The Self We Know and the Self We Show: Self-esteem, Self-presentation, and the Maintenance of Interpersonal Relationships

Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Interpersonal Processes

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 457-477

  Leary, Mark R ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Interpersonal relationships; Psychological processes; Social life; Sociology; Traditions

Indexed keywords

EID: 0013254844     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470998557.ch18     Document Type: Chapter

References (102)

1. Apsler, R. (1975). Effects of embarrassment on behavior toward others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 145-153.
2. Archibald, W. R., & Cohen, R. L. (1971). Self-presentation, embarrassment, and face-work as a function of self-evaluation, conditions of self-presentation, and feedback from others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 287-297.
3. Arkin, R. M. (1981). Self-presentational styles. In J. T. Tedeschi (Ed.), Impression management theory and social psychological research (pp. 311-323). New York: Academic Press.
4. Aronson, E. (1968). Dissonance theory: Progress and problems. In R. P. Abelson, E. Aronson, W. J. McGuire, T. M. Newcomb, M. J. Rosenberg, & P. H. Tannenbaum (Eds.), Cognitive consistency theories: A sourcebook (pp. 5-27). Skokie, IL: Rand McNally.
5. Aronson, E., & Mettee, D. (1968). Dishonest behavior as a function of differential levels of induced self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 121-127.
6. Asendorpf, J. B., & Ostendorf, F. (1998). Is self-enhancement healthy? Conceptual, psychometric, and empirical analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 955-966.
7. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
8. Barkow, J. H. (1980). Prestige and self-esteem: A biosocial interpretation. In D. R Omark, F. F. Strayer, & D. G. Freedman (Eds.), Dominance relations: An ethological view of human conflict and social interaction (pp. 319-332). New York: Garland STPM Press.
9. Baumeister, R. F. (1982a). A self-presentational view of social phenomena. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 3-26.
10. Baumeister, R. F. (1982b). Self-esteem, self-presentation, and future interaction: A dilemma of reputation. Journal of Personality, 50, 29-45.
11. Baumeister, R. F. (Ed.). (1986). Public self and private self. New York: Springer-Verlag.
12. Baumeister, R. F. (1989). The optimal margin of illusion. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 8, 176-189.
13. Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton, T. F., & Tice, D. M. (1993). When ego threats lead to selfregulation failure: The negative consequences of high self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 141-156.
14. Baumeister, R. F., & Jones, E. E. (1978). When self-presentation is constrained by the target's knowledge: Consistency and compensation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 608-618.
15. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 17, 497-529.
16. Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103, 5-33.
17. Baumeister, R. F., & Tice, D. M. (1986). Four selves, two motives, and a substitute process selfregulation model. In R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), Public self and private self (pp. 63-74). New York:Springer-Verlag.
18. Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Hutton, D. G. (1989). Self-presentational motivations and personality differences in self-esteem. Journal of Personality, 57, 547-579.
19. Bednar, R. L., Wells, M. G., & Peterson, S. R. (1989). Self-esteem: Paradoxes and innovations in clinical theory and practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
20. Blaine, B., & Crocker, J. (1993). Self-esteem and self-serving biases in reactions to positive and negative events: An integrative review. In R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard (pp. 55-85). New York: Plenum.
21. Branden, N. (1994). The six pillars of self-esteem. New York: Bantam.
22. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1981). Attention and self-regulation: A control-theory approach to human behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag.
23. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1987). The blind men and the elephant: Examination of the publicprivate literature gives rise to a faulty perception. Journal of Personality, 55, 525-541.
24. Colvin, C. R., & Block, J. (1994). Do positive illusions foster mental health? An examination of the Taylor and Brown formulation. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 3-20.
25. Colvin, C. R., Block, J., & Funder, D. C. (1995) Overly positive self-evaluations and personality:Negative implications for mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 1152-1162.
26. Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order. New York: Scribner's.
27. Dawes, R. (1994). House of cards: Psychology and psychotherapy built on myth. New York: Free Press.
28. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1995). Human autonomy: The basis for true self-esteem. In M. H. Kernis (Ed.), Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem (pp. 31-71). New York: Plenum.
29. de Waal, F. B. M. (1986). Deception in the natural communication of chimpanzees. In R. W. Mitchell & N. S. Thompson (Eds.), Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit (pp. 221-266). Albany: State University of New York Press.
30. Fenigstein, A. (1987). On the nature of public and private self-consciousness. Journal of Personality, 55, 543-554.
31. Fenigstein, A., Scheier, M. F., & Buss, A. H. (1975). Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 522-527.
32. Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1977). Self-recognition in primates: A comparative approach to the bidirectional properties of consciousness. American Psychologist, 32, 329-338.
33. Gallup, G. G., Jr., & Suarez, S. D. (1986). Self-awareness and the emergence of mind in humans and other primates. In J. Suls & A G. Greenwald (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 3, pp 3-26). Hillsdade, NJ: Erlbaum.
34. Gergen, K. J. (1965). The effects of interaction goals and personalistic feedback on the presentation of self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 413-424.
35. Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor.
36. Greenberg, J., Pyszcynski T., Solomon, S., Rosenblatt, A., Burling, J., Lyon, D., Simon, L., & Pinel, E. (1992). Why do people need self-esteem? Converging evidence that self-esteem serves an anxiety-buffering function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 913-922.
37. Greenwald, A. G. (1980). The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history. American Psychologist, 35, 603-613.
38. Greenwald, A. G. (1982). Ego task analysis: An integration of research on ego-involvement and awareness. In A. H. Hastorf & A. M. Isen (Eds.), Cognitive social psychology (pp. 109-147). New York: Elsevier North Holland.
39. Greenwald, A. G., & Breckler, S. (1985). To whom is the self presented? In B. R. Schlenker (Ed.), The self and social life (pp. 126-145). New York: McGraw-Hill.
40. Haupt, A, & Leary, M. R. (1997). The appeal of worthless groups: Moderating effects of trait selfesteem. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 1, 124-132.
41. Hoyle, R. H., Kernis, M. H., Leary, M. R., & Baldwin, M. W. (1999). Selfhood: Identity, esteem, regulation. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
42. James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. New York: Holt.
43. Janis, I. L., & Gilmore, J. B. (1965). The influence of incentive conditions on the success of role playing in modifying attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 17-27.
44. Jones, E. E. (1964). Ingratiation. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
45. Jones, E. E., Gergen, K. J., & Jones, R. G. (1963). Tactics of ingratiation among leaders and subordinates in a status hierarchy. Psychological Monographs, 77 (Whole No. 566).
46. Jones, E. E., & Pittman, T. (1982). Toward a general theory of strategic self-presentation. In J. Suls (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 1, pp. 231-262). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
47. Jones, E. E., Rhodewalt, F., Berglas, S., & Skelton, J. A. (1981). Effects of strategic self-presentation on subsequent self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 407-421.
48. Jones, S. C. (1973). Self- and interpersonal evaluations: Esteem theories vs. consistency theories. Psychological Bulletin, 79, 185-199.
49. Kolditz, T. A., & Arkin, R. M. (1982). An impression management interpretation of the self-handicapping strategy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 492-502.
50. Kowalski R. M., & Leary, M. R. (1990). Strategic self-presentation and the avoidance of aversive events. Antecedents and consequences of self-enhancement and self-depreciation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 322-336.
51. Leary, M. R. (1993). The interplay of private self-processes and interpersonal factors in self-presentation. In J. Suls (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 4, pp. 127-155). Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum.
52. Leary, M. R. (1995). Self-presentation: Impression management and interpersonal behavior. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
53. Leary, M. R. (1999). The social and psychological importance of self-esteem. In R. M. Kowalski & M. R. Leary (Eds.), The social psychology of emotional and behavioral problems: Interfaces of social and clinical psychology (pp. 197-221). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
54. Leary, M. R., Barnes, B. D., Griebel, C., Mason, E., & McCormack, D., Jr. (1987). The impact of conjoint threats to social- and self-esteem on evaluation apprehension. Social Psychology Quarterly, 50, 304-311.
55. Leary, M. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 32, 1-62.
56. Leary, M. R., & Downs, D. L. (1995). Interpersonal functions of the self-esteem motive: The selfesteem system as a sociometer. In M. Kernis (Ed.), Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem (pp. 123-144). New York: Plenum.
57. Leary, M. R., Haupt, A., Strausser, K., & Chokel, J. (1998). Calibrating the sociometer: The relationship between interpersonal appraisals and state self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1290-1299.
58. Leary, M. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (1990). Impression management: A literature review and twofactor model. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 34-47.
59. Leary, M. R., Schreindorfer, L. S., & Haupt, A. L. (1995). The role of self-esteem in emotional and behavioral problems: Why is low self-esteem dysfunctional? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 14, 297-314.
60. Leary, M. R., Tambor, E. S., Terdal, S. K., & Downs, D. L. (1995). Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 518-530.
61. Lecky, P. (1945). Self-consistency: A theory of personality. New York: Island Press.
62. Maracek, J., & Mettee, D. (1972). Avoidance of continued success as a function of self-esteem, level of esteem certainty, and responsibility for success. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 22, 98-107.
63. Martin, M. W. (1985). General introduction. In M. W. Martin (Ed.), Self-deception and self-under standing (pp. 1-27). Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.
64. McKillop, K. J., Jr., Berzonsky, M. D., & Schlenker, B. R. (1992). The impact of self-presentation on self-beliefs: Effects of social identity and self-presentational context. Journal of Personality, 60, 789-808.
65. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
66. Mecca, A. M., Smelser, N. J., & Vasconcellos, J. (Eds.). (1989). The social importance of self-esteem. Berkeley: University of California Press.
67. Miller, R. S. (1996). Embarrassment Poise and peril in everyday life. New York: Guilford.
68. Miller, R. S., & Schlenker, B. R. (1978). Self-presentation as affected by a valid or invalid past performance. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto.
69. Miller, R. S., & Schlenker, B. R. (1985). Egotism in group members: Public and private attributions of responsibility for group performance. Social Psychology Quarterly, 48, 85-89.
70. Modigliani, A. (1971). Embarrassment, facework, and eye contact: Testing a theory of embarrassment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 15-24.
71. Mruk, C. (1995). Self-esteem: Research, theory, and practice. New York: Springer.
72. Rogers, C. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality, and interpersonal relationships, as developed in the client-centered framework. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A study of a science (Vol. 3, pp. 184-256). New York: McGraw-Hill.
73. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
74. Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1983). Two sides of the self: One for you and one for me. In J. Suls (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 1, pp. 123-157). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
75. Schlenker, B. R. (1980). Impression management: The self-concept, social identity, and interpersonal relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
76. Schlenker, B. R. (1985). Identity and self-identification. In B. R. Schlenker (Ed.), The self and social life (pp. 65-99). New York: McGraw-Hill.
77. Schlenker, B. R. (1986). Self-identification: Toward an integration of the private and public self. In R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), Public self and private self (pp. 21-62). New York: Springer-Verlag.
78. Schlenker, B. R., & Trudeau, J. V. (1990). Impact of self-presentation on private self-beliefs: Effects of prior self-beliefs and misattribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 22-32.
79. Schlenker, B. R., Weigold, M. F., & Hallam, J. R. (1990). Self-serving attributions in social context:Effects of self-esteem and social pressure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 855-863.
80. Schneider, D. J. (1969). Tactical self-presentation after success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 262-268.
81. Schneider, D. J., & Turkat, D. (1975). Self-presentation following success or failure: Defensive selfesteem models. Journal of Personality, 43, 127-135.
82. Sedikides, C. (1993). Assessment, enhancement, and verification determinants of the self-evaluation process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 317-338.
83. Shepperd, J. A., & Kwavnick K. D. (1999). Maladaptive image maintenance. In R. M. Kowalski & M. R. Leary (Eds.), The social psychology of emotional and behavioral problems (pp. 249-277). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
84. Shrauger, J. (1975). Responses to evaluation as a function of initial self-perceptions. Psychological Bulletin, 82, 581-596.
85. Smart, L., & Wegner, D. M. (1994, July). The ironic effects of self-presentation on self-esteem. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Society, Washington, DC.
86. Spencer, S. J., Josephs, R. A., & Steele, C. M. (1993). Low self-esteem: The uphill struggle for selfintegrity. In R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard. New York: Plenum.
87. Steele, C. M. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 21, pp. 261-302). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
88. Steele, C. M., Spencer, S. J., & Lynch, M. (1993). Self-image resilience and dissonance: The role of affirmation processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 885-896.
89. Swann, W. B., Jr., Griffin, J. J., Predmore, S. C., & Gaines, B. (1987). The cognitive affective crossfire: When self-consistency confronts self-enhancement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 881-889.
90. Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193-210.
91. Tetlock, P. E., & Manstead, A. S. R. (1985). Impression management vs. intrapsychic explanations in social psychology: A useful dichotomy? Psychological Review, 92, 59-77.
92. Tice, D. M. (1991). Esteem protection or enhancement? Self-handicapping motives and attributions differ by trait self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 711-725.
93. Tice, D. M. (1992). Self-concept change and self-presentation: The looking glass self is also a magnifying glass. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 435-451.
94. Tice, D. M. (1993). The social motivations of people with low self-esteem. In R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard (pp. 37-53). New York: Plenum.
95. Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1990). Self-esteem, self-handicapping, and self-presentation: The strategy of inadequate practice. Journal of Personality, 58, 443-464.
96. Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (1996). Friendship and the banker's paradox: Other pathways to the evolution of adaptations for altruism. Proceedings of the British Academy, 88, 119-143.
97. Trivers, R. (1985). Social evolution. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings.
98. Walster, E. (1965). The effect of self-esteem on romantic liking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 184-197.
99. Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 448-457.
100. Wegner, D. M. (1994). Ironic processes of mental control. Psychological Review, 101, 34-52.
101. Wolfe, R. N., Lennox, R. D., & Cutler, B. L. (1986). Getting along and getting ahead: Empirical support for a theory of protective and acquisitive self-presentation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 356-361.
102. Wylie, R. C. (1961). The self-concept: A critical review of pertinent research literature. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.