimedia Public Journalism Project on Political Knowledge and Attitudes" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Washington, DC, August 1995); Barbara Zang, "Missing Voices in the Civic/Public Journalism Debates: 'I Never Thought a Newspaper Could Ask "What if?"' and Other Citizen-Reader Observations," (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Washington, DC, August 1995).
40. Sally McMillan, Macy Guppy, Bill Kunz, and Raul Reis, "Public Journalism: What Difference Does It Make to Editorial Content?" in Assessing Public Journalism, ed. Edmund B. Lambeth, Philip Meyer, and Esther Thorson (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1998).
41. Paul Riede, "Public Journalism and Constraints on News Content: A Case Study of The People Project" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Anaheim, CA, August 1996).
42. Reynolds, "Does 'Doing Civic Journalism' Make Any Difference?"
43. Thorson, Friedland, and Anderson, "Civic Lessons."
44. Jay Rosen, "Project on Public Life and the Press: Report on Activities, 1993-1994" (paper presented at the meeting of Newspaper-Related Foundations, Miami, FL, January 1995), 13.
45. Renita Coleman, "The Treatment of Public Journalism in Three Media Review Journals" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Chicago, IL, August 1997).
46. Richard Shafer, "Journalists as Reluctant Interventionists: Comparing Development and Civic Journalism" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Anaheim, CA, August 1996).
47. Charity, Doing Public Journalism; Blomquist and Zukin, "Does Public Journalism Work?"
48. Charity, Doing Public Journalism; Blomquist and Zukin, "Does Public Journalism Work?"
49. During 1995 the author worked as a participant-observer on the Democrat's copy desk. At no time was he in a position to influence the paper's civic-journalism efforts.
50. Staci D. Kramer, "Civic Journalism: Six Case Studies" (Washington, DC: Pew Center for Civic Journalism, 1995), 22. The Public Agenda was the Knight-Ridder daily's latest involvement with civic journalism. In 1992, the Democrat launched Your Vote, Your Future, a special-project initiative limited to Florida's legislative elections [report on-line] (Project on Public Life and the Press, 1994, accessed 20 January 1998), available from http:// www.cpn.org/sections/topics/journalism/stories-studies/talla_vote.html, Internet). This project resurfaced during the 1993 and 1994 sessions of the state Legislature. In 1994 it joined five other Florida daily papers and twelve Florida affiliates of National Public Radio in the civic-journalism Issues '94 project [report on-line] (Project on Public Life and the Press, 1994, accessed 20 January 1998), available from http://www.cpn.org/sections/topics/journalism/ stories-studies/florida_issues.html, Internet). This project, which the Democrat re-named Voices of Florida, sought to report the national elections from the perspective of "average" Floridians.
51. According to its application for funding from the Pew Center for Civic Journalism, the Democrat aimed to use its Public Agenda project as a platform for "refocusing [daily] news coverage to place more emphasis on citizen concerns [and to] help set priorities for coverage . . ." ("Public Agenda: A Proposal by the Tallahassee Democrat and WCTV," available from Tallahassee Democrat, P.O. Box 990, Tallahassee, FL, 32302-0990, 5-6.) Its newsroom managers even crafted a new mission statement to institutionalize the civic-journalism principals of "encouraging active participation in the political process... [and] giving voice to the voiceless." ("To our readers," Tallahassee (FL) Democrat, 22 October 1995, sec. F, p. 3.)
52. The Sun is not a civic-journalism newspaper nor is its corporate owner, The New York Times Co., involved with the movement (Managing Editor Curt Pierson, personal communication to author, 29 May 1996).
53. In 1995, the Sun's primary circulation area of Alachua County counted approximately 197,000 residents; the population of Leon County, from where the Democrat draws its primary readership, was about 9.5 percent larger that year (Florida Statistical Abstracts, 1995). The Sun's 1995 circulation averaged 55,400 weekday/Saturday and 60,300 Sunday copies, while the Democrat averaged 57,000 weekday/Saturday and 78,000 Sunday copies (Editor & Publisher International Yearbook, 1996). Their headquarter cities each hosts one of Florida's two largest public universities: Florida State in Tallahassee and the University of Florida in Gainesville.
54. Clark, "Foundations," 2.
55. Executive Editor Lou Heldman was the driving force behind the Democrat's transition to civic journalism but he left at the end of 1995 for another Knight-Ridder paper. His replacement did not arrive until April 1996 and held an unknown commitment to his civic-journalism efforts. That and the four-month gap in leadership made 1995 the more promising ground for testing the Democrat's use of civic-journalism newswork.
56. Guido H. Stempel and Hugh M. Culbertson, "The Prominence and Dominance of News Sources in Newspaper Medical Coverage," Journalism Quarterly 61 (autumn 1984): 671-76; Hallin, Manoff, and Weddle, "Sourcing Patterns."
57. Guido H. Stempel and Hugh M. Culbertson, "The Prominence and Dominance of News Sources in Newspaper Medical Coverage," Journalism Quarterly 61 (autumn 1984): 671-76; Hallin, Manoff, and Weddle, "Sourcing Patterns."
58. Leon V. Sigal, Reporters and Officials (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1973); Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time (NY: Pantheon, 1979), 60-71; Robert A. Hackett, "A Hierarchy of Access: Aspects of Source Bias in Canadian TV News," Journalism Quarterly 62 (summer 1985): 256-65, 277; Jane Delano Brown, Carl R. Bybee, Stanley T. Wearden, and Dulcie Murdock Strangham, "Invisible Power: Newspaper News Sources and the Limits of Diversity," Journalism Quarterly 64 (spring 1987): 45-54; John Soloski, "Sources and Channels of Local News," Journalism Quarterly 66 (winter 1989): 864-70; Dominic L. Lasorsa and Stephen D. Reese, "News Source Use in the Crash of 1987: A Study of Four National Media," Journalism Quarterly 67 (spring 1990): 60-71; Conrad Smith, "News Sources and Power Elites in News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill," Journalism Quarterly 70 (summer 1993): 393-403; Kathleen A. Hansen, Jean Ward, Joan L. Conners, and Mark Neuzil, "Local Breaking News: Sources, Technology, and News Routines," Journalism Quar-terly 71 (autumn 1994): 561-72; Angela Powers and Frederick Fico, "Influences on Use of Sources at Large U.S. Newspapers," Newspaper Research Journal 15 (fall 1994): 87-97.
59. Leon V. Sigal, Reporters and Officials (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1973); Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time (NY: Pantheon, 1979), 60-71; Robert A. Hackett, "A Hierarchy of Access: Aspects of Source Bias in Canadian TV News," Journalism Quarterly 62 (summer 1985): 256-65, 277; Jane Delano Brown, Carl R. Bybee, Stanley T. Wearden, and Dulcie Murdock Strangham, "Invisible Power: Newspaper News Sources and the Limits of Diversity," Journalism Quarterly 64 (spring 1987): 45-54; John Soloski, "Sources and Channels of Local News," Journalism Quarterly 66 (winter 1989): 864-70; Dominic L. Lasorsa and Stephen D. Reese, "News Source Use in the Crash of 1987: A Study of Four National Media," Journalism Quarterly 67 (spring 1990): 60-71; Conrad Smith, "News Sources and Power Elites in News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill," Journalism Quarterly 70 (summer 1993): 393-403; Kathleen A. Hansen, Jean Ward, Joan L. Conners, and Mark Neuzil, "Local Breaking News: Sources, Technology, and News Routines," Journalism Quar-terly 71 (autumn 1994): 561-72; Angela Powers and Frederick Fico, "Influences on Use of Sources at Large U.S. Newspapers," Newspaper Research Journal 15 (fall 1994): 87-97.
60. Leon V. Sigal, Reporters and Officials (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1973); Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time (NY: Pantheon, 1979), 60-71; Robert A. Hackett, "A Hierarchy of Access: Aspects of Source Bias in Canadian TV News," Journalism Quarterly 62 (summer 1985): 256-65, 277; Jane Delano Brown, Carl R. Bybee, Stanley T. Wearden, and Dulcie Murdock Strangham, "Invisible Power: Newspaper News Sources and the Limits of Diversity," Journalism Quarterly 64 (spring 1987): 45-54; John Soloski, "Sources and Channels of Local News," Journalism Quarterly 66 (winter 1989): 864-70; Dominic L. Lasorsa and Stephen D. Reese, "News Source Use in the Crash of 1987: A Study of Four National Media," Journalism Quarterly 67 (spring 1990): 60-71; Conrad Smith, "News Sources and Power Elites in News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill," Journalism Quarterly 70 (summer 1993): 393-403; Kathleen A. Hansen, Jean Ward, Joan L. Conners, and Mark Neuzil, "Local Breaking News: Sources, Technology, and News Routines," Journalism Quar-terly 71 (autumn 1994): 561-72; Angela Powers and Frederick Fico, "Influences on Use of Sources at Large U.S. Newspapers," Newspaper Research Journal 15 (fall 1994): 87-97.
61. Leon V. Sigal, Reporters and Officials (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1973); Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time (NY: Pantheon, 1979), 60-71; Robert A. Hackett, "A Hierarchy of Access: Aspects of Source Bias in Canadian TV News," Journalism Quarterly 62 (summer 1985): 256-65, 277; Jane Delano Brown, Carl R. Bybee, Stanley T. Wearden, and Dulcie Murdock Strangham, "Invisible Power: Newspaper News Sources and the Limits of Diversity," Journalism Quarterly 64 (spring 1987): 45-54; John Soloski, "Sources and Channels of Local News," Journalism Quarterly 66 (winter 1989): 864-70; Dominic L. Lasorsa and Stephen D. Reese, "News Source Use in the Crash of 1987: A Study of Four National Media," Journalism Quarterly 67 (spring 1990): 60-71; Conrad Smith, "News Sources and Power Elites in News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill," Journalism Quarterly 70 (summer 1993): 393-403; Kathleen A. Hansen, Jean Ward, Joan L. Conners, and Mark Neuzil, "Local Breaking News: Sources, Technology, and News Routines," Journalism Quar-terly 71 (autumn 1994): 561-72; Angela Powers and Frederick Fico, "Influences on Use of Sources at Large U.S. Newspapers," Newspaper Research Journal 15 (fall 1994): 87-97.
62. Leon V. Sigal, Reporters and Officials (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1973); Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time (NY: Pantheon, 1979), 60-71; Robert A. Hackett, "A Hierarchy of Access: Aspects of Source Bias in Canadian TV News," Journalism Quarterly 62 (summer 1985): 256-65, 277; Jane Delano Brown, Carl R. Bybee, Stanley T. Wearden, and Dulcie Murdock Strangham, "Invisible Power: Newspaper News Sources and the Limits of Diversity," Journalism Quarterly 64 (spring 1987): 45-54; John Soloski, "Sources and Channels of Local News," Journalism Quarterly 66 (winter 1989): 864-70; Dominic L. Lasorsa and Stephen D. Reese, "News Source Use in the Crash of 1987: A Study of Four National Media," Journalism Quarterly 67 (spring 1990): 60-71; Conrad Smith, "News Sources and Power Elites in News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill," Journalism Quarterly 70 (summer 1993): 393-403; Kathleen A. Hansen, Jean Ward, Joan L. Conners, and Mark Neuzil, "Local Breaking News: Sources, Technology, and News Routines," Journalism Quar-terly 71 (autumn 1994): 561-72; Angela Powers and Frederick Fico, "Influences on Use of Sources at Large U.S. Newspapers," Newspaper Research Journal 15 (fall 1994): 87-97.
63. Leon V. Sigal, Reporters and Officials (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1973); Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time (NY: Pantheon, 1979), 60-71; Robert A. Hackett, "A Hierarchy of Access: Aspects of Source Bias in Canadian TV News," Journalism Quarterly 62 (summer 1985): 256-65, 277; Jane Delano Brown, Carl R. Bybee, Stanley T. Wearden, and Dulcie Murdock Strangham, "Invisible Power: Newspaper News Sources and the Limits of Diversity," Journalism Quarterly 64 (spring 1987): 45-54; John Soloski, "Sources and Channels of Local News," Journalism Quarterly 66 (winter 1989): 864-70; Dominic L. Lasorsa and Stephen D. Reese, "News Source Use in the Crash of 1987: A Study of Four National Media," Journalism Quarterly 67 (spring 1990): 60-71; Conrad Smith, "News Sources and Power Elites in News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill," Journalism Quarterly 70 (summer 1993): 393-403; Kathleen A. Hansen, Jean Ward, Joan L. Conners, and Mark Neuzil, "Local Breaking News: Sources, Technology, and News Routines," Journalism Quar-terly 71 (autumn 1994): 561-72; Angela Powers and Frederick Fico, "Influences on Use of Sources at Large U.S. Newspapers," Newspaper Research Journal 15 (fall 1994): 87-97.
64. Leon V. Sigal, Reporters and Officials (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1973); Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time (NY: Pantheon, 1979), 60-71; Robert A. Hackett, "A Hierarchy of Access: Aspects of Source Bias in Canadian TV News," Journalism Quarterly 62 (summer 1985): 256-65, 277; Jane Delano Brown, Carl R. Bybee, Stanley T. Wearden, and Dulcie Murdock Strangham, "Invisible Power: Newspaper News Sources and the Limits of Diversity," Journalism Quarterly 64 (spring 1987): 45-54; John Soloski, "Sources and Channels of Local News," Journalism Quarterly 66 (winter 1989): 864-70; Dominic L. Lasorsa and Stephen D. Reese, "News Source Use in the Crash of 1987: A Study of Four National Media," Journalism Quarterly 67 (spring 1990): 60-71; Conrad Smith, "News Sources and Power Elites in News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill," Journalism Quarterly 70 (summer 1993): 393-403; Kathleen A. Hansen, Jean Ward, Joan L. Conners, and Mark Neuzil, "Local Breaking News: Sources, Technology, and News Routines," Journalism Quar-terly 71 (autumn 1994): 561-72; Angela Powers and Frederick Fico, "Influences on Use of Sources at Large U.S. Newspapers," Newspaper Research Journal 15 (fall 1994): 87-97.
65. Leon V. Sigal, Reporters and Officials (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1973); Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time (NY: Pantheon, 1979), 60-71; Robert A. Hackett, "A Hierarchy of Access: Aspects of Source Bias in Canadian TV News," Journalism Quarterly 62 (summer 1985): 256-65, 277; Jane Delano Brown, Carl R. Bybee, Stanley T. Wearden, and Dulcie Murdock Strangham, "Invisible Power: Newspaper News Sources and the Limits of Diversity," Journalism Quarterly 64 (spring 1987): 45-54; John Soloski, "Sources and Channels of Local News," Journalism Quarterly 66 (winter 1989): 864-70; Dominic L. Lasorsa and Stephen D. Reese, "News Source Use in the Crash of 1987: A Study of Four National Media," Journalism Quarterly 67 (spring 1990): 60-71; Conrad Smith, "News Sources and Power Elites in News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill," Journalism Quarterly 70 (summer 1993): 393-403; Kathleen A. Hansen, Jean Ward, Joan L. Conners, and Mark Neuzil, "Local Breaking News: Sources, Technology, and News Routines," Journalism Quar-terly 71 (autumn 1994): 561-72; Angela Powers and Frederick Fico, "Influences on Use of Sources at Large U.S. Newspapers," Newspaper Research Journal 15 (fall 1994): 87-97.
66. Leon V. Sigal, Reporters and Officials (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1973); Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time (NY: Pantheon, 1979), 60-71; Robert A. Hackett, "A Hierarchy of Access: Aspects of Source Bias in Canadian TV News," Journalism Quarterly 62 (summer 1985): 256-65, 277; Jane Delano Brown, Carl R. Bybee, Stanley T. Wearden, and Dulcie Murdock Strangham, "Invisible Power: Newspaper News Sources and the Limits of Diversity," Journalism Quarterly 64 (spring 1987): 45-54; John Soloski, "Sources and Channels of Local News," Journalism Quarterly 66 (winter 1989): 864-70; Dominic L. Lasorsa and Stephen D. Reese, "News Source Use in the Crash of 1987: A Study of Four National Media," Journalism Quarterly 67 (spring 1990): 60-71; Conrad Smith, "News Sources and Power Elites in News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill," Journalism Quarterly 70 (summer 1993): 393-403; Kathleen A. Hansen, Jean Ward, Joan L. Conners, and Mark Neuzil, "Local Breaking News: Sources, Technology, and News Routines," Journalism Quar-terly 71 (autumn 1994): 561-72; Angela Powers and Frederick Fico, "Influences on Use of Sources at Large U.S. Newspapers," Newspaper Research Journal 15 (fall 1994): 87-97.
67. Klaus Krippendorff, Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1980).
68. For this measure, each source was coded once per appearance in the entire sample, rather than once for each article in which he or she was cited.
69. A single newspaper column is generally about 12 picas (or 2 inches) in width. In turn, 7 lines of single-column text generally run 1 (column) inch in depth.