Muslim Roma in the Balkans

Nationalities Papers

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 93-128

  Crowe, David M ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0013223514     PISSN: 00905992     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00905990050002470     Document Type: Review

References (362)

1. M. I. Isaev, Sto tridtsat' ravnopravnykh (Moscow: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka," 1970), p. 73; George C. Soulis, "The Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire and the Balkans in the Late Middle Ages," Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 15, 1961, pp. 144-145.
2. M. I. Isaev, Sto tridtsat' ravnopravnykh (Moscow: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka," 1970), p. 73; George C. Soulis, "The Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire and the Balkans in the Late Middle Ages," Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 15, 1961, pp. 144-145.
3. Angus Fraser, The Gypsies (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), p. 46; Soulis, "The Gypsies of the Byzantine Empire," pp. 146-147.
4. Angus Fraser, The Gypsies (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), p. 46; Soulis, "The Gypsies of the Byzantine Empire," pp. 146-147.
5. Soulis, "The Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire," pp. 147-150; Kiril Kostov, "Virkhu proizkhoda na tsiganite i tekhniya ezik," Bulgarski ezik. Vol. 7, No. 4, 1957, p. 344; Halil Inalcik, "Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire," in Abraham Ascher, Tibor Halasi-Kun and Béla K. Király eds, The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern (New York: Brooklyn College Press, 1979), p. 38; Jean-Pierre Liégeois, Gypsies and Travellers (Strasbourg: Council for Cultural Cooperation, 1987), p. 14.
6. Soulis, "The Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire," pp. 147-150; Kiril Kostov, "Virkhu proizkhoda na tsiganite i tekhniya ezik," Bulgarski ezik. Vol. 7, No. 4, 1957, p. 344; Halil Inalcik, "Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire," in Abraham Ascher, Tibor Halasi-Kun and Béla K. Király eds, The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern (New York: Brooklyn College Press, 1979), p. 38; Jean-Pierre Liégeois, Gypsies and Travellers (Strasbourg: Council for Cultural Cooperation, 1987), p. 14.
7. Soulis, "The Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire," pp. 147-150; Kiril Kostov, "Virkhu proizkhoda na tsiganite i tekhniya ezik," Bulgarski ezik. Vol. 7, No. 4, 1957, p. 344; Halil Inalcik, "Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire," in Abraham Ascher, Tibor Halasi-Kun and Béla K. Király eds, The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern (New York: Brooklyn College Press, 1979), p. 38; Jean-Pierre Liégeois, Gypsies and Travellers (Strasbourg: Council for Cultural Cooperation, 1987), p. 14.
8. Soulis, "The Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire," pp. 147-150; Kiril Kostov, "Virkhu proizkhoda na tsiganite i tekhniya ezik," Bulgarski ezik. Vol. 7, No. 4, 1957, p. 344; Halil Inalcik, "Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire," in Abraham Ascher, Tibor Halasi-Kun and Béla K. Király eds, The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern (New York: Brooklyn College Press, 1979), p. 38; Jean-Pierre Liégeois, Gypsies and Travellers (Strasbourg: Council for Cultural Cooperation, 1987), p. 14.
9. John Kolsti, "Albanian Gypsies: The Silent Survivors," in David Crowe and John Kolsti, eds, The Gypsies of Eastern Europe (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1991), p. 51.
10. Kolsti, "Albanian Gypsies," p. 53.
11. Joseph Swire, King Zog's Albania (New York: Liveright, 1937), p. 196.
12. Margaret Hasluck, "The Gypsies of Albania," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1938, p. 50.
13. Hasluck, "Gypsies of Albania," pp. 50-51; Marcel Courthiades, "Social and Historical Profile of the Rromanis in Albania," unpublished manuscript (1998), p. 2.
14. Hasluck, "Gypsies of Albania," pp. 50-51; Marcel Courthiades, "Social and Historical Profile of the Rromanis in Albania," unpublished manuscript (1998), p. 2.
15. Courthiades, "Social and Historical Profile of the Rromanis in Albania," pp. 5-6.
16. Courthiades, "Social and Historical Profile of the Rromanis in Albania," p. 13.
17. Hasluck, "Gypsies of Albania," pp. 108-112.
18. Giovanna Boursier, "Gypsies in Italy during the Fascist Dictatorship and the Second World War," in Donald Kenrick, ed., In the Shadow of the Swastika: The Gypsies during the Second World War (Hertfordshire, Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press, 1999), pp. 15-34.
19. Kolsti, "Albanian Gypsies," pp. 54-5.
20. Miranda Vickers, The Albanians: A Modern History (London: I. B. Taurus, 1997), pp. 177-179.
21. Vickers, The Albanians, pp. 201-209; Miranda Vickers and James Pettifer, Albania: From Anarchy to a Balkan Identity (New York: New York University Press, 1997), pp. 4, 216-230. Forty percent of the workforce was unemployed in 1991; Fabian Schmidt, "From Anarchy to an Uncertain Stability," in Peter Rutland, ed., The Challenge of Integration: Annual Survey of Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, 1997 (Armonk, NJ: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), pp. 237-239.
22. Vickers, The Albanians, pp. 201-209; Miranda Vickers and James Pettifer, Albania: From Anarchy to a Balkan Identity (New York: New York University Press, 1997), pp. 4, 216-230. Forty percent of the workforce was unemployed in 1991; Fabian Schmidt, "From Anarchy to an Uncertain Stability," in Peter Rutland, ed., The Challenge of Integration: Annual Survey of Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, 1997 (Armonk, NJ: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), pp. 237-239.
23. Vickers, The Albanians, pp. 201-209; Miranda Vickers and James Pettifer, Albania: From Anarchy to a Balkan Identity (New York: New York University Press, 1997), pp. 4, 216-230. Forty percent of the workforce was unemployed in 1991; Fabian Schmidt, "From Anarchy to an Uncertain Stability," in Peter Rutland, ed., The Challenge of Integration: Annual Survey of Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, 1997 (Armonk, NJ: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), pp. 237-239.
24. Janusz Bugajski, Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1995), p. 268; Vickers and Pettifer, Albania, p. 186; Courthiades, "Social and Historical Profile of the Rromanis in Albania," p. 1; Albania's 1997 population was 3.25 million. Schmidt, "From Anarchy to an Uncertain Stability," p. 236.
25. Janusz Bugajski, Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1995), p. 268; Vickers and Pettifer, Albania, p. 186; Courthiades, "Social and Historical Profile of the Rromanis in Albania," p. 1; Albania's 1997 population was 3.25 million. Schmidt, "From Anarchy to an Uncertain Stability," p. 236.
26. Janusz Bugajski, Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1995), p. 268; Vickers and Pettifer, Albania, p. 186; Courthiades, "Social and Historical Profile of the Rromanis in Albania," p. 1; Albania's 1997 population was 3.25 million. Schmidt, "From Anarchy to an Uncertain Stability," p. 236.
27. Janusz Bugajski, Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1995), p. 268; Vickers and Pettifer, Albania, p. 186; Courthiades, "Social and Historical Profile of the Rromanis in Albania," p. 1; Albania's 1997 population was 3.25 million. Schmidt, "From Anarchy to an Uncertain Stability," p. 236.
28. Courthiades, "Social and Historical Profile of the Rromanis in Albania," p. 15.
29. Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: A Short History (New York: New York University Press, 1994), pp. 50, 115-116; Donald Kenrick and Grattan Puxon, The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies (New York: Basic Books, 1972), pp.50, 55; Fraser, The Gypsies, p. 177; Rade Uhlik, "Gypsy Folk-Tales," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 37, Nos 1-2, 1958, p. 5; Alexander Petrovic, "Contributions to the Study of the Serbian Gypsies: 'Bijeli' or White Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 19, No. 3, 1940, p. 91; B. Gilliat-Smith, "The Dialect of the Gypsies of Serbo-Croatia," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 27, Nos 3-4, 1948, p. 142; B. Gilliat-Smith, "Review of Rade Uhlik, Iz ciganske Onomastile," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 36, Nos 3-4, 1957, p. 137; Tihomir R. Gjorgjevic, "Rumanian Gypsies in Serbia," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1929, p. 10; David Crowe, "The Gypsy Historical Experience in Romania," in David Crowe and John Kolsti, The Gypsies of Eastern Europe, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1991), pp. 62-63.
30. Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: A Short History (New York: New York University Press, 1994), pp. 50, 115-116; Donald Kenrick and Grattan Puxon, The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies (New York: Basic Books, 1972), pp.50, 55; Fraser, The Gypsies, p. 177; Rade Uhlik, "Gypsy Folk-Tales," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 37, Nos 1-2, 1958, p. 5; Alexander Petrovic, "Contributions to the Study of the Serbian Gypsies: 'Bijeli' or White Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 19, No. 3, 1940, p. 91; B. Gilliat-Smith, "The Dialect of the Gypsies of Serbo-Croatia," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 27, Nos 3-4, 1948, p. 142; B. Gilliat-Smith, "Review of Rade Uhlik, Iz ciganske Onomastile," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 36, Nos 3-4, 1957, p. 137; Tihomir R. Gjorgjevic, "Rumanian Gypsies in Serbia," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1929, p. 10; David Crowe, "The Gypsy Historical Experience in Romania," in David Crowe and John Kolsti, The Gypsies of Eastern Europe, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1991), pp. 62-63.
31. Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: A Short History (New York: New York University Press, 1994), pp. 50, 115-116; Donald Kenrick and Grattan Puxon, The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies (New York: Basic Books, 1972), pp.50, 55; Fraser, The Gypsies, p. 177; Rade Uhlik, "Gypsy Folk-Tales," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 37, Nos 1-2, 1958, p. 5; Alexander Petrovic, "Contributions to the Study of the Serbian Gypsies: 'Bijeli' or White Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 19, No. 3, 1940, p. 91; B. Gilliat-Smith, "The Dialect of the Gypsies of Serbo-Croatia," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 27, Nos 3-4, 1948, p. 142; B. Gilliat-Smith, "Review of Rade Uhlik, Iz ciganske Onomastile," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 36, Nos 3-4, 1957, p. 137; Tihomir R. Gjorgjevic, "Rumanian Gypsies in Serbia," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1929, p. 10; David Crowe, "The Gypsy Historical Experience in Romania," in David Crowe and John Kolsti, The Gypsies of Eastern Europe, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1991), pp. 62-63.
32. Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: A Short History (New York: New York University Press, 1994), pp. 50, 115-116; Donald Kenrick and Grattan Puxon, The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies (New York: Basic Books, 1972), pp.50, 55; Fraser, The Gypsies, p. 177; Rade Uhlik, "Gypsy Folk-Tales," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 37, Nos 1-2, 1958, p. 5; Alexander Petrovic, "Contributions to the Study of the Serbian Gypsies: 'Bijeli' or White Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 19, No. 3, 1940, p. 91; B. Gilliat-Smith, "The Dialect of the Gypsies of Serbo-Croatia," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 27, Nos 3-4, 1948, p. 142; B. Gilliat-Smith, "Review of Rade Uhlik, Iz ciganske Onomastile," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 36, Nos 3-4, 1957, p. 137; Tihomir R. Gjorgjevic, "Rumanian Gypsies in Serbia," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1929, p. 10; David Crowe, "The Gypsy Historical Experience in Romania," in David Crowe and John Kolsti, The Gypsies of Eastern Europe, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1991), pp. 62-63.
33. Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: A Short History (New York: New York University Press, 1994), pp. 50, 115-116; Donald Kenrick and Grattan Puxon, The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies (New York: Basic Books, 1972), pp.50, 55; Fraser, The Gypsies, p. 177; Rade Uhlik, "Gypsy Folk-Tales," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 37, Nos 1-2, 1958, p. 5; Alexander Petrovic, "Contributions to the Study of the Serbian Gypsies: 'Bijeli' or White Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 19, No. 3, 1940, p. 91; B. Gilliat-Smith, "The Dialect of the Gypsies of Serbo-Croatia," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 27, Nos 3-4, 1948, p. 142; B. Gilliat-Smith, "Review of Rade Uhlik, Iz ciganske Onomastile," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 36, Nos 3-4, 1957, p. 137; Tihomir R. Gjorgjevic, "Rumanian Gypsies in Serbia," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1929, p. 10; David Crowe, "The Gypsy Historical Experience in Romania," in David Crowe and John Kolsti, The Gypsies of Eastern Europe, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1991), pp. 62-63.
34. Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: A Short History (New York: New York University Press, 1994), pp. 50, 115-116; Donald Kenrick and Grattan Puxon, The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies (New York: Basic Books, 1972), pp.50, 55; Fraser, The Gypsies, p. 177; Rade Uhlik, "Gypsy Folk-Tales," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 37, Nos 1-2, 1958, p. 5; Alexander Petrovic, "Contributions to the Study of the Serbian Gypsies: 'Bijeli' or White Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 19, No. 3, 1940, p. 91; B. Gilliat-Smith, "The Dialect of the Gypsies of Serbo-Croatia," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 27, Nos 3-4, 1948, p. 142; B. Gilliat-Smith, "Review of Rade Uhlik, Iz ciganske Onomastile," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 36, Nos 3-4, 1957, p. 137; Tihomir R. Gjorgjevic, "Rumanian Gypsies in Serbia," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1929, p. 10; David Crowe, "The Gypsy Historical Experience in Romania," in David Crowe and John Kolsti, The Gypsies of Eastern Europe, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1991), pp. 62-63.
35. Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: A Short History (New York: New York University Press, 1994), pp. 50, 115-116; Donald Kenrick and Grattan Puxon, The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies (New York: Basic Books, 1972), pp.50, 55; Fraser, The Gypsies, p. 177; Rade Uhlik, "Gypsy Folk-Tales," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 37, Nos 1-2, 1958, p. 5; Alexander Petrovic, "Contributions to the Study of the Serbian Gypsies: 'Bijeli' or White Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 19, No. 3, 1940, p. 91; B. Gilliat-Smith, "The Dialect of the Gypsies of Serbo-Croatia," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 27, Nos 3-4, 1948, p. 142; B. Gilliat-Smith, "Review of Rade Uhlik, Iz ciganske Onomastile," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 36, Nos 3-4, 1957, p. 137; Tihomir R. Gjorgjevic, "Rumanian Gypsies in Serbia," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1929, p. 10; David Crowe, "The Gypsy Historical Experience in Romania," in David Crowe and John Kolsti, The Gypsies of Eastern Europe, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1991), pp. 62-63.
36. Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: A Short History (New York: New York University Press, 1994), pp. 50, 115-116; Donald Kenrick and Grattan Puxon, The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies (New York: Basic Books, 1972), pp.50, 55; Fraser, The Gypsies, p. 177; Rade Uhlik, "Gypsy Folk-Tales," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 37, Nos 1-2, 1958, p. 5; Alexander Petrovic, "Contributions to the Study of the Serbian Gypsies: 'Bijeli' or White Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 19, No. 3, 1940, p. 91; B. Gilliat-Smith, "The Dialect of the Gypsies of Serbo-Croatia," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 27, Nos 3-4, 1948, p. 142; B. Gilliat-Smith, "Review of Rade Uhlik, Iz ciganske Onomastile," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 36, Nos 3-4, 1957, p. 137; Tihomir R. Gjorgjevic, "Rumanian Gypsies in Serbia," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1929, p. 10; David Crowe, "The Gypsy Historical Experience in Romania," in David Crowe and John Kolsti, The Gypsies of Eastern Europe, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1991), pp. 62-63.
37. Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: A Short History (New York: New York University Press, 1994), pp. 50, 115-116; Donald Kenrick and Grattan Puxon, The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies (New York: Basic Books, 1972), pp.50, 55; Fraser, The Gypsies, p. 177; Rade Uhlik, "Gypsy Folk-Tales," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 37, Nos 1-2, 1958, p. 5; Alexander Petrovic, "Contributions to the Study of the Serbian Gypsies: 'Bijeli' or White Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 19, No. 3, 1940, p. 91; B. Gilliat-Smith, "The Dialect of the Gypsies of Serbo-Croatia," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 27, Nos 3-4, 1948, p. 142; B. Gilliat-Smith, "Review of Rade Uhlik, Iz ciganske Onomastile," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 36, Nos 3-4, 1957, p. 137; Tihomir R. Gjorgjevic, "Rumanian Gypsies in Serbia," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1929, p. 10; David Crowe, "The Gypsy Historical Experience in Romania," in David Crowe and John Kolsti, The Gypsies of Eastern Europe, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1991), pp. 62-63.
38. Crowe, History of the Gypsies, p. 199; Malcolm, Bosnia, p. 117; Fraser, The Gypsies, pp. 227-228.
39. Crowe, History of the Gypsies, p. 199; Malcolm, Bosnia, p. 117; Fraser, The Gypsies, pp. 227-228.
40. Crowe, History of the Gypsies, p. 199; Malcolm, Bosnia, p. 117; Fraser, The Gypsies, pp. 227-228.
41. Malcolm, Bosnia, pp. 116, 118; Crowe, History of the Gypsies, p. 198.
42. Malcolm, Bosnia, pp. 116, 118; Crowe, History of the Gypsies, p. 198.
43. Malcolm, Bosnia, pp. 168-172, 185.
44. Malcolm, Bosnia, p. 118; Dennis Reinhartz, "Damnation of the Outsider: The Gypsies of Croatia and Serbia in the Balkan Holocaust, 1941-1945," in Crowe and Kolsti, Gypsies of Eastern Europe, pp. 84-88; Kenrick and Puxon, Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, pp. 109-112, 183; Edmund Paris, Genocide in Satellite Croatia, 1941-1945, translated by Lois Perkins (Chicago: American Institute for Balkan Affairs, 1961), pp. 62, 211, 217; Clissold, "Occupation and Resistance," pp. 209-210; at the same time that the Ustaša sought to eliminate Croatia's Roma, it also adopted a three-pronged assault on the NDH's two million Serbs, who made up almost a third of Croatia's 6.5 million people. One-third were to be murdered, one-third deported, and one-third converted to Roman Catholicism. Though figures vary widely, conservative estimates indicate that 350,000 Serbs died at Croatian hands between 1941 and 1944, while the Serbs claim that 750,000 were butchered. About 80% of Croatia's 18,000 Jews died during this period. The NDH's 700,000-750,000 Muslims, primarily in Bosnia and Herzegovina, were dealt with in mixed fashion. Fred Singleton, Twentieth Century Yugoslavia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), pp. 86-88; Toussaint Hocevar and David Crowe, "National Minorities in Yugoslavia, 1919-1980," in Stephan M. Horak, ed., Eastern European National Minorities, 1919-1980: A Handbook (Littleton: Libraries Unlimited, 1985), p. 239; Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, Vol. 2 (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), p. 718; Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans, Volume II: Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 263-264.
45. Malcolm, Bosnia, p. 118; Dennis Reinhartz, "Damnation of the Outsider: The Gypsies of Croatia and Serbia in the Balkan Holocaust, 1941-1945," in Crowe and Kolsti, Gypsies of Eastern Europe, pp. 84-88; Kenrick and Puxon, Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, pp. 109-112, 183; Edmund Paris, Genocide in Satellite Croatia, 1941-1945, translated by Lois Perkins (Chicago: American Institute for Balkan Affairs, 1961), pp. 62, 211, 217; Clissold, "Occupation and Resistance," pp. 209-210; at the same time that the Ustaša sought to eliminate Croatia's Roma, it also adopted a three-pronged assault on the NDH's two million Serbs, who made up almost a third of Croatia's 6.5 million people. One-third were to be murdered, one-third deported, and one-third converted to Roman Catholicism. Though figures vary widely, conservative estimates indicate that 350,000 Serbs died at Croatian hands between 1941 and 1944, while the Serbs claim that 750,000 were butchered. About 80% of Croatia's 18,000 Jews died during this period. The NDH's 700,000-750,000 Muslims, primarily in Bosnia and Herzegovina, were dealt with in mixed fashion. Fred Singleton, Twentieth Century Yugoslavia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), pp. 86-88; Toussaint Hocevar and David Crowe, "National Minorities in Yugoslavia, 1919-1980," in Stephan M. Horak, ed., Eastern European National Minorities, 1919-1980: A Handbook (Littleton: Libraries Unlimited, 1985), p. 239; Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, Vol. 2 (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), p. 718; Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans, Volume II: Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 263-264.
46. Malcolm, Bosnia, p. 118; Dennis Reinhartz, "Damnation of the Outsider: The Gypsies of Croatia and Serbia in the Balkan Holocaust, 1941-1945," in Crowe and Kolsti, Gypsies of Eastern Europe, pp. 84-88; Kenrick and Puxon, Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, pp. 109-112, 183; Edmund Paris, Genocide in Satellite Croatia, 1941-1945, translated by Lois Perkins (Chicago: American Institute for Balkan Affairs, 1961), pp. 62, 211, 217; Clissold, "Occupation and Resistance," pp. 209-210; at the same time that the Ustaša sought to eliminate Croatia's Roma, it also adopted a three-pronged assault on the NDH's two million Serbs, who made up almost a third of Croatia's 6.5 million people. One-third were to be murdered, one-third deported, and one-third converted to Roman Catholicism. Though figures vary widely, conservative estimates indicate that 350,000 Serbs died at Croatian hands between 1941 and 1944, while the Serbs claim that 750,000 were butchered. About 80% of Croatia's 18,000 Jews died during this period. The NDH's 700,000-750,000 Muslims, primarily in Bosnia and Herzegovina, were dealt with in mixed fashion. Fred Singleton, Twentieth Century Yugoslavia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), pp. 86-88; Toussaint Hocevar and David Crowe, "National Minorities in Yugoslavia, 1919-1980," in Stephan M. Horak, ed., Eastern European National Minorities, 1919-1980: A Handbook (Littleton: Libraries Unlimited, 1985), p. 239; Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, Vol. 2 (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), p. 718; Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans, Volume II: Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 263-264.
47. Malcolm, Bosnia, p. 118; Dennis Reinhartz, "Damnation of the Outsider: The Gypsies of Croatia and Serbia in the Balkan Holocaust, 1941-1945," in Crowe and Kolsti, Gypsies of Eastern Europe, pp. 84-88; Kenrick and Puxon, Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, pp. 109-112, 183; Edmund Paris, Genocide in Satellite Croatia, 1941-1945, translated by Lois Perkins (Chicago: American Institute for Balkan Affairs, 1961), pp. 62, 211, 217; Clissold, "Occupation and Resistance," pp. 209-210; at the same time that the Ustaša sought to eliminate Croatia's Roma, it also adopted a three-pronged assault on the NDH's two million Serbs, who made up almost a third of Croatia's 6.5 million people. One-third were to be murdered, one-third deported, and one-third converted to Roman Catholicism. Though figures vary widely, conservative estimates indicate that 350,000 Serbs died at Croatian hands between 1941 and 1944, while the Serbs claim that 750,000 were butchered. About 80% of Croatia's 18,000 Jews died during this period. The NDH's 700,000-750,000 Muslims, primarily in Bosnia and Herzegovina, were dealt with in mixed fashion. Fred Singleton, Twentieth Century Yugoslavia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), pp. 86-88; Toussaint Hocevar and David Crowe, "National Minorities in Yugoslavia, 1919-1980," in Stephan M. Horak, ed., Eastern European National Minorities, 1919-1980: A Handbook (Littleton: Libraries Unlimited, 1985), p. 239; Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, Vol. 2 (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), p. 718; Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans, Volume II: Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 263-264.
48. Malcolm, Bosnia, p. 118; Dennis Reinhartz, "Damnation of the Outsider: The Gypsies of Croatia and Serbia in the Balkan Holocaust, 1941-1945," in Crowe and Kolsti, Gypsies of Eastern Europe, pp. 84-88; Kenrick and Puxon, Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, pp. 109-112, 183; Edmund Paris, Genocide in Satellite Croatia, 1941-1945, translated by Lois Perkins (Chicago: American Institute for Balkan Affairs, 1961), pp. 62, 211, 217; Clissold, "Occupation and Resistance," pp. 209-210; at the same time that the Ustaša sought to eliminate Croatia's Roma, it also adopted a three-pronged assault on the NDH's two million Serbs, who made up almost a third of Croatia's 6.5 million people. One-third were to be murdered, one-third deported, and one-third converted to Roman Catholicism. Though figures vary widely, conservative estimates indicate that 350,000 Serbs died at Croatian hands between 1941 and 1944, while the Serbs claim that 750,000 were butchered. About 80% of Croatia's 18,000 Jews died during this period. The NDH's 700,000-750,000 Muslims, primarily in Bosnia and Herzegovina, were dealt with in mixed fashion. Fred Singleton, Twentieth Century Yugoslavia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), pp. 86-88; Toussaint Hocevar and David Crowe, "National Minorities in Yugoslavia, 1919-1980," in Stephan M. Horak, ed., Eastern European National Minorities, 1919-1980: A Handbook (Littleton: Libraries Unlimited, 1985), p. 239; Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, Vol. 2 (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), p. 718; Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans, Volume II: Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 263-264.
49. Malcolm, Bosnia, p. 118; Dennis Reinhartz, "Damnation of the Outsider: The Gypsies of Croatia and Serbia in the Balkan Holocaust, 1941-1945," in Crowe and Kolsti, Gypsies of Eastern Europe, pp. 84-88; Kenrick and Puxon, Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, pp. 109-112, 183; Edmund Paris, Genocide in Satellite Croatia, 1941-1945, translated by Lois Perkins (Chicago: American Institute for Balkan Affairs, 1961), pp. 62, 211, 217; Clissold, "Occupation and Resistance," pp. 209-210; at the same time that the Ustaša sought to eliminate Croatia's Roma, it also adopted a three-pronged assault on the NDH's two million Serbs, who made up almost a third of Croatia's 6.5 million people. One-third were to be murdered, one-third deported, and one-third converted to Roman Catholicism. Though figures vary widely, conservative estimates indicate that 350,000 Serbs died at Croatian hands between 1941 and 1944, while the Serbs claim that 750,000 were butchered. About 80% of Croatia's 18,000 Jews died during this period. The NDH's 700,000-750,000 Muslims, primarily in Bosnia and Herzegovina, were dealt with in mixed fashion. Fred Singleton, Twentieth Century Yugoslavia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), pp. 86-88; Toussaint Hocevar and David Crowe, "National Minorities in Yugoslavia, 1919-1980," in Stephan M. Horak, ed., Eastern European National Minorities, 1919-1980: A Handbook (Littleton: Libraries Unlimited, 1985), p. 239; Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, Vol. 2 (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), p. 718; Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans, Volume II: Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 263-264.
50. Malcolm, Bosnia, p. 118; Dennis Reinhartz, "Damnation of the Outsider: The Gypsies of Croatia and Serbia in the Balkan Holocaust, 1941-1945," in Crowe and Kolsti, Gypsies of Eastern Europe, pp. 84-88; Kenrick and Puxon, Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, pp. 109-112, 183; Edmund Paris, Genocide in Satellite Croatia, 1941-1945, translated by Lois Perkins (Chicago: American Institute for Balkan Affairs, 1961), pp. 62, 211, 217; Clissold, "Occupation and Resistance," pp. 209-210; at the same time that the Ustaša sought to eliminate Croatia's Roma, it also adopted a three-pronged assault on the NDH's two million Serbs, who made up almost a third of Croatia's 6.5 million people. One-third were to be murdered, one-third deported, and one-third converted to Roman Catholicism. Though figures vary widely, conservative estimates indicate that 350,000 Serbs died at Croatian hands between 1941 and 1944, while the Serbs claim that 750,000 were butchered. About 80% of Croatia's 18,000 Jews died during this period. The NDH's 700,000-750,000 Muslims, primarily in Bosnia and Herzegovina, were dealt with in mixed fashion. Fred Singleton, Twentieth Century Yugoslavia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), pp. 86-88; Toussaint Hocevar and David Crowe, "National Minorities in Yugoslavia, 1919-1980," in Stephan M. Horak, ed., Eastern European National Minorities, 1919-1980: A Handbook (Littleton: Libraries Unlimited, 1985), p. 239; Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, Vol. 2 (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), p. 718; Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans, Volume II: Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 263-264.
51. Malcolm, Bosnia, p. 118; Dennis Reinhartz, "Damnation of the Outsider: The Gypsies of Croatia and Serbia in the Balkan Holocaust, 1941-1945," in Crowe and Kolsti, Gypsies of Eastern Europe, pp. 84-88; Kenrick and Puxon, Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, pp. 109-112, 183; Edmund Paris, Genocide in Satellite Croatia, 1941-1945, translated by Lois Perkins (Chicago: American Institute for Balkan Affairs, 1961), pp. 62, 211, 217; Clissold, "Occupation and Resistance," pp. 209-210; at the same time that the Ustaša sought to eliminate Croatia's Roma, it also adopted a three-pronged assault on the NDH's two million Serbs, who made up almost a third of Croatia's 6.5 million people. One-third were to be murdered, one-third deported, and one-third converted to Roman Catholicism. Though figures vary widely, conservative estimates indicate that 350,000 Serbs died at Croatian hands between 1941 and 1944, while the Serbs claim that 750,000 were butchered. About 80% of Croatia's 18,000 Jews died during this period. The NDH's 700,000-750,000 Muslims, primarily in Bosnia and Herzegovina, were dealt with in mixed fashion. Fred Singleton, Twentieth Century Yugoslavia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), pp. 86-88; Toussaint Hocevar and David Crowe, "National Minorities in Yugoslavia, 1919-1980," in Stephan M. Horak, ed., Eastern European National Minorities, 1919-1980: A Handbook (Littleton: Libraries Unlimited, 1985), p. 239; Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, Vol. 2 (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), p. 718; Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans, Volume II: Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 263-264.
52. Malcolm, Bosnia, p. 118; Dennis Reinhartz, "Damnation of the Outsider: The Gypsies of Croatia and Serbia in the Balkan Holocaust, 1941-1945," in Crowe and Kolsti, Gypsies of Eastern Europe, pp. 84-88; Kenrick and Puxon, Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, pp. 109-112, 183; Edmund Paris, Genocide in Satellite Croatia, 1941-1945, translated by Lois Perkins (Chicago: American Institute for Balkan Affairs, 1961), pp. 62, 211, 217; Clissold, "Occupation and Resistance," pp. 209-210; at the same time that the Ustaša sought to eliminate Croatia's Roma, it also adopted a three-pronged assault on the NDH's two million Serbs, who made up almost a third of Croatia's 6.5 million people. One-third were to be murdered, one-third deported, and one-third converted to Roman Catholicism. Though figures vary widely, conservative estimates indicate that 350,000 Serbs died at Croatian hands between 1941 and 1944, while the Serbs claim that 750,000 were butchered. About 80% of Croatia's 18,000 Jews died during this period. The NDH's 700,000-750,000 Muslims, primarily in Bosnia and Herzegovina, were dealt with in mixed fashion. Fred Singleton, Twentieth Century Yugoslavia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), pp. 86-88; Toussaint Hocevar and David Crowe, "National Minorities in Yugoslavia, 1919-1980," in Stephan M. Horak, ed., Eastern European National Minorities, 1919-1980: A Handbook (Littleton: Libraries Unlimited, 1985), p. 239; Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, Vol. 2 (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), p. 718; Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans, Volume II: Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 263-264.
53. Paul S. Shoup, The East European and Soviet Data Handbook (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), p. 144; Vanek Šiftar, Cingani: Minulost v Sedanjosti (Murska Sobota: Pomurska Zaloźba, 1970), p. 71; Enciklopedija Jugoslavije, Vol. 2 (Zagreb: Izdanje i naklada leksikografskog zavoda FNJR, 1956), p. 376; Tihomir P. Vukanović, "The Gypsy Population in Yugoslavia," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 42, Nos 1-2, 1963, pp. 16-22. Vukanović says the total Roma population in 1948 was 72,693; Vukanović, Romi u Jugoslaviji, pp. 123-129. Other authors also give slightly different demographic figures. Paul Shoup, for example, says there were 72,736 Roma in Yugoslavia in 1948 in his Communism and the Yugoslav National Question (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968), p. 266, while Werner Markert indicates a Gypsy population of 72,671 in his Jugoslawien, p. 16.
54. Paul S. Shoup, The East European and Soviet Data Handbook (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), p. 144; Vanek Šiftar, Cingani: Minulost v Sedanjosti (Murska Sobota: Pomurska Zaloźba, 1970), p. 71; Enciklopedija Jugoslavije, Vol. 2 (Zagreb: Izdanje i naklada leksikografskog zavoda FNJR, 1956), p. 376; Tihomir P. Vukanović, "The Gypsy Population in Yugoslavia," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 42, Nos 1-2, 1963, pp. 16-22. Vukanović says the total Roma population in 1948 was 72,693; Vukanović, Romi u Jugoslaviji, pp. 123-129. Other authors also give slightly different demographic figures. Paul Shoup, for example, says there were 72,736 Roma in Yugoslavia in 1948 in his Communism and the Yugoslav National Question (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968), p. 266, while Werner Markert indicates a Gypsy population of 72,671 in his Jugoslawien, p. 16.
55. Paul S. Shoup, The East European and Soviet Data Handbook (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), p. 144; Vanek Šiftar, Cingani: Minulost v Sedanjosti (Murska Sobota: Pomurska Zaloźba, 1970), p. 71; Enciklopedija Jugoslavije, Vol. 2 (Zagreb: Izdanje i naklada leksikografskog zavoda FNJR, 1956), p. 376; Tihomir P. Vukanović, "The Gypsy Population in Yugoslavia," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 42, Nos 1-2, 1963, pp. 16-22. Vukanović says the total Roma population in 1948 was 72,693; Vukanović, Romi u Jugoslaviji, pp. 123-129. Other authors also give slightly different demographic figures. Paul Shoup, for example, says there were 72,736 Roma in Yugoslavia in 1948 in his Communism and the Yugoslav National Question (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968), p. 266, while Werner Markert indicates a Gypsy population of 72,671 in his Jugoslawien, p. 16.
56. Paul S. Shoup, The East European and Soviet Data Handbook (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), p. 144; Vanek Šiftar, Cingani: Minulost v Sedanjosti (Murska Sobota: Pomurska Zaloźba, 1970), p. 71; Enciklopedija Jugoslavije, Vol. 2 (Zagreb: Izdanje i naklada leksikografskog zavoda FNJR, 1956), p. 376; Tihomir P. Vukanović, "The Gypsy Population in Yugoslavia," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 42, Nos 1-2, 1963, pp. 16-22. Vukanović says the total Roma population in 1948 was 72,693; Vukanović, Romi u Jugoslaviji, pp. 123-129. Other authors also give slightly different demographic figures. Paul Shoup, for example, says there were 72,736 Roma in Yugoslavia in 1948 in his Communism and the Yugoslav National Question (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968), p. 266, while Werner Markert indicates a Gypsy population of 72,671 in his Jugoslawien, p. 16.
57. Paul S. Shoup, The East European and Soviet Data Handbook (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), p. 144; Vanek Šiftar, Cingani: Minulost v Sedanjosti (Murska Sobota: Pomurska Zaloźba, 1970), p. 71; Enciklopedija Jugoslavije, Vol. 2 (Zagreb: Izdanje i naklada leksikografskog zavoda FNJR, 1956), p. 376; Tihomir P. Vukanović, "The Gypsy Population in Yugoslavia," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 42, Nos 1-2, 1963, pp. 16-22. Vukanović says the total Roma population in 1948 was 72,693; Vukanović, Romi u Jugoslaviji, pp. 123-129. Other authors also give slightly different demographic figures. Paul Shoup, for example, says there were 72,736 Roma in Yugoslavia in 1948 in his Communism and the Yugoslav National Question (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968), p. 266, while Werner Markert indicates a Gypsy population of 72,671 in his Jugoslawien, p. 16.
58. Paul S. Shoup, The East European and Soviet Data Handbook (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), p. 144; Vanek Šiftar, Cingani: Minulost v Sedanjosti (Murska Sobota: Pomurska Zaloźba, 1970), p. 71; Enciklopedija Jugoslavije, Vol. 2 (Zagreb: Izdanje i naklada leksikografskog zavoda FNJR, 1956), p. 376; Tihomir P. Vukanović, "The Gypsy Population in Yugoslavia," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 42, Nos 1-2, 1963, pp. 16-22. Vukanović says the total Roma population in 1948 was 72,693; Vukanović, Romi u Jugoslaviji, pp. 123-129. Other authors also give slightly different demographic figures. Paul Shoup, for example, says there were 72,736 Roma in Yugoslavia in 1948 in his Communism and the Yugoslav National Question (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968), p. 266, while Werner Markert indicates a Gypsy population of 72,671 in his Jugoslawien, p. 16.
59. Paul S. Shoup, The East European and Soviet Data Handbook (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), p. 144; Vanek Šiftar, Cingani: Minulost v Sedanjosti (Murska Sobota: Pomurska Zaloźba, 1970), p. 71; Enciklopedija Jugoslavije, Vol. 2 (Zagreb: Izdanje i naklada leksikografskog zavoda FNJR, 1956), p. 376; Tihomir P. Vukanović, "The Gypsy Population in Yugoslavia," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 42, Nos 1-2, 1963, pp. 16-22. Vukanović says the total Roma population in 1948 was 72,693; Vukanović, Romi u Jugoslaviji, pp. 123-129. Other authors also give slightly different demographic figures. Paul Shoup, for example, says there were 72,736 Roma in Yugoslavia in 1948 in his Communism and the Yugoslav National Question (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968), p. 266, while Werner Markert indicates a Gypsy population of 72,671 in his Jugoslawien, p. 16.
60. Vukanovic, "Gypsy Population in Yugoslavia," pp. 23-26.
61. Vukanovic, Romi u Jugoslaviji, pp. 129-132; Strukelj, Rom na Slovenskem, pp. 61, 97-98, 318. Shoup, Eastern European and Soviet Handbook, pp. 143-144, 156-157; Shoup, Communism and the Yugoslav National Question, p. 267; Hondius, Yugoslav Community of Nations, p. 23. Colin Clark argues that problems determining the true size of the diverse Roma communities throughout the Balkans and Eastern Europe are caused by centuries of discrimination which cause many Roma to hesitate to declare their true ethnic status. In the last decades of the twentieth century, he adds, political necessity has caused some Roma to identify officially with a more powerful or influential ethnic minority. Colin Clark, "Counting Backwards: The Roma 'Numbers Game' in Central and Eastern Europe," Radical Statistics, No. 69, 1998, pp. 39-42.
62. Vukanovic, Romi u Jugoslaviji, pp. 129-132; Strukelj, Rom na Slovenskem, pp. 61, 97-98, 318. Shoup, Eastern European and Soviet Handbook, pp. 143-144, 156-157; Shoup, Communism and the Yugoslav National Question, p. 267; Hondius, Yugoslav Community of Nations, p. 23. Colin Clark argues that problems determining the true size of the diverse Roma communities throughout the Balkans and Eastern Europe are caused by centuries of discrimination which cause many Roma to hesitate to declare their true ethnic status. In the last decades of the twentieth century, he adds, political necessity has caused some Roma to identify officially with a more powerful or influential ethnic minority. Colin Clark, "Counting Backwards: The Roma 'Numbers Game' in Central and Eastern Europe," Radical Statistics, No. 69, 1998, pp. 39-42.
63. Vukanovic, Romi u Jugoslaviji, pp. 129-132; Strukelj, Rom na Slovenskem, pp. 61, 97-98, 318. Shoup, Eastern European and Soviet Handbook, pp. 143-144, 156-157; Shoup, Communism and the Yugoslav National Question, p. 267; Hondius, Yugoslav Community of Nations, p. 23. Colin Clark argues that problems determining the true size of the diverse Roma communities throughout the Balkans and Eastern Europe are caused by centuries of discrimination which cause many Roma to hesitate to declare their true ethnic status. In the last decades of the twentieth century, he adds, political necessity has caused some Roma to identify officially with a more powerful or influential ethnic minority. Colin Clark, "Counting Backwards: The Roma 'Numbers Game' in Central and Eastern Europe," Radical Statistics, No. 69, 1998, pp. 39-42.
64. Vukanovic, Romi u Jugoslaviji, pp. 129-132; Strukelj, Rom na Slovenskem, pp. 61, 97-98, 318. Shoup, Eastern European and Soviet Handbook, pp. 143-144, 156-157; Shoup, Communism and the Yugoslav National Question, p. 267; Hondius, Yugoslav Community of Nations, p. 23. Colin Clark argues that problems determining the true size of the diverse Roma communities throughout the Balkans and Eastern Europe are caused by centuries of discrimination which cause many Roma to hesitate to declare their true ethnic status. In the last decades of the twentieth century, he adds, political necessity has caused some Roma to identify officially with a more powerful or influential ethnic minority. Colin Clark, "Counting Backwards: The Roma 'Numbers Game' in Central and Eastern Europe," Radical Statistics, No. 69, 1998, pp. 39-42.
65. Vukanovic, Romi u Jugoslaviji, pp. 129-132; Strukelj, Rom na Slovenskem, pp. 61, 97-98, 318. Shoup, Eastern European and Soviet Handbook, pp. 143-144, 156-157; Shoup, Communism and the Yugoslav National Question, p. 267; Hondius, Yugoslav Community of Nations, p. 23. Colin Clark argues that problems determining the true size of the diverse Roma communities throughout the Balkans and Eastern Europe are caused by centuries of discrimination which cause many Roma to hesitate to declare their true ethnic status. In the last decades of the twentieth century, he adds, political necessity has caused some Roma to identify officially with a more powerful or influential ethnic minority. Colin Clark, "Counting Backwards: The Roma 'Numbers Game' in Central and Eastern Europe," Radical Statistics, No. 69, 1998, pp. 39-42.
66. Vukanovic, Romi u Jugoslaviji, pp. 129-132; Strukelj, Rom na Slovenskem, pp. 61, 97-98, 318. Shoup, Eastern European and Soviet Handbook, pp. 143-144, 156-157; Shoup, Communism and the Yugoslav National Question, p. 267; Hondius, Yugoslav Community of Nations, p. 23. Colin Clark argues that problems determining the true size of the diverse Roma communities throughout the Balkans and Eastern Europe are caused by centuries of discrimination which cause many Roma to hesitate to declare their true ethnic status. In the last decades of the twentieth century, he adds, political necessity has caused some Roma to identify officially with a more powerful or influential ethnic minority. Colin Clark, "Counting Backwards: The Roma 'Numbers Game' in Central and Eastern Europe," Radical Statistics, No. 69, 1998, pp. 39-42.
67. Peter R. Prifti, Socialist Albania since 1944: Domestic and Foreign Developments (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978), pp. 240-241; Tirvo Indjic, Affirmative Action: The Yugoslav Case (New York: Rockefeller Foundation, 1984), p. 211; Puxon, Rom (London: Minority Rights Group, 1973), p. 23; "Probleme mit Jugoslawiens Zigeunern," Osteuropa, Vol. 4, 1978, p. A249; "Zigeuner zwischen Albanern und Serbien," Osteuropa, Vol. 6, 1972, p. A197; Crowe, History of the Gypsies, pp. 224-226.
68. Peter R. Prifti, Socialist Albania since 1944: Domestic and Foreign Developments (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978), pp. 240-241; Tirvo Indjic, Affirmative Action: The Yugoslav Case (New York: Rockefeller Foundation, 1984), p. 211; Puxon, Rom (London: Minority Rights Group, 1973), p. 23; "Probleme mit Jugoslawiens Zigeunern," Osteuropa, Vol. 4, 1978, p. A249; "Zigeuner zwischen Albanern und Serbien," Osteuropa, Vol. 6, 1972, p. A197; Crowe, History of the Gypsies, pp. 224-226.
69. Peter R. Prifti, Socialist Albania since 1944: Domestic and Foreign Developments (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978), pp. 240-241; Tirvo Indjic, Affirmative Action: The Yugoslav Case (New York: Rockefeller Foundation, 1984), p. 211; Puxon, Rom (London: Minority Rights Group, 1973), p. 23; "Probleme mit Jugoslawiens Zigeunern," Osteuropa, Vol. 4, 1978, p. A249; "Zigeuner zwischen Albanern und Serbien," Osteuropa, Vol. 6, 1972, p. A197; Crowe, History of the Gypsies, pp. 224-226.
70. Peter R. Prifti, Socialist Albania since 1944: Domestic and Foreign Developments (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978), pp. 240-241; Tirvo Indjic, Affirmative Action: The Yugoslav Case (New York: Rockefeller Foundation, 1984), p. 211; Puxon, Rom (London: Minority Rights Group, 1973), p. 23; "Probleme mit Jugoslawiens Zigeunern," Osteuropa, Vol. 4, 1978, p. A249; "Zigeuner zwischen Albanern und Serbien," Osteuropa, Vol. 6, 1972, p. A197; Crowe, History of the Gypsies, pp. 224-226.
71. Peter R. Prifti, Socialist Albania since 1944: Domestic and Foreign Developments (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978), pp. 240-241; Tirvo Indjic, Affirmative Action: The Yugoslav Case (New York: Rockefeller Foundation, 1984), p. 211; Puxon, Rom (London: Minority Rights Group, 1973), p. 23; "Probleme mit Jugoslawiens Zigeunern," Osteuropa, Vol. 4, 1978, p. A249; "Zigeuner zwischen Albanern und Serbien," Osteuropa, Vol. 6, 1972, p. A197; Crowe, History of the Gypsies, pp. 224-226.
72. Peter R. Prifti, Socialist Albania since 1944: Domestic and Foreign Developments (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978), pp. 240-241; Tirvo Indjic, Affirmative Action: The Yugoslav Case (New York: Rockefeller Foundation, 1984), p. 211; Puxon, Rom (London: Minority Rights Group, 1973), p. 23; "Probleme mit Jugoslawiens Zigeunern," Osteuropa, Vol. 4, 1978, p. A249; "Zigeuner zwischen Albanern und Serbien," Osteuropa, Vol. 6, 1972, p. A197; Crowe, History of the Gypsies, pp. 224-226.
73. Poulton, The Balkans, pp. 87-88.
74. Crowe, History of the Gypsies, pp. 226-227.
75. Crowe, History of the Gypsies, pp. 228-229.
76. Robert M. Hayden, "The Partition of Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1990-1993," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 22, 1993, pp. 2, 6-14; American Committee to Save Bosnia, "Convoy Bosnia - A Summary of the Crisis in Bosnia," (London: Minority Rights Group, 1993), p. 1; Jeremy Druker, "Present but Unaccounted for," Transitions, Vol. 4, No. 4, 1997, p. 23; Judith Latham, "Roma in the Former Yugoslavia," Nationalities Papers, Vol. 27, No. 2, 1999, p. 213. When the fighting broke out, 43.7% of Bosnia's four million people were Muslim, while a little over 31% were Serbs, and 17.3% Croats.
77. Robert M. Hayden, "The Partition of Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1990-1993," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 22, 1993, pp. 2, 6-14; American Committee to Save Bosnia, "Convoy Bosnia - A Summary of the Crisis in Bosnia," (London: Minority Rights Group, 1993), p. 1; Jeremy Druker, "Present but Unaccounted for," Transitions, Vol. 4, No. 4, 1997, p. 23; Judith Latham, "Roma in the Former Yugoslavia," Nationalities Papers, Vol. 27, No. 2, 1999, p. 213. When the fighting broke out, 43.7% of Bosnia's four million people were Muslim, while a little over 31% were Serbs, and 17.3% Croats.
78. Robert M. Hayden, "The Partition of Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1990-1993," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 22, 1993, pp. 2, 6-14; American Committee to Save Bosnia, "Convoy Bosnia - A Summary of the Crisis in Bosnia," (London: Minority Rights Group, 1993), p. 1; Jeremy Druker, "Present but Unaccounted for," Transitions, Vol. 4, No. 4, 1997, p. 23; Judith Latham, "Roma in the Former Yugoslavia," Nationalities Papers, Vol. 27, No. 2, 1999, p. 213. When the fighting broke out, 43.7% of Bosnia's four million people were Muslim, while a little over 31% were Serbs, and 17.3% Croats.
79. Robert M. Hayden, "The Partition of Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1990-1993," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 22, 1993, pp. 2, 6-14; American Committee to Save Bosnia, "Convoy Bosnia - A Summary of the Crisis in Bosnia," (London: Minority Rights Group, 1993), p. 1; Jeremy Druker, "Present but Unaccounted for," Transitions, Vol. 4, No. 4, 1997, p. 23; Judith Latham, "Roma in the Former Yugoslavia," Nationalities Papers, Vol. 27, No. 2, 1999, p. 213. When the fighting broke out, 43.7% of Bosnia's four million people were Muslim, while a little over 31% were Serbs, and 17.3% Croats.
80. Roger Thurow, "Another Country," Wall Street Journal, 24 August 1999, p. A1; Latham, "Roma in the Former Yugoslavia," pp. 213-214.
81. Roger Thurow, "Another Country," Wall Street Journal, 24 August 1999, p. A1; Latham, "Roma in the Former Yugoslavia," pp. 213-214.
82. Latham, "Roma in the Former Yugoslavia," p. 215.
83. Latham, "Roma in the Former Yugoslavia," pp. 216-217; Thurow, "Another Country," pp. A1, A6.
84. Latham, "Roma in the Former Yugoslavia," pp. 216-217; Thurow, "Another Country," pp. A1, A6.
85. Stanford Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol 1: Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1280-1808 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), pp. 20-22; Mercia Macdermott, A History of Bulgaria, 1393-1885 (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1962), pp. 20-21; S. S. Shashi, Roma: The Gypsy World (Dehli: Sundeep Prekashan, 1990), p. 21; Ian Hancock, "The Romani Diaspori," The World and I, March 1989, p. 615; Crowe, History of the Gypsies, p. 2.
86. Stanford Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol 1: Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1280-1808 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), pp. 20-22; Mercia Macdermott, A History of Bulgaria, 1393-1885 (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1962), pp. 20-21; S. S. Shashi, Roma: The Gypsy World (Dehli: Sundeep Prekashan, 1990), p. 21; Ian Hancock, "The Romani Diaspori," The World and I, March 1989, p. 615; Crowe, History of the Gypsies, p. 2.
87. Stanford Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol 1: Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1280-1808 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), pp. 20-22; Mercia Macdermott, A History of Bulgaria, 1393-1885 (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1962), pp. 20-21; S. S. Shashi, Roma: The Gypsy World (Dehli: Sundeep Prekashan, 1990), p. 21; Ian Hancock, "The Romani Diaspori," The World and I, March 1989, p. 615; Crowe, History of the Gypsies, p. 2.
88. Stanford Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol 1: Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1280-1808 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), pp. 20-22; Mercia Macdermott, A History of Bulgaria, 1393-1885 (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1962), pp. 20-21; S. S. Shashi, Roma: The Gypsy World (Dehli: Sundeep Prekashan, 1990), p. 21; Ian Hancock, "The Romani Diaspori," The World and I, March 1989, p. 615; Crowe, History of the Gypsies, p. 2.
89. Stanford Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol 1: Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1280-1808 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), pp. 20-22; Mercia Macdermott, A History of Bulgaria, 1393-1885 (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1962), pp. 20-21; S. S. Shashi, Roma: The Gypsy World (Dehli: Sundeep Prekashan, 1990), p. 21; Ian Hancock, "The Romani Diaspori," The World and I, March 1989, p. 615; Crowe, History of the Gypsies, p. 2.
90. Elena Marushkiakova, "Ethnic Identity among Gypsy Groups in Bulgaria," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Fifth Series, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1992, p. 113, footnote 3; Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Gypsies of Bulgaria (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1991), p. 7; Elena Marushiakova and Veselin Popov, Tsiganite na Bulgariya (Sofia: Club 90, 1995), p. 6.
91. Elena Marushkiakova, "Ethnic Identity among Gypsy Groups in Bulgaria," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Fifth Series, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1992, p. 113, footnote 3; Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Gypsies of Bulgaria (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1991), p. 7; Elena Marushiakova and Veselin Popov, Tsiganite na Bulgariya (Sofia: Club 90, 1995), p. 6.
92. Elena Marushkiakova, "Ethnic Identity among Gypsy Groups in Bulgaria," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Fifth Series, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1992, p. 113, footnote 3; Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Gypsies of Bulgaria (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1991), p. 7; Elena Marushiakova and Veselin Popov, Tsiganite na Bulgariya (Sofia: Club 90, 1995), p. 6.
93. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire, p. 19; John Fcffer, Shock Waves: Eastern Europe after the Revolutions (Boston: South End Press, 1992), p. 227. The only normal instances of forced conversions in the sixteenth century besides those already mentioned were of "Balkan slave boys recruited to staff the imperial household." Paul Coles, The Ottoman Impact on Europe (London: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968), pp. 174-175. It was also during this period when mass conversions of Albanians and Montenegrins took place. Petrulengo, "Report on the Gypsy Tribes of North-East Bulgaria," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1915-1916, pp. 65, 69; R. J. Crampton, "The Turks in Bulgaria, 1878-1944," in K. H. Karpat, ed., The Turks of Bulgaria: Their History, Culture and Political Fate of a Minority (Istanbul: Isis Press, 1990)," p. 55; John Georgeoff, "Ethnic Minorities in the People's Republic of Bulgaria," in George Klein and Milan J. Reban, eds, The Politics of Ethnicity in Eastern Europe (Boulder and New York: East European Monographs and Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 71-73; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Bulgarian Question and the Balkan States (Sofia: State Printing Press, 1919), pp. 250-251, 260; Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et des Cultes, La verité sur les accusations contre la Bulgarie (Sofia: Imprimerie de l'Etat, 1919), p. 10; R. A. Scott Macfie, "Bulgarian Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1924, p. 189; Silverman, "Bulgarian Gypsies," p. 51; Reimer Gronemeyer and Georgia A. Rakelmann, Die Zigeuner: Reisende in Europa: Roma, Sinti, Manouches, Gitanos, Gypsies, Kalderash, Vlach und Andere (Cologne: DuMont Buchverlag, 1988), p. 207.
94. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire, p. 19; John Fcffer, Shock Waves: Eastern Europe after the Revolutions (Boston: South End Press, 1992), p. 227. The only normal instances of forced conversions in the sixteenth century besides those already mentioned were of "Balkan slave boys recruited to staff the imperial household." Paul Coles, The Ottoman Impact on Europe (London: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968), pp. 174-175. It was also during this period when mass conversions of Albanians and Montenegrins took place. Petrulengo, "Report on the Gypsy Tribes of North-East Bulgaria," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1915-1916, pp. 65, 69; R. J.
95. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire, p. 19; John Fcffer, Shock Waves: Eastern Europe after the Revolutions (Boston: South End Press, 1992), p. 227. The only normal instances of forced conversions in the sixteenth century besides those already mentioned were of "Balkan slave boys recruited to staff the imperial household." Paul Coles, The Ottoman Impact on Europe (London: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968), pp. 174-175. It was also during this period when mass conversions of Albanians and Montenegrins took place. Petrulengo, "Report on the Gypsy Tribes of North-East Bulgaria," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1915-1916, pp. 65, 69; R. J. Crampton, "The Turks in Bulgaria, 1878-1944," in K. H. Karpat, ed., The Turks of Bulgaria: Their History, Culture and Political Fate of a Minority (Istanbul: Isis Press, 1990)," p. 55; John Georgeoff, "Ethnic Minorities in the People's Republic of Bulgaria," in George Klein and Milan J. Reban, eds, The Politics of Ethnicity in Eastern Europe (Boulder and New York: East European Monographs and Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 71-73; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Bulgarian Question and the Balkan States (Sofia: State Printing Press, 1919), pp. 250-251, 260; Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et des Cultes, La verité sur les accusations contre la Bulgarie (Sofia: Imprimerie de l'Etat, 1919), p. 10; R. A. Scott Macfie, "Bulgarian Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1924, p. 189; Silverman, "Bulgarian Gypsies," p. 51; Reimer Gronemeyer and Georgia A. Rakelmann, Die Zigeuner: Reisende in Europa: Roma, Sinti, Manouches, Gitanos, Gypsies, Kalderash, Vlach und Andere (Cologne: DuMont Buchverlag, 1988), p. 207.
96. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire, p. 19; John Fcffer, Shock Waves: Eastern Europe after the Revolutions (Boston: South End Press, 1992), p. 227. The only normal instances of forced conversions in the sixteenth century besides those already mentioned were of "Balkan slave boys recruited to staff the imperial household." Paul Coles, The Ottoman Impact on Europe (London: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968), pp. 174-175. It was also during this period when mass conversions of Albanians and Montenegrins took place. Petrulengo, "Report on the Gypsy Tribes of North-East Bulgaria," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1915-1916, pp. 65, 69; R. J. Crampton, "The Turks in Bulgaria, 1878-1944," in K. H. Karpat, ed., The Turks of Bulgaria: Their History, Culture and Political Fate of a Minority (Istanbul: Isis Press, 1990)," p. 55; John Georgeoff, "Ethnic Minorities in the People's Republic of Bulgaria," in George Klein and Milan J. Reban, eds, The Politics of Ethnicity in Eastern Europe (Boulder and New York: East European Monographs and Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 71-73; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Bulgarian Question and the Balkan States (Sofia: State Printing Press, 1919), pp. 250-251, 260; Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et des Cultes, La verité sur les accusations contre la Bulgarie (Sofia: Imprimerie de l'Etat, 1919), p. 10; R. A. Scott Macfie, "Bulgarian Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1924, p. 189; Silverman, "Bulgarian Gypsies," p. 51; Reimer Gronemeyer and Georgia A. Rakelmann, Die Zigeuner: Reisende in Europa: Roma, Sinti, Manouches, Gitanos, Gypsies, Kalderash, Vlach und Andere (Cologne: DuMont Buchverlag, 1988), p. 207.
97. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire, p. 19; John Fcffer, Shock Waves: Eastern Europe after the Revolutions (Boston: South End Press, 1992), p. 227. The only normal instances of forced conversions in the sixteenth century besides those already mentioned were of "Balkan slave boys recruited to staff the imperial household." Paul Coles, The Ottoman Impact on Europe (London: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968), pp. 174-175. It was also during this period when mass conversions of Albanians and Montenegrins took place. Petrulengo, "Report on the Gypsy Tribes of North-East Bulgaria," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1915-1916, pp. 65, 69; R. J. Crampton, "The Turks in Bulgaria, 1878-1944," in K. H. Karpat, ed., The Turks of Bulgaria: Their History, Culture and Political Fate of a Minority (Istanbul: Isis Press, 1990)," p. 55; John Georgeoff, "Ethnic Minorities in the People's Republic of Bulgaria," in George Klein and Milan J. Reban, eds, The Politics of Ethnicity in Eastern Europe (Boulder and New York: East European Monographs and Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 71-73; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Bulgarian Question and the Balkan States (Sofia: State Printing Press, 1919), pp. 250-251, 260; Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et des Cultes, La verité sur les accusations contre la Bulgarie (Sofia: Imprimerie de l'Etat, 1919), p. 10; R. A. Scott Macfie, "Bulgarian Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1924, p. 189; Silverman, "Bulgarian Gypsies," p. 51; Reimer Gronemeyer and Georgia A. Rakelmann, Die Zigeuner: Reisende in Europa: Roma, Sinti, Manouches, Gitanos, Gypsies, Kalderash, Vlach und Andere (Cologne: DuMont Buchverlag, 1988), p. 207.
98. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire, p. 19; John Fcffer, Shock Waves: Eastern Europe after the Revolutions (Boston: South End Press, 1992), p. 227. The only normal instances of forced conversions in the sixteenth century besides those already mentioned were of "Balkan slave boys recruited to staff the imperial household." Paul Coles, The Ottoman Impact on Europe (London: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968), pp. 174-175. It was also during this period when mass conversions of Albanians and Montenegrins took place. Petrulengo, "Report on the Gypsy Tribes of North-East Bulgaria," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1915-1916, pp. 65, 69; R. J. Crampton, "The Turks in Bulgaria, 1878-1944," in K. H. Karpat, ed., The Turks of Bulgaria: Their History, Culture and Political Fate of a Minority (Istanbul: Isis Press, 1990)," p. 55; John Georgeoff, "Ethnic Minorities in the People's Republic of Bulgaria," in George Klein and Milan J. Reban, eds, The Politics of Ethnicity in Eastern Europe (Boulder and New York: East European Monographs and Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 71-73; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Bulgarian Question and the Balkan States (Sofia: State Printing Press, 1919), pp. 250-251, 260; Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et des Cultes, La verité sur les accusations contre la Bulgarie (Sofia: Imprimerie de l'Etat, 1919), p. 10; R. A. Scott Macfie, "Bulgarian Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1924, p. 189; Silverman, "Bulgarian Gypsies," p. 51; Reimer Gronemeyer and Georgia A. Rakelmann, Die Zigeuner: Reisende in Europa: Roma, Sinti, Manouches, Gitanos, Gypsies, Kalderash, Vlach und Andere (Cologne: DuMont Buchverlag, 1988), p. 207.
99. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire, p. 19; John Fcffer, Shock Waves: Eastern Europe after the Revolutions (Boston: South End Press, 1992), p. 227. The only normal instances of forced conversions in the sixteenth century besides those already mentioned were of "Balkan slave boys recruited to staff the imperial household." Paul Coles, The Ottoman Impact on Europe (London: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968), pp. 174-175. It was also during this period when mass conversions of Albanians and Montenegrins took place. Petrulengo, "Report on the Gypsy Tribes of North-East Bulgaria," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1915-1916, pp. 65, 69; R. J. Crampton, "The Turks in Bulgaria, 1878-1944," in K. H. Karpat, ed., The Turks of Bulgaria: Their History, Culture and Political Fate of a Minority (Istanbul: Isis Press, 1990)," p. 55; John Georgeoff, "Ethnic Minorities in the People's Republic of Bulgaria," in George Klein and Milan J. Reban, eds, The Politics of Ethnicity in Eastern Europe (Boulder and New York: East European Monographs and Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 71-73; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Bulgarian Question and the Balkan States (Sofia: State Printing Press, 1919), pp. 250-251, 260; Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et des Cultes, La verité sur les accusations contre la Bulgarie (Sofia: Imprimerie de l'Etat, 1919), p. 10; R. A. Scott Macfie, "Bulgarian Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1924, p. 189; Silverman, "Bulgarian Gypsies," p. 51; Reimer Gronemeyer and Georgia A. Rakelmann, Die Zigeuner: Reisende in Europa: Roma, Sinti, Manouches, Gitanos, Gypsies, Kalderash, Vlach und Andere (Cologne: DuMont Buchverlag, 1988), p. 207.
100. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire, p. 19; John Fcffer, Shock Waves: Eastern Europe after the Revolutions (Boston: South End Press, 1992), p. 227. The only normal instances of forced conversions in the sixteenth century besides those already mentioned were of "Balkan slave boys recruited to staff the imperial household." Paul Coles, The Ottoman Impact on Europe (London: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968), pp. 174-175. It was also during this period when mass conversions of Albanians and Montenegrins took place. Petrulengo, "Report on the Gypsy Tribes of North-East Bulgaria," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1915-1916, pp. 65, 69; R. J. Crampton, "The Turks in Bulgaria, 1878-1944," in K. H. Karpat, ed., The Turks of Bulgaria: Their History, Culture and Political Fate of a Minority (Istanbul: Isis Press, 1990)," p. 55; John Georgeoff, "Ethnic Minorities in the People's Republic of Bulgaria," in George Klein and Milan J. Reban, eds, The Politics of Ethnicity in Eastern Europe (Boulder and New York: East European Monographs and Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 71-73; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Bulgarian Question and the Balkan States (Sofia: State Printing Press, 1919), pp. 250-251, 260; Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et des Cultes, La verité sur les accusations contre la Bulgarie (Sofia: Imprimerie de l'Etat, 1919), p. 10; R. A. Scott Macfie, "Bulgarian Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1924, p. 189; Silverman, "Bulgarian Gypsies," p. 51; Reimer Gronemeyer and Georgia A. Rakelmann, Die Zigeuner: Reisende in Europa: Roma, Sinti, Manouches, Gitanos, Gypsies, Kalderash, Vlach und Andere (Cologne: DuMont Buchverlag, 1988), p. 207.
101. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire, p. 19; John Fcffer, Shock Waves: Eastern Europe after the Revolutions (Boston: South End Press, 1992), p. 227. The only normal instances of forced conversions in the sixteenth century besides those already mentioned were of "Balkan slave boys recruited to staff the imperial household." Paul Coles, The Ottoman Impact on Europe (London: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968), pp. 174-175. It was also during this period when mass conversions of Albanians and Montenegrins took place. Petrulengo, "Report on the Gypsy Tribes of North-East Bulgaria," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1915-1916, pp. 65, 69; R. J. Crampton, "The Turks in Bulgaria, 1878-1944," in K. H. Karpat, ed., The Turks of Bulgaria: Their History, Culture and Political Fate of a Minority (Istanbul: Isis Press, 1990)," p. 55; John Georgeoff, "Ethnic Minorities in the People's Republic of Bulgaria," in George Klein and Milan J. Reban, eds, The Politics of Ethnicity in Eastern Europe (Boulder and New York: East European Monographs and Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 71-73; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Bulgarian Question and the Balkan States (Sofia: State Printing Press, 1919), pp. 250-251, 260; Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et des Cultes, La verité sur les accusations contre la Bulgarie (Sofia: Imprimerie de l'Etat, 1919), p. 10; R. A. Scott Macfie, "Bulgarian Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1924, p. 189; Silverman, "Bulgarian Gypsies," p. 51; Reimer Gronemeyer and Georgia A. Rakelmann, Die Zigeuner: Reisende in Europa: Roma, Sinti, Manouches, Gitanos, Gypsies, Kalderash, Vlach und Andere (Cologne: DuMont Buchverlag, 1988), p. 207.
102. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire, p. 19; John Fcffer, Shock Waves: Eastern Europe after the Revolutions (Boston: South End Press, 1992), p. 227. The only normal instances of forced conversions in the sixteenth century besides those already mentioned were of "Balkan slave boys recruited to staff the imperial household." Paul Coles, The Ottoman Impact on Europe (London: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968), pp. 174-175. It was also during this period when mass conversions of Albanians and Montenegrins took place. Petrulengo, "Report on the Gypsy Tribes of North-East Bulgaria," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1915-1916, pp. 65, 69; R. J. Crampton, "The Turks in Bulgaria, 1878-1944," in K. H. Karpat, ed., The Turks of Bulgaria: Their History, Culture and Political Fate of a Minority (Istanbul: Isis Press, 1990)," p. 55; John Georgeoff, "Ethnic Minorities in the People's Republic of Bulgaria," in George Klein and Milan J. Reban, eds, The Politics of Ethnicity in Eastern Europe (Boulder and New York: East European Monographs and Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 71-73; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Bulgarian Question and the Balkan States (Sofia: State Printing Press, 1919), pp. 250-251, 260; Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et des Cultes, La verité sur les accusations contre la Bulgarie (Sofia: Imprimerie de l'Etat, 1919), p. 10; R. A. Scott Macfie, "Bulgarian Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1924, p. 189; Silverman, "Bulgarian Gypsies," p. 51; Reimer Gronemeyer and Georgia A. Rakelmann, Die Zigeuner: Reisende in Europa: Roma, Sinti, Manouches, Gitanos, Gypsies, Kalderash, Vlach und Andere (Cologne: DuMont Buchverlag, 1988), p. 207.
103. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire, p. 19; John Fcffer, Shock Waves: Eastern Europe after the Revolutions (Boston: South End Press, 1992), p. 227. The only normal instances of forced conversions in the sixteenth century besides those already mentioned were of "Balkan slave boys recruited to staff the imperial household." Paul Coles, The Ottoman Impact on Europe (London: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968), pp. 174-175. It was also during this period when mass conversions of Albanians and Montenegrins took place. Petrulengo, "Report on the Gypsy Tribes of North-East Bulgaria," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1915-1916, pp. 65, 69; R. J. Crampton, "The Turks in Bulgaria, 1878-1944," in K. H. Karpat, ed., The Turks of Bulgaria: Their History, Culture and Political Fate of a Minority (Istanbul: Isis Press, 1990)," p. 55; John Georgeoff, "Ethnic Minorities in the People's Republic of Bulgaria," in George Klein and Milan J. Reban, eds, The Politics of Ethnicity in Eastern Europe (Boulder and New York: East European Monographs and Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 71-73; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Bulgarian Question and the Balkan States (Sofia: State Printing Press, 1919), pp. 250-251, 260; Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et des Cultes, La verité sur les accusations contre la Bulgarie (Sofia: Imprimerie de l'Etat, 1919), p. 10; R. A. Scott Macfie, "Bulgarian Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1924, p. 189; Silverman, "Bulgarian Gypsies," p. 51; Reimer Gronemeyer and Georgia A. Rakelmann, Die Zigeuner: Reisende in Europa: Roma, Sinti, Manouches, Gitanos, Gypsies, Kalderash, Vlach und Andere (Cologne: DuMont Buchverlag, 1988), p. 207.
104. Crampton, "The Turks in Bulgaria," pp. 55, 63-64, 70-71; John Georgeoff, "Ethnic Minorities in the People's Republic of Bulgaria," in George Klein and Milan J. Reban, eds, The Politics of Ethnicity in Eastern Europe (Boulder and New York: East European Monographs and Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 71-73; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Bulgarian Question and the Balkan States (Sofia: State Printing Press, 1919), pp. 250-251, 260; Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et des Cultes, La verité sur les accusations contre la Bulgarie (Sofia: Imprimiere de l'Etat, 1919), p. 10; R. A. Scott Macfie, "Bulgarian Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1924, p. 189; Silverman, "Gypsies," p. 51; Reimer Gronemeyer and Georgia A. Rakelmann, Die Ziegeuner: Reisende in Europa: Roma, Sinti, Manouches, Gitanos, Gypsies, Kalderash, Vlach und Andere (Cologne: DuMont Buchverlag, 1988), p. 207; Sumner, Russia and the Balkans, p. 659; Ian Hancock, "The East European Roots of Romani Nationalism," in Crowe and Kolsti, Gypsies of Eastern Europe, pp. 139-140.
105. Crampton, "The Turks in Bulgaria," pp. 55, 63-64, 70-71; John Georgeoff, "Ethnic Minorities in the People's Republic of Bulgaria," in George Klein and Milan J. Reban, eds, The Politics of Ethnicity in Eastern Europe (Boulder and New York: East European Monographs and Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 71-73; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Bulgarian Question and the Balkan States (Sofia: State Printing Press, 1919), pp. 250-251, 260; Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et des Cultes, La verité sur les accusations contre la Bulgarie (Sofia: Imprimiere de l'Etat, 1919), p. 10; R. A. Scott Macfie, "Bulgarian Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1924, p. 189; Silverman, "Gypsies," p. 51; Reimer Gronemeyer and Georgia A. Rakelmann, Die Ziegeuner: Reisende in Europa: Roma, Sinti, Manouches, Gitanos, Gypsies, Kalderash, Vlach und Andere (Cologne: DuMont Buchverlag, 1988), p. 207; Sumner, Russia and the Balkans, p. 659; Ian Hancock, "The East European Roots of Romani Nationalism," in Crowe and Kolsti, Gypsies of Eastern Europe, pp. 139-140.
106. Crampton, "The Turks in Bulgaria," pp. 55, 63-64, 70-71; John Georgeoff, "Ethnic Minorities in the People's Republic of Bulgaria," in George Klein and Milan J. Reban, eds, The Politics of Ethnicity in Eastern Europe (Boulder and New York: East European Monographs and Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 71-73; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Bulgarian Question and the Balkan States (Sofia: State Printing Press, 1919), pp. 250-251, 260; Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et des Cultes, La verité sur les accusations contre la Bulgarie (Sofia: Imprimiere de l'Etat, 1919), p. 10; R. A. Scott Macfie, "Bulgarian Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1924, p. 189; Silverman, "Gypsies," p. 51; Reimer Gronemeyer and Georgia A. Rakelmann, Die Ziegeuner: Reisende in Europa: Roma, Sinti, Manouches, Gitanos, Gypsies, Kalderash, Vlach und Andere (Cologne: DuMont Buchverlag, 1988), p. 207; Sumner, Russia and the Balkans, p. 659; Ian Hancock, "The East European Roots of Romani Nationalism," in Crowe and Kolsti, Gypsies of Eastern Europe, pp. 139-140.
107. Crampton, "The Turks in Bulgaria," pp. 55, 63-64, 70-71; John Georgeoff, "Ethnic Minorities in the People's Republic of Bulgaria," in George Klein and Milan J. Reban, eds, The Politics of Ethnicity in Eastern Europe (Boulder and New York: East European Monographs and Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 71-73; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Bulgarian Question and the Balkan States (Sofia: State Printing Press, 1919), pp. 250-251, 260; Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et des Cultes, La verité sur les accusations contre la Bulgarie (Sofia: Imprimiere de l'Etat, 1919), p. 10; R. A. Scott Macfie, "Bulgarian Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1924, p. 189; Silverman, "Gypsies," p. 51; Reimer Gronemeyer and Georgia A. Rakelmann, Die Ziegeuner: Reisende in Europa: Roma, Sinti, Manouches, Gitanos, Gypsies, Kalderash, Vlach und Andere (Cologne: DuMont Buchverlag, 1988), p. 207; Sumner, Russia and the Balkans, p. 659; Ian Hancock, "The East European Roots of Romani Nationalism," in Crowe and Kolsti, Gypsies of Eastern Europe, pp. 139-140.
108. Crampton, "The Turks in Bulgaria," pp. 55, 63-64, 70-71; John Georgeoff, "Ethnic Minorities in the People's Republic of Bulgaria," in George Klein and Milan J. Reban, eds, The Politics of Ethnicity in Eastern Europe (Boulder and New York: East European Monographs and Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 71-73; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Bulgarian Question and the Balkan States (Sofia: State Printing Press, 1919), pp. 250-251, 260; Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et des Cultes, La verité sur les accusations contre la Bulgarie (Sofia: Imprimiere de l'Etat, 1919), p. 10; R. A. Scott Macfie, "Bulgarian Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1924, p. 189; Silverman, "Gypsies," p. 51; Reimer Gronemeyer and Georgia A. Rakelmann, Die Ziegeuner: Reisende in Europa: Roma, Sinti, Manouches, Gitanos, Gypsies, Kalderash, Vlach und Andere (Cologne: DuMont Buchverlag, 1988), p. 207; Sumner, Russia and the Balkans, p. 659; Ian Hancock, "The East European Roots of Romani Nationalism," in Crowe and Kolsti, Gypsies of Eastern Europe, pp. 139-140.
109. Crampton, "The Turks in Bulgaria," pp. 55, 63-64, 70-71; John Georgeoff, "Ethnic Minorities in the People's Republic of Bulgaria," in George Klein and Milan J. Reban, eds, The Politics of Ethnicity in Eastern Europe (Boulder and New York: East European Monographs and Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 71-73; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Bulgarian Question and the Balkan States (Sofia: State Printing Press, 1919), pp. 250-251, 260; Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et des Cultes, La verité sur les accusations contre la Bulgarie (Sofia: Imprimiere de l'Etat, 1919), p. 10; R. A. Scott Macfie, "Bulgarian Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1924, p. 189; Silverman, "Gypsies," p. 51; Reimer Gronemeyer and Georgia A. Rakelmann, Die Ziegeuner: Reisende in Europa: Roma, Sinti, Manouches, Gitanos, Gypsies, Kalderash, Vlach und Andere (Cologne: DuMont Buchverlag, 1988), p. 207; Sumner, Russia and the Balkans, p. 659; Ian Hancock, "The East European Roots of Romani Nationalism," in Crowe and Kolsti, Gypsies of Eastern Europe, pp. 139-140.
110. Crampton, "The Turks in Bulgaria," pp. 55, 63-64, 70-71; John Georgeoff, "Ethnic Minorities in the People's Republic of Bulgaria," in George Klein and Milan J. Reban, eds, The Politics of Ethnicity in Eastern Europe (Boulder and New York: East European Monographs and Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 71-73; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Bulgarian Question and the Balkan States (Sofia: State Printing Press, 1919), pp. 250-251, 260; Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et des Cultes, La verité sur les accusations contre la Bulgarie (Sofia: Imprimiere de l'Etat, 1919), p. 10; R. A. Scott Macfie, "Bulgarian Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1924, p. 189; Silverman, "Gypsies," p. 51; Reimer Gronemeyer and Georgia A. Rakelmann, Die Ziegeuner: Reisende in Europa: Roma, Sinti, Manouches, Gitanos, Gypsies, Kalderash, Vlach und Andere (Cologne: DuMont Buchverlag, 1988), p. 207; Sumner, Russia and the Balkans, p. 659; Ian Hancock, "The East European Roots of Romani Nationalism," in Crowe and Kolsti, Gypsies of Eastern Europe, pp. 139-140.
111. Crampton, "The Turks in Bulgaria," pp. 55, 63-64, 70-71; John Georgeoff, "Ethnic Minorities in the People's Republic of Bulgaria," in George Klein and Milan J. Reban, eds, The Politics of Ethnicity in Eastern Europe (Boulder and New York: East European Monographs and Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 71-73; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Bulgarian Question and the Balkan States (Sofia: State Printing Press, 1919), pp. 250-251, 260; Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et des Cultes, La verité sur les accusations contre la Bulgarie (Sofia: Imprimiere de l'Etat, 1919), p. 10; R. A. Scott Macfie, "Bulgarian Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1924, p. 189; Silverman, "Gypsies," p. 51; Reimer Gronemeyer and Georgia A. Rakelmann, Die Ziegeuner: Reisende in Europa: Roma, Sinti, Manouches, Gitanos, Gypsies, Kalderash, Vlach und Andere (Cologne: DuMont Buchverlag, 1988), p. 207; Sumner, Russia and the Balkans, p. 659; Ian Hancock, "The East European Roots of Romani Nationalism," in Crowe and Kolsti, Gypsies of Eastern Europe, pp. 139-140.
112. Crampton, "The Turks in Bulgaria," pp. 55, 63-64, 70-71; John Georgeoff, "Ethnic Minorities in the People's Republic of Bulgaria," in George Klein and Milan J. Reban, eds, The Politics of Ethnicity in Eastern Europe (Boulder and New York: East European Monographs and Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 71-73; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Bulgarian Question and the Balkan States (Sofia: State Printing Press, 1919), pp. 250-251, 260; Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et des Cultes, La verité sur les accusations contre la Bulgarie (Sofia: Imprimiere de l'Etat, 1919), p. 10; R. A. Scott Macfie, "Bulgarian Gypsies," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1924, p. 189; Silverman, "Gypsies," p. 51; Reimer Gronemeyer and Georgia A. Rakelmann, Die Ziegeuner: Reisende in Europa: Roma, Sinti, Manouches, Gitanos, Gypsies, Kalderash, Vlach und Andere (Cologne: DuMont Buchverlag, 1988), p. 207; Sumner, Russia and the Balkans, p. 659; Ian Hancock, "The East European Roots of Romani Nationalism," in Crowe and Kolsti, Gypsies of Eastern Europe, pp. 139-140.
113. Crampton, Modern Bulgaria, pp. 12, 24; La verité sur les accusations contre la Bulgaria, p. 10; Crampton, "Turks in Bulgaria," pp. 67-68.
114. Crampton, Modern Bulgaria, pp. 12, 24; La verité sur les accusations contre la Bulgaria, p. 10; Crampton, "Turks in Bulgaria," pp. 67-68.
115. Crampton, Modern Bulgaria, pp. 12, 24; La verité sur les accusations contre la Bulgaria, p. 10; Crampton, "Turks in Bulgaria," pp. 67-68.
116. Bilâl N. Şimşir, ed., The Turks of Bulgaria in International Fora Documents, Vol. 1 (Ankara: Turkish Historical Society Printing House, 1990), pp. 217-218; David M. Crowe, World War I and Europe in Crisis: 1914-1935 (Piscataway: Research and Education Association, 1990), p. 46; C. A. Macartney and A. W. Palmer, Independent Eastern Europe (London: Macmillan, 1972), p. 132; Crampton, "Turks in Bulgaria," p. 70; Crampton, Modern Bulgaria, p. 91; G. P. Genov, Bulgaria and the Treaty of Neuilly (Sofia: Hrist G. Danov, 1935), pp. 133-134.
117. Bilâl N. Şimşir, ed., The Turks of Bulgaria in International Fora Documents, Vol. 1 (Ankara: Turkish Historical Society Printing House, 1990), pp. 217-218; David M. Crowe, World War I and Europe in Crisis: 1914-1935 (Piscataway: Research and Education Association, 1990), p. 46; C. A. Macartney and A. W. Palmer, Independent Eastern Europe (London: Macmillan, 1972), p. 132; Crampton, "Turks in Bulgaria," p. 70; Crampton, Modern Bulgaria, p. 91; G. P. Genov, Bulgaria and the Treaty of Neuilly (Sofia: Hrist G. Danov, 1935), pp. 133-134.
118. Bilâl N. Şimşir, ed., The Turks of Bulgaria in International Fora Documents, Vol. 1 (Ankara: Turkish Historical Society Printing House, 1990), pp. 217-218; David M. Crowe, World War I and Europe in Crisis: 1914-1935 (Piscataway: Research and Education Association, 1990), p. 46; C. A. Macartney and A. W. Palmer, Independent Eastern Europe (London: Macmillan, 1972), p. 132; Crampton, "Turks in Bulgaria," p. 70; Crampton, Modern Bulgaria, p. 91; G. P. Genov, Bulgaria and the Treaty of Neuilly (Sofia: Hrist G. Danov, 1935), pp. 133-134.
119. Bilâl N. Şimşir, ed., The Turks of Bulgaria in International Fora Documents, Vol. 1 (Ankara: Turkish Historical Society Printing House, 1990), pp. 217-218; David M. Crowe, World War I and Europe in Crisis: 1914-1935 (Piscataway: Research and Education Association, 1990), p. 46; C. A. Macartney and A. W. Palmer, Independent Eastern Europe (London: Macmillan, 1972), p. 132; Crampton, "Turks in Bulgaria," p. 70; Crampton, Modern Bulgaria, p. 91; G. P. Genov, Bulgaria and the Treaty of Neuilly (Sofia: Hrist G. Danov, 1935), pp. 133-134.
120. Bilâl N. Şimşir, ed., The Turks of Bulgaria in International Fora Documents, Vol. 1 (Ankara: Turkish Historical Society Printing House, 1990), pp. 217-218; David M. Crowe, World War I and Europe in Crisis: 1914-1935 (Piscataway: Research and Education Association, 1990), p. 46; C. A. Macartney and A. W. Palmer, Independent Eastern Europe (London: Macmillan, 1972), p. 132; Crampton, "Turks in Bulgaria," p. 70; Crampton, Modern Bulgaria, p. 91; G. P. Genov, Bulgaria and the Treaty of Neuilly (Sofia: Hrist G. Danov, 1935), pp. 133-134.
121. Bilâl N. Şimşir, ed., The Turks of Bulgaria in International Fora Documents, Vol. 1 (Ankara: Turkish Historical Society Printing House, 1990), pp. 217-218; David M. Crowe, World War I and Europe in Crisis: 1914-1935 (Piscataway: Research and Education Association, 1990), p. 46; C. A. Macartney and A. W. Palmer, Independent Eastern Europe (London: Macmillan, 1972), p. 132; Crampton, "Turks in Bulgaria," p. 70; Crampton, Modern Bulgaria, p. 91; G. P. Genov, Bulgaria and the Treaty of Neuilly (Sofia: Hrist G. Danov, 1935), pp. 133-134.
122. Donald Kenrick, "The Gypsies of Bulgaria Before and After 10th of November," paper delivered before the 1991 Annual Meeting of the Gypsy Lore Society, pp. 2-3; Vasil Marinov, "Nablyudeniya vurkhy bita na tsigani v Bulgariya," in Izvestiya na etnografskiya institut i muzei, Kniga V (Sofia: Isdatelstvo na Bulgarskata akademiya na naukite, 1962), p. 267; Feffer, Shock Waves, p. 240; Helsinki Watch, Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Gypsies of Bulgaria (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1991), p. 7; Raymond Pearson, National Minorities in Eastern Europe, 1848-1945 (London: Macmillan, 1983), p. 175; Crampton, Modern Bulgaria, pp. 98-99.
123. Donald Kenrick, "The Gypsies of Bulgaria Before and After 10th of November," paper delivered before the 1991 Annual Meeting of the Gypsy Lore Society, pp. 2-3; Vasil Marinov, "Nablyudeniya vurkhy bita na tsigani v Bulgariya," in Izvestiya na etnografskiya institut i muzei, Kniga V (Sofia: Isdatelstvo na Bulgarskata akademiya na naukite, 1962), p. 267; Feffer, Shock Waves, p. 240; Helsinki Watch, Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Gypsies of Bulgaria (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1991), p. 7; Raymond Pearson, National Minorities in Eastern Europe, 1848-1945 (London: Macmillan, 1983), p. 175; Crampton, Modern Bulgaria, pp. 98-99.
124. Donald Kenrick, "The Gypsies of Bulgaria Before and After 10th of November," paper delivered before the 1991 Annual Meeting of the Gypsy Lore Society, pp. 2-3; Vasil Marinov, "Nablyudeniya vurkhy bita na tsigani v Bulgariya," in Izvestiya na etnografskiya institut i muzei, Kniga V (Sofia: Isdatelstvo na Bulgarskata akademiya na naukite, 1962), p. 267; Feffer, Shock Waves, p. 240; Helsinki Watch, Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Gypsies of Bulgaria (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1991), p. 7; Raymond Pearson, National Minorities in Eastern Europe, 1848-1945 (London: Macmillan, 1983), p. 175; Crampton, Modern Bulgaria, pp. 98-99.
125. Donald Kenrick, "The Gypsies of Bulgaria Before and After 10th of November," paper delivered before the 1991 Annual Meeting of the Gypsy Lore Society, pp. 2-3; Vasil Marinov, "Nablyudeniya vurkhy bita na tsigani v Bulgariya," in Izvestiya na etnografskiya institut i muzei, Kniga V (Sofia: Isdatelstvo na Bulgarskata akademiya na naukite, 1962), p. 267; Feffer, Shock Waves, p. 240; Helsinki Watch, Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Gypsies of Bulgaria (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1991), p. 7; Raymond Pearson, National Minorities in Eastern Europe, 1848-1945 (London: Macmillan, 1983), p. 175; Crampton, Modern Bulgaria, pp. 98-99.
126. Donald Kenrick, "The Gypsies of Bulgaria Before and After 10th of November," paper delivered before the 1991 Annual Meeting of the Gypsy Lore Society, pp. 2-3; Vasil Marinov, "Nablyudeniya vurkhy bita na tsigani v Bulgariya," in Izvestiya na etnografskiya institut i muzei, Kniga V (Sofia: Isdatelstvo na Bulgarskata akademiya na naukite, 1962), p. 267; Feffer, Shock Waves, p. 240; Helsinki Watch, Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Gypsies of Bulgaria (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1991), p. 7; Raymond Pearson, National Minorities in Eastern Europe, 1848-1945 (London: Macmillan, 1983), p. 175; Crampton, Modern Bulgaria, pp. 98-99.
127. Donald Kenrick, "The Gypsies of Bulgaria Before and After 10th of November," paper delivered before the 1991 Annual Meeting of the Gypsy Lore Society, pp. 2-3; Vasil Marinov, "Nablyudeniya vurkhy bita na tsigani v Bulgariya," in Izvestiya na etnografskiya institut i muzei, Kniga V (Sofia: Isdatelstvo na Bulgarskata akademiya na naukite, 1962), p. 267; Feffer, Shock Waves, p. 240; Helsinki Watch, Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Gypsies of Bulgaria (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1991), p. 7; Raymond Pearson, National Minorities in Eastern Europe, 1848-1945 (London: Macmillan, 1983), p. 175; Crampton, Modern Bulgaria, pp. 98-99.
128. Donald Kenrick, "Notes on the Gypsies in Bulgaria," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 45, Nos 3-4, 1966, p. 77; V. I. Kozlov, "Changes in the Ethnic Composition of Rumania and Bulgaria," Soviet Sociology, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1964, pp. 35-37; Dudley Kirk, Europe's Population in the Interwar Years (Geneva: League of Nations, 1946), p. 228; Peter John Georgeoff and David Crowe, "National Minorities in Bulgaria, 1919- 1980," in Stephen M. Horak, ed., Eastern European National Minorities, 1919-1980: A Handbook (Littleton: Libraries Unlimited, 1985), p. 281.
129. Donald Kenrick, "Notes on the Gypsies in Bulgaria," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 45, Nos 3-4, 1966, p. 77; V. I. Kozlov, "Changes in the Ethnic Composition of Rumania and Bulgaria," Soviet Sociology, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1964, pp. 35-37; Dudley Kirk, Europe's Population in the Interwar Years (Geneva: League of Nations, 1946), p. 228; Peter John Georgeoff and David Crowe, "National Minorities in Bulgaria, 1919- 1980," in Stephen M. Horak, ed., Eastern European National Minorities, 1919-1980: A Handbook (Littleton: Libraries Unlimited, 1985), p. 281.
130. Donald Kenrick, "Notes on the Gypsies in Bulgaria," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 45, Nos 3-4, 1966, p. 77; V. I. Kozlov, "Changes in the Ethnic Composition of Rumania and Bulgaria," Soviet Sociology, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1964, pp. 35-37; Dudley Kirk, Europe's Population in the Interwar Years (Geneva: League of Nations, 1946), p. 228; Peter John Georgeoff and David Crowe, "National Minorities in Bulgaria, 1919- 1980," in Stephen M. Horak, ed., Eastern European National Minorities, 1919-1980: A Handbook (Littleton: Libraries Unlimited, 1985), p. 281.
131. Donald Kenrick, "Notes on the Gypsies in Bulgaria," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 45, Nos 3-4, 1966, p. 77; V. I. Kozlov, "Changes in the Ethnic Composition of Rumania and Bulgaria," Soviet Sociology, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1964, pp. 35-37; Dudley Kirk, Europe's Population in the Interwar Years (Geneva: League of Nations, 1946), p. 228; Peter John Georgeoff and David Crowe, "National Minorities in Bulgaria, 1919-1980," in Stephen M. Horak, ed., Eastern European National Minorities, 1919-1980: A Handbook (Littleton: Libraries Unlimited, 1985), p. 281.
132. Frederick B. Chary, The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution, 1940-1944 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1972), pp. 5-6, 9-23; Gerhard L. Weinberg, Germany and the Soviet Union, 1939-1941 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972), pp. 99-100; Stephane Groueff, Crown of Thorns: The Reign of King Boris III of Bulgaria, 1918-1943 (Lanham: Madison Books, 1987), pp. 290-295.
133. Frederick B. Chary, The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution, 1940-1944 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1972), pp. 5-6, 9-23; Gerhard L. Weinberg, Germany and the Soviet Union, 1939-1941 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972), pp. 99-100; Stephane Groueff, Crown of Thorns: The Reign of King Boris III of Bulgaria, 1918-1943 (Lanham: Madison Books, 1987), pp. 290-295.
134. Frederick B. Chary, The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution, 1940-1944 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1972), pp. 5-6, 9-23; Gerhard L. Weinberg, Germany and the Soviet Union, 1939-1941 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972), pp. 99-100; Stephane Groueff, Crown of Thorns: The Reign of King Boris III of Bulgaria, 1918-1943 (Lanham: Madison Books, 1987), pp. 290-295.
135. Fred S. Pisky, in "The People," in L. A. D. Dellin, ed., Bulgaria (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1957), p. 76, estimates that Bulgaria acquired 8,000 Roma when it obtained southern Dobrudja while Koslov, in his "Changes in the Ethnic Composition of Rumania and Bulgaria," p. 37, maintains that there were 12,000 Roma in the region at the time of its transfer; Kenrick and Puxon, Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, p. 119; Fraser, The Gypsies, p. 268. In October 1941, German officials "began a policy of executing Jewish and Gypsy men as a reprisal for acts of resistance against Yugoslavs." Chary, The Bulgarian Jews, pp. 120, n24, 195.
136. Fred S. Pisky, in "The People," in L. A. D. Dellin, ed., Bulgaria (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1957), p. 76, estimates that Bulgaria acquired 8,000 Roma when it obtained southern Dobrudja while Koslov, in his "Changes in the Ethnic Composition of Rumania and Bulgaria," p. 37, maintains that there were 12,000 Roma in the region at the time of its transfer; Kenrick and Puxon, Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, p. 119; Fraser, The Gypsies, p. 268. In October 1941, German officials "began a policy of executing Jewish and Gypsy men as a reprisal for acts of resistance against Yugoslavs." Chary, The Bulgarian Jews, pp. 120, n24, 195.
137. Fred S. Pisky, in "The People," in L. A. D. Dellin, ed., Bulgaria (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1957), p. 76, estimates that Bulgaria acquired 8,000 Roma when it obtained southern Dobrudja while Koslov, in his "Changes in the Ethnic Composition of Rumania and Bulgaria," p. 37, maintains that there were 12,000 Roma in the region at the time of its transfer; Kenrick and Puxon, Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, p. 119; Fraser, The Gypsies, p. 268. In October 1941, German officials "began a policy of executing Jewish and Gypsy men as a reprisal for acts of resistance against Yugoslavs." Chary, The Bulgarian Jews, pp. 120, n24, 195.
138. Fred S. Pisky, in "The People," in L. A. D. Dellin, ed., Bulgaria (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1957), p. 76, estimates that Bulgaria acquired 8,000 Roma when it obtained southern Dobrudja while Koslov, in his "Changes in the Ethnic Composition of Rumania and Bulgaria," p. 37, maintains that there were 12,000 Roma in the region at the time of its transfer; Kenrick and Puxon, Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, p. 119; Fraser, The Gypsies, p. 268. In October 1941, German officials "began a policy of executing Jewish and Gypsy men as a reprisal for acts of resistance against Yugoslavs." Chary, The Bulgarian Jews, pp. 120, n24, 195.
139. Fred S. Pisky, in "The People," in L. A. D. Dellin, ed., Bulgaria (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1957), p. 76, estimates that Bulgaria acquired 8,000 Roma when it obtained southern Dobrudja while Koslov, in his "Changes in the Ethnic Composition of Rumania and Bulgaria," p. 37, maintains that there were 12,000 Roma in the region at the time of its transfer; Kenrick and Puxon, Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, p. 119; Fraser, The Gypsies, p. 268. In October 1941, German officials "began a policy of executing Jewish and Gypsy men as a reprisal for acts of resistance against Yugoslavs." Chary, The Bulgarian Jews, pp. 120, n24, 195.
140. Chary, The Bulgarian Jews, pp. 35-41; Gabrielle Tyrnauer, Gypsies and the Holocaust (Montreal- Montreal Institute for Genocide Studies, 1991), p. xii; Sybil Milton, "The Context of the Holocaust," German Studies Review, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1990, pp. 270-271.
141. Chary, The Bulgarian Jews, pp. 35-41; Gabrielle Tyrnauer, Gypsies and the Holocaust (Montreal- Montreal Institute for Genocide Studies, 1991), p. xii; Sybil Milton, "The Context of the Holocaust," German Studies Review, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1990, pp. 270-271.
142. Chary, The Bulgarian Jews, pp. 35-41; Gabrielle Tyrnauer, Gypsies and the Holocaust (Montreal- Montreal Institute for Genocide Studies, 1991), p. xii; Sybil Milton, "The Context of the Holocaust," German Studies Review, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1990, pp. 270-271.
143. Chary, The Bulgarian Jews, p. 120, n24; Kenrick and Puxon Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, pp 130-131; Marushiakova, "Ethnic Identity among Gypsy Groups in Bulgaria," p. 105.
144. Chary, The Bulgarian Jews, p. 120, n24; Kenrick and Puxon Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, pp 130-131; Marushiakova, "Ethnic Identity among Gypsy Groups in Bulgaria," p. 105.
145. Chary, The Bulgarian Jews, p. 120, n24; Kenrick and Puxon Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, pp 130-131; Marushiakova, "Ethnic Identity among Gypsy Groups in Bulgaria," p. 105.
146. Georgeoff and Crowe, "National Minorities in Bulgaria," p. 283; Chary, The Bulgarian Jews, pp. 119-121; Hans-Joachim Hoppe, "Bulgarian Nationalities Policy in Occupied Thrace and Aegean Macedonia," Nationalities Papers, Vol. 14, Nos 1-2, 1986, pp. 95-99.
147. Georgeoff and Crowe, "National Minorities in Bulgaria," p. 283; Chary, The Bulgarian Jews, pp. 119-121; Hans-Joachim Hoppe, "Bulgarian Nationalities Policy in Occupied Thrace and Aegean Macedonia," Nationalities Papers, Vol. 14, Nos 1-2, 1986, pp. 95-99.
148. Georgeoff and Crowe, "National Minorities in Bulgaria," p. 283; Chary, The Bulgarian Jews, pp. 119-121; Hans-Joachim Hoppe, "Bulgarian Nationalities Policy in Occupied Thrace and Aegean Macedonia," Nationalities Papers, Vol. 14, Nos 1-2, 1986, pp. 95-99.
149. Crowe, History of the Gypsies, p. 19.
150. Marushiakova, "Ethnic Identity among Gypsies in Bulgaria," pp. 101-102; Joseph B. Schechtman, "The Gypsy Problem," Midstream, Vol. 12, No. 9, 1966, p. 57; Office of Strategic Services (Research and Analytical Branch), "Population Development of Bulgaria," in Fifty Years Ago: Revolt Amid the Darkness (Washington: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1993), pp. 263-265; Chary, The Bulgarian Jews, pp. 142-143; Kenrick and Puxon, The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, pp. 130-131.
151. Marushiakova, "Ethnic Identity among Gypsies in Bulgaria," pp. 101-102; Joseph B. Schechtman, "The Gypsy Problem," Midstream, Vol. 12, No. 9, 1966, p. 57; Office of Strategic Services (Research and Analytical Branch), "Population Development of Bulgaria," in Fifty Years Ago: Revolt Amid the Darkness (Washington: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1993), pp. 263-265; Chary, The Bulgarian Jews, pp. 142-143; Kenrick and Puxon, The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, pp. 130-131.
152. Marushiakova, "Ethnic Identity among Gypsies in Bulgaria," pp. 101-102; Joseph B. Schechtman, "The Gypsy Problem," Midstream, Vol. 12, No. 9, 1966, p. 57; Office of Strategic Services (Research and Analytical Branch), "Population Development of Bulgaria," in Fifty Years Ago: Revolt Amid the Darkness (Washington: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1993), pp. 263-265; Chary, The Bulgarian Jews, pp. 142-143; Kenrick and Puxon, The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, pp. 130-131.
153. Marushiakova, "Ethnic Identity among Gypsies in Bulgaria," pp. 101-102; Joseph B. Schechtman, "The Gypsy Problem," Midstream, Vol. 12, No. 9, 1966, p. 57; Office of Strategic Services (Research and Analytical Branch), "Population Development of Bulgaria," in Fifty Years Ago: Revolt Amid the Darkness (Washington: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1993), pp. 263-265; Chary, The Bulgarian Jews, pp. 142-143; Kenrick and Puxon, The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, pp. 130-131.
154. Marushiakova, "Ethnic Identity among Gypsies in Bulgaria," pp. 101-102; Joseph B. Schechtman, "The Gypsy Problem," Midstream, Vol. 12, No. 9, 1966, p. 57; Office of Strategic Services (Research and Analytical Branch), "Population Development of Bulgaria," in Fifty Years Ago: Revolt Amid the Darkness (Washington: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1993), pp. 263-265; Chary, The Bulgarian Jews, pp. 142-143; Kenrick and Puxon, The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, pp. 130-131.
155. Chary, The Jews of Bulgaria, pp. 153-154.
156. Peter John Georgeoff and David Crowe, "National Minorities in Bulgaria," in Horak, Eastern European National Minorities, p. 283; The Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 8; Raymond Pearson, National Minorities in Eastern Europe, 1848-1945 (London: Macmillan, 1983), p. 200.
157. Peter John Georgeoff and David Crowe, "National Minorities in Bulgaria," in Horak, Eastern European National Minorities, p. 283; The Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 8; Raymond Pearson, National Minorities in Eastern Europe, 1848-1945 (London: Macmillan, 1983), p. 200.
158. Peter John Georgeoff and David Crowe, "National Minorities in Bulgaria," in Horak, Eastern European National Minorities, p. 283; The Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 8; Raymond Pearson, National Minorities in Eastern Europe, 1848-1945 (London: Macmillan, 1983), p. 200.
159. John D. Bell, The Bulgarian Communist Party from Blagoev to Zhikov (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1986), pp. 73-76; J. F. Brown, Bulgaria under Communist Rule (New York: Praeger, 1970), pp. 8-9.
160. John D. Bell, The Bulgarian Communist Party from Blagoev to Zhikov (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1986), pp. 73-76; J. F. Brown, Bulgaria under Communist Rule (New York: Praeger, 1970), pp. 8-9.
161. Klaus-Detlev Grothusen, ed., Südosteuropa-Handbuch: Bulgarien, Vol. 6 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1990), p. 482; Kenrick, "The Gypsies of Bulgaria," pp. 2-3; Bernard Gilliat-Smith, "The Gypsies in Bulgaria (1948)," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 27, Nos 3-4, 1948, p. 157. From 1944 to 1947, the Bulgarian Communist Party "launched minority recruitment campaigns" throughout the country. Torsten F. Baest, "Bulgaria's War at Home: The People's Republic and Its Turkish Minority (1944-1985)," Across Frontiers, Winter 1985, p. 20.
162. Klaus-Detlev Grothusen, ed., Südosteuropa-Handbuch: Bulgarien, Vol. 6 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1990), p. 482; Kenrick, "The Gypsies of Bulgaria," pp. 2-3; Bernard Gilliat-Smith, "The Gypsies in Bulgaria (1948)," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 27, Nos 3-4, 1948, p. 157. From 1944 to 1947, the Bulgarian Communist Party "launched minority recruitment campaigns" throughout the country. Torsten F. Baest, "Bulgaria's War at Home: The People's Republic and Its Turkish Minority (1944-1985)," Across Frontiers, Winter 1985, p. 20.
163. Klaus-Detlev Grothusen, ed., Südosteuropa-Handbuch: Bulgarien, Vol. 6 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1990), p. 482; Kenrick, "The Gypsies of Bulgaria," pp. 2-3; Bernard Gilliat-Smith, "The Gypsies in Bulgaria (1948)," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 27, Nos 3-4, 1948, p. 157. From 1944 to 1947, the Bulgarian Communist Party "launched minority recruitment campaigns" throughout the country. Torsten F. Baest, "Bulgaria's War at Home: The People's Republic and Its Turkish Minority (1944-1985)," Across Frontiers, Winter 1985, p. 20.
164. Klaus-Detlev Grothusen, ed., Südosteuropa-Handbuch: Bulgarien, Vol. 6 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1990), p. 482; Kenrick, "The Gypsies of Bulgaria," pp. 2-3; Bernard Gilliat-Smith, "The Gypsies in Bulgaria (1948)," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 27, Nos 3-4, 1948, p. 157. From 1944 to 1947, the Bulgarian Communist Party "launched minority recruitment campaigns" throughout the country. Torsten F. Baest, "Bulgaria's War at Home: The People's Republic and Its Turkish Minority (1944-1985)," Across Frontiers, Winter 1985, p. 20.
165. Kenrick, "The Gypsies of Bulgaria Before and After the 10th of November," p. 3; "The Gypsies," East Europe, Vol. 14, No. 10, 1965, p. 24; Gilliat-Smith, "The Gypsies of Bulgaria," p. 157; F. G. Ackerley, "Romano-Esi," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 27, Nos 3-4, 1948, pp. 157-158.
166. Kenrick, "The Gypsies of Bulgaria Before and After the 10th of November," p. 3; "The Gypsies," East Europe, Vol. 14, No. 10, 1965, p. 24; Gilliat-Smith, "The Gypsies of Bulgaria," p. 157; F. G. Ackerley, "Romano-Esi," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 27, Nos 3-4, 1948, pp. 157-158.
167. Kenrick, "The Gypsies of Bulgaria Before and After the 10th of November," p. 3; "The Gypsies," East Europe, Vol. 14, No. 10, 1965, p. 24; Gilliat-Smith, "The Gypsies of Bulgaria," p. 157; F. G. Ackerley, "Romano-Esi," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 27, Nos 3-4, 1948, pp. 157-158.
168. Kenrick, "The Gypsies of Bulgaria Before and After the 10th of November," p. 3; "The Gypsies," East Europe, Vol. 14, No. 10, 1965, p. 24; Gilliat-Smith, "The Gypsies of Bulgaria," p. 157; F. G. Ackerley, "Romano-Esi," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 27, Nos 3-4, 1948, pp. 157-158.
169. Minority Rights Group, Minorities in the Balkans (London: Minority Rights Group, 1989), p. 10.
170. Bell, Bulgarian Communist Party, p. 97; Helsinki Watch, The Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 35, n28; Minorities in the Balkans, p. 9; Brown, Bulgaria under Communist Rule, pp. 13-16.
171. Bell, Bulgarian Communist Party, p. 97; Helsinki Watch, The Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 35, n28; Minorities in the Balkans, p. 9; Brown, Bulgaria under Communist Rule, pp. 13-16.
172. Bell, Bulgarian Communist Party, p. 97; Helsinki Watch, The Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 35, n28; Minorities in the Balkans, p. 9; Brown, Bulgaria under Communist Rule, pp. 13-16.
173. Bell, Bulgarian Communist Party, p. 97; Helsinki Watch, The Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 35, n28; Minorities in the Balkans, p. 9; Brown, Bulgaria under Communist Rule, pp. 13-16.
174. Bell, Bulgarian Communist Party, pp. 98-99. The 154,393 Turks forced out of the country made up 12% of the total Turkish population in Bulgaria. Georgeoff and Crowe, "National Minorities in Bulgaria," p. 284; Grotthusen, Bulgarien, p. 558; Şimşir, "Turkish Minority in Bulgaria," p. 167.
175. Bell, Bulgarian Communist Party, pp. 98-99. The 154,393 Turks forced out of the country made up 12% of the total Turkish population in Bulgaria. Georgeoff and Crowe, "National Minorities in Bulgaria," p. 284; Grotthusen, Bulgarien, p. 558; Şimşir, "Turkish Minority in Bulgaria," p. 167.
176. Bell, Bulgarian Communist Party, pp. 98-99. The 154,393 Turks forced out of the country made up 12% of the total Turkish population in Bulgaria. Georgeoff and Crowe, "National Minorities in Bulgaria," p. 284; Grotthusen, Bulgarien, p. 558; Şimşir, "Turkish Minority in Bulgaria," p. 167.
177. Bell, Bulgarian Communist Party, pp. 98-99. The 154,393 Turks forced out of the country made up 12% of the total Turkish population in Bulgaria. Georgeoff and Crowe, "National Minorities in Bulgaria," p. 284; Grotthusen, Bulgarien, p. 558; Şimşir, "Turkish Minority in Bulgaria," p. 167.
178. Joseph B. Schechtman, Postwar Population Transfers in Europe, 1945-1955 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1962), pp. 350-351; Bell, Bulgarian Communist Party, p. 99; V. I. Kozlov, "Changes in the Ethnic Composition of Rumania and Bulgaria," Soviet Sociology, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1964, p. 37.
179. Joseph B. Schechtman, Postwar Population Transfers in Europe, 1945-1955 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1962), pp. 350-351; Bell, Bulgarian Communist Party, p. 99; V. I. Kozlov, "Changes in the Ethnic Composition of Rumania and Bulgaria," Soviet Sociology, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1964, p. 37.
180. Joseph B. Schechtman, Postwar Population Transfers in Europe, 1945-1955 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1962), pp. 350-351; Bell, Bulgarian Communist Party, p. 99; V. I. Kozlov, "Changes in the Ethnic Composition of Rumania and Bulgaria," Soviet Sociology, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1964, p. 37.
181. Minority Rights Group, World Directory of Minorities (Chicago: St James Press, 1989), p. 120; "The Gypsies," East Europe, p. 24; Grothusen, Bulgarien, p. 482; Luan Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies: Numerically Strong, Politically Weak," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1992, p. 59. See Carol Silverman, "Bulgarian Gypsies: Adaptation in a Socialist Context," in Nomadic Peoples (Montreal: Commission on Nomadic Peoples, 1980), p. 53, for more on the implementation of this policy in Sofia. There are indications that efforts to halt Roma nomadism were not completely successful. See Stowers Johnson's description of nomadic Gypsies in the decade after this policy was implemented in his Gay Bulgaria (London: Robert Hale, 1964), pp. 135-136.
182. Minority Rights Group, World Directory of Minorities (Chicago: St James Press, 1989), p. 120; "The Gypsies," East Europe, p. 24; Grothusen, Bulgarien, p. 482; Luan Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies: Numerically Strong, Politically Weak," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1992, p. 59. See Carol Silverman, "Bulgarian Gypsies: Adaptation in a Socialist Context," in Nomadic Peoples (Montreal: Commission on Nomadic Peoples, 1980), p. 53, for more on the implementation of this policy in Sofia. There are indications that efforts to halt Roma nomadism were not completely successful. See Stowers Johnson's description of nomadic Gypsies in the decade after this policy was implemented in his Gay Bulgaria (London: Robert Hale, 1964), pp. 135-136.
183. Minority Rights Group, World Directory of Minorities (Chicago: St James Press, 1989), p. 120; "The Gypsies," East Europe, p. 24; Grothusen, Bulgarien, p. 482; Luan Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies: Numerically Strong, Politically Weak," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1992, p. 59. See Carol Silverman, "Bulgarian Gypsies: Adaptation in a Socialist Context," in Nomadic Peoples (Montreal: Commission on Nomadic Peoples, 1980), p. 53, for more on the implementation of this policy in Sofia. There are indications that efforts to halt Roma nomadism were not completely successful. See Stowers Johnson's description of nomadic Gypsies in the decade after this policy was implemented in his Gay Bulgaria (London: Robert Hale, 1964), pp. 135-136.
184. Minority Rights Group, World Directory of Minorities (Chicago: St James Press, 1989), p. 120; "The Gypsies," East Europe, p. 24; Grothusen, Bulgarien, p. 482; Luan Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies: Numerically Strong, Politically Weak," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1992, p. 59. See Carol Silverman, "Bulgarian Gypsies: Adaptation in a Socialist Context," in Nomadic Peoples (Montreal: Commission on Nomadic Peoples, 1980), p. 53, for more on the implementation of this policy in Sofia. There are indications that efforts to halt Roma nomadism were not completely successful. See Stowers Johnson's description of nomadic Gypsies in the decade after this policy was implemented in his Gay Bulgaria (London: Robert Hale, 1964), pp. 135-136.
185. Minority Rights Group, World Directory of Minorities (Chicago: St James Press, 1989), p. 120; "The Gypsies," East Europe, p. 24; Grothusen, Bulgarien, p. 482; Luan Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies: Numerically Strong, Politically Weak," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1992, p. 59. See Carol Silverman, "Bulgarian Gypsies: Adaptation in a Socialist Context," in Nomadic Peoples (Montreal: Commission on Nomadic Peoples, 1980), p. 53, for more on the implementation of this policy in Sofia. There are indications that efforts to halt Roma nomadism were not completely successful. See Stowers Johnson's description of nomadic Gypsies in the decade after this policy was implemented in his Gay Bulgaria (London: Robert Hale, 1964), pp. 135-136.
186. Minority Rights Group, World Directory of Minorities (Chicago: St James Press, 1989), p. 120; "The Gypsies," East Europe, p. 24; Grothusen, Bulgarien, p. 482; Luan Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies: Numerically Strong, Politically Weak," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1992, p. 59. See Carol Silverman, "Bulgarian Gypsies: Adaptation in a Socialist Context," in Nomadic Peoples (Montreal: Commission on Nomadic Peoples, 1980), p. 53, for more on the implementation of this policy in Sofia. There are indications that efforts to halt Roma nomadism were not completely successful. See Stowers Johnson's description of nomadic Gypsies in the decade after this policy was implemented in his Gay Bulgaria (London: Robert Hale, 1964), pp. 135-136.
187. Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 12; Kenrick, "Notes on the Gypsies in Bulgaria," p. 77; Kozlov, "Changes in the Ethnic Composition of Rumania and Bulgaria," p. 35; Ali Eminov, "There are No Turks in Bulgaria: Rewriting History by Administrative Fiat," in Karpat, Turks of Bulgaria, p. 212.
188. Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 12; Kenrick, "Notes on the Gypsies in Bulgaria," p. 77; Kozlov, "Changes in the Ethnic Composition of Rumania and Bulgaria," p. 35; Ali Eminov, "There are No Turks in Bulgaria: Rewriting History by Administrative Fiat," in Karpat, Turks of Bulgaria, p. 212.
189. Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 12; Kenrick, "Notes on the Gypsies in Bulgaria," p. 77; Kozlov, "Changes in the Ethnic Composition of Rumania and Bulgaria," p. 35; Ali Eminov, "There are No Turks in Bulgaria: Rewriting History by Administrative Fiat," in Karpat, Turks of Bulgaria, p. 212.
190. Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 12; Kenrick, "Notes on the Gypsies in Bulgaria," p. 77; Kozlov, "Changes in the Ethnic Composition of Rumania and Bulgaria," p. 35; Ali Eminov, "There are No Turks in Bulgaria: Rewriting History by Administrative Fiat," in Karpat, Turks of Bulgaria, p. 212.
191. "Minorities in Eastern Europe," East Europe, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1959, p. 14; "Minorities in Eastern Europe - II," East Europe, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1959, p. 6; Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 8.
192. "Minorities in Eastern Europe," East Europe, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1959, p. 14; "Minorities in Eastern Europe - II," East Europe, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1959, p. 6; Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 8.
193. "Minorities in Eastern Europe," East Europe, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1959, p. 14; "Minorities in Eastern Europe - II," East Europe, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1959, p. 6; Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 8.
194. Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, pp. 61-62.
195. Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, pp. 62-63.
196. Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, pp. 63-66.
197. Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, pp. 13, 20-21; Eminov, "There are No Turks in Bulgaria," p. 206; Şimşir, "The Turkish Minority in Bulgaria," p. 168.
198. Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, pp. 13, 20-21; Eminov, "There are No Turks in Bulgaria," p. 206; Şimşir, "The Turkish Minority in Bulgaria," p. 168.
199. Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, pp. 13, 20-21; Eminov, "There are No Turks in Bulgaria," p. 206; Şimşir, "The Turkish Minority in Bulgaria," p. 168.
200. Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, pp. 69-70.
201. Ilona Tomova, The Gypsies in the Transition Period (Sofia: International Center for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations, 1995), pp. 22-23, 25; Elena Marushiakova and Veselin Popov, Tsiganite v Bulgariuya (Sofia: Club 90, 1993), pp. 161-165.
202. Ilona Tomova, The Gypsies in the Transition Period (Sofia: International Center for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations, 1995), pp. 22-23, 25; Elena Marushiakova and Veselin Popov, Tsiganite v Bulgariuya (Sofia: Club 90, 1993), pp. 161-165.
203. Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 71.
204. Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, pp. 71-72.
205. Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, pp. 72-73.
206. Silverman, "Bulgarian Gypsies," p. 58.
207. Tomova, The Gypsies, pp. 57-58; Puxon, Rom (1973), p. 17; Vladimir Pekelsky, "Die Zigeunerfrage in den ost-und südosteuropa staaten," Osteuropa, Vol. 9, 1970, p. 616; Gypsies of Bulgaria, pp. 29-34.
208. Tomova, The Gypsies, pp. 57-58; Puxon, Rom (1973), p. 17; Vladimir Pekelsky, "Die Zigeunerfrage in den ost-und südosteuropa staaten," Osteuropa, Vol. 9, 1970, p. 616; Gypsies of Bulgaria, pp. 29-34.
209. Tomova, The Gypsies, pp. 57-58; Puxon, Rom (1973), p. 17; Vladimir Pekelsky, "Die Zigeunerfrage in den ost-und südosteuropa staaten," Osteuropa, Vol. 9, 1970, p. 616; Gypsies of Bulgaria, pp. 29-34.
210. Tomova, The Gypsies, pp. 57-58; Puxon, Rom (1973), p. 17; Vladimir Pekelsky, "Die Zigeunerfrage in den ost-und südosteuropa staaten," Osteuropa, Vol. 9, 1970, p. 616; Gypsies of Bulgaria, pp. 29-34.
211. Poulton, Minorities in the Balkans, pp. 12-19; Puxon, Rom: Europe's Gypsies (London: Minority Rights Group, 1987), p. 11; Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 49; Rada Nikolaev and G. S., "Forced Assimilation of the Turks," in Vojtech Mastny, ed., Soviet/East European Survey, 1984-1985 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1986), pp. 187-192; Feffer, Shock Waves, p. 230; Silverman, "Bulgarian Gypsies," p. 58; Carol Silverman, "Tsiganes musique et politiques en Bulgare," Études Tsiganes, No. 4, 1988, pp. 17, 19; United States Department of State, Bulgaria Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1998 (Washington: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 1999), p. 14.
212. Poulton, Minorities in the Balkans, pp. 12-19; Puxon, Rom: Europe's Gypsies (London: Minority Rights Group, 1987), p. 11; Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 49; Rada Nikolaev and G. S., "Forced Assimilation of the Turks," in Vojtech Mastny, ed., Soviet/East European Survey, 1984-1985 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1986), pp. 187-192; Feffer, Shock Waves, p. 230; Silverman, "Bulgarian Gypsies," p. 58; Carol Silverman, "Tsiganes musique et politiques en Bulgare," Études Tsiganes, No. 4, 1988, pp. 17, 19; United States Department of State, Bulgaria Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1998 (Washington: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 1999), p. 14.
213. Poulton, Minorities in the Balkans, pp. 12-19; Puxon, Rom: Europe's Gypsies (London: Minority Rights Group, 1987), p. 11; Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 49; Rada Nikolaev and G. S., "Forced Assimilation of the Turks," in Vojtech Mastny, ed., Soviet/East European Survey, 1984-1985 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1986), pp. 187-192; Feffer, Shock Waves, p. 230; Silverman, "Bulgarian Gypsies," p. 58; Carol Silverman, "Tsiganes musique et politiques en Bulgare," Études Tsiganes, No. 4, 1988, pp. 17, 19; United States Department of State, Bulgaria Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1998 (Washington: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 1999), p. 14.
214. Poulton, Minorities in the Balkans, pp. 12-19; Puxon, Rom: Europe's Gypsies (London: Minority Rights Group, 1987), p. 11; Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 49; Rada Nikolaev and G. S., "Forced Assimilation of the Turks," in Vojtech Mastny, ed., Soviet/East European Survey, 1984-1985 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1986), pp. 187-192; Feffer, Shock Waves, p. 230; Silverman, "Bulgarian Gypsies," p. 58; Carol Silverman, "Tsiganes musique et politiques en Bulgare," Études Tsiganes, No. 4, 1988, pp. 17, 19; United States Department of State, Bulgaria Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1998 (Washington: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 1999), p. 14.
215. Poulton, Minorities in the Balkans, pp. 12-19; Puxon, Rom: Europe's Gypsies (London: Minority Rights Group, 1987), p. 11; Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 49; Rada Nikolaev and G. S., "Forced Assimilation of the Turks," in Vojtech Mastny, ed., Soviet/East European Survey, 1984-1985 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1986), pp. 187-192; Feffer, Shock Waves, p. 230; Silverman, "Bulgarian Gypsies," p. 58; Carol Silverman, "Tsiganes musique et politiques en Bulgare," Études Tsiganes, No. 4, 1988, pp. 17, 19; United States Department of State, Bulgaria Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1998 (Washington: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 1999), p. 14.
216. Poulton, Minorities in the Balkans, pp. 12-19; Puxon, Rom: Europe's Gypsies (London: Minority Rights Group, 1987), p. 11; Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 49; Rada Nikolaev and G. S., "Forced Assimilation of the Turks," in Vojtech Mastny, ed., Soviet/East European Survey, 1984-1985 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1986), pp. 187-192; Feffer, Shock Waves, p. 230; Silverman, "Bulgarian Gypsies," p. 58; Carol Silverman, "Tsiganes musique et politiques en Bulgare," Études Tsiganes, No. 4, 1988, pp. 17, 19; United States Department of State, Bulgaria Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1998 (Washington: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 1999), p. 14.
217. Poulton, Minorities in the Balkans, pp. 12-19; Puxon, Rom: Europe's Gypsies (London: Minority Rights Group, 1987), p. 11; Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 49; Rada Nikolaev and G. S., "Forced Assimilation of the Turks," in Vojtech Mastny, ed., Soviet/East European Survey, 1984-1985 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1986), pp. 187-192; Feffer, Shock Waves, p. 230; Silverman, "Bulgarian Gypsies," p. 58; Carol Silverman, "Tsiganes musique et politiques en Bulgare," Études Tsiganes, No. 4, 1988, pp. 17, 19; United States Department of State, Bulgaria Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1998 (Washington: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 1999), p. 14.
218. Poulton, Minorities in the Balkans, pp. 12-19; Puxon, Rom: Europe's Gypsies (London: Minority Rights Group, 1987), p. 11; Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 49; Rada Nikolaev and G. S., "Forced Assimilation of the Turks," in Vojtech Mastny, ed., Soviet/East European Survey, 1984-1985 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1986), pp. 187-192; Feffer, Shock Waves, p. 230; Silverman, "Bulgarian Gypsies," p. 58; Carol Silverman, "Tsiganes musique et politiques en Bulgare," Études Tsiganes, No. 4, 1988, pp. 17, 19; United States Department of State, Bulgaria Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1998 (Washington: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 1999), p. 14.
219. Puxon, Rom (1987), p. 11; Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies," p. 59; "True, Tormented Pan- Europeans," The Economist, 26 October 1991, p. 66; Ivan Ilchev and Duncan Perry, "Bulgarian Ethnic Groups: Politics and Perceptions," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1993, p. 39; Project on Ethnic Relations, The Romanies in Central and Eastern Europe: Illusions and Reality (Princeton: Project on Ethnic Relations, 1992), p. 8; Hugh Poulton, The Balkans: Minorities and States in Conflict (London: Minority Rights Group, 1991), p. 116; Helsinki Watch, "Bulgaria: Police Violence against Gypsies," Helsinki Watch, Vol. 5, No. 5, 1993, pp. 1, 7-8.
220. Puxon, Rom (1987), p. 11; Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies," p. 59; "True, Tormented Pan- Europeans," The Economist, 26 October 1991, p. 66; Ivan Ilchev and Duncan Perry, "Bulgarian Ethnic Groups: Politics and Perceptions," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1993, p. 39; Project on Ethnic Relations, The Romanies in Central and Eastern Europe: Illusions and Reality (Princeton: Project on Ethnic Relations, 1992), p. 8; Hugh Poulton, The Balkans: Minorities and States in Conflict (London: Minority Rights Group, 1991), p. 116; Helsinki Watch, "Bulgaria: Police Violence against Gypsies," Helsinki Watch, Vol. 5, No. 5, 1993, pp. 1, 7-8.
221. Puxon, Rom (1987), p. 11; Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies," p. 59; "True, Tormented Pan-Europeans," The Economist, 26 October 1991, p. 66; Ivan Ilchev and Duncan Perry, "Bulgarian Ethnic Groups: Politics and Perceptions," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1993, p. 39; Project on Ethnic Relations, The Romanies in Central and Eastern Europe: Illusions and Reality (Princeton: Project on Ethnic Relations, 1992), p. 8; Hugh Poulton, The Balkans: Minorities and States in Conflict (London: Minority Rights Group, 1991), p. 116; Helsinki Watch, "Bulgaria: Police Violence against Gypsies," Helsinki Watch, Vol. 5, No. 5, 1993, pp. 1, 7-8.
222. Puxon, Rom (1987), p. 11; Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies," p. 59; "True, Tormented Pan- Europeans," The Economist, 26 October 1991, p. 66; Ivan Ilchev and Duncan Perry, "Bulgarian Ethnic Groups: Politics and Perceptions," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1993, p. 39; Project on Ethnic Relations, The Romanies in Central and Eastern Europe: Illusions and Reality (Princeton: Project on Ethnic Relations, 1992), p. 8; Hugh Poulton, The Balkans: Minorities and States in Conflict (London: Minority Rights Group, 1991), p. 116; Helsinki Watch, "Bulgaria: Police Violence against Gypsies," Helsinki Watch, Vol. 5, No. 5, 1993, pp. 1, 7-8.
223. Puxon, Rom (1987), p. 11; Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies," p. 59; "True, Tormented Pan- Europeans," The Economist, 26 October 1991, p. 66; Ivan Ilchev and Duncan Perry, "Bulgarian Ethnic Groups: Politics and Perceptions," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1993, p. 39; Project on Ethnic Relations, The Romanies in Central and Eastern Europe: Illusions and Reality (Princeton: Project on Ethnic Relations, 1992), p. 8; Hugh Poulton, The Balkans: Minorities and States in Conflict (London: Minority Rights Group, 1991), p. 116; Helsinki Watch, "Bulgaria: Police Violence against Gypsies," Helsinki Watch, Vol. 5, No. 5, 1993, pp. 1, 7-8.
224. Puxon, Rom (1987), p. 11; Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies," p. 59; "True, Tormented Pan- Europeans," The Economist, 26 October 1991, p. 66; Ivan Ilchev and Duncan Perry, "Bulgarian Ethnic Groups: Politics and Perceptions," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1993, p. 39; Project on Ethnic Relations, The Romanies in Central and Eastern Europe: Illusions and Reality (Princeton: Project on Ethnic Relations, 1992), p. 8; Hugh Poulton, The Balkans: Minorities and States in Conflict (London: Minority Rights Group, 1991), p. 116; Helsinki Watch, "Bulgaria: Police Violence against Gypsies," Helsinki Watch, Vol. 5, No. 5, 1993, pp. 1, 7-8.
225. Puxon, Rom (1987), p. 11; Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies," p. 59; "True, Tormented Pan- Europeans," The Economist, 26 October 1991, p. 66; Ivan Ilchev and Duncan Perry, "Bulgarian Ethnic Groups: Politics and Perceptions," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1993, p. 39; Project on Ethnic Relations, The Romanies in Central and Eastern Europe: Illusions and Reality (Princeton: Project on Ethnic Relations, 1992), p. 8; Hugh Poulton, The Balkans: Minorities and States in Conflict (London: Minority Rights Group, 1991), p. 116; Helsinki Watch, "Bulgaria: Police Violence against Gypsies," Helsinki Watch, Vol. 5, No. 5, 1993, pp. 1, 7-8.
226. Tomova, The Gypsies, p. 27; Marushiakova and Popov, Tsiganite v Bulgariya, p. 93; European Roma Rights Center, Profession: Prisoner Roma in Detention in Bulgaria, Country Reports Series, No. 6 (Budapest: European Roma Rights Centre, 1997), p. 16; Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 5; Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies," p. 58; Bell, "Bulgaria," p. 308; Ilchev and Perry, "Bulgaria's Ethnic Groups," p. 35; Kjell Engelbrekt, "Bulgarian Gypsies Demand Ban on 'Fascist' Organizations," RFE/RL Daily Report, 3 January 1994; Stefan Krause, "Winds of Change Sweep Bulgaria," in Peter Rutland, ed., The Challenge of Integration: Annual Survey of Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, 1997 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), p. 243.
227. Tomova, The Gypsies, p. 27; Marushiakova and Popov, Tsiganite v Bulgariya, p. 93; European Roma Rights Center, Profession: Prisoner Roma in Detention in Bulgaria, Country Reports Series, No. 6 (Budapest: European Roma Rights Centre, 1997), p. 16; Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 5; Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies," p. 58; Bell, "Bulgaria," p. 308; Ilchev and Perry, "Bulgaria's Ethnic Groups," p. 35; Kjell Engelbrekt, "Bulgarian Gypsies Demand Ban on 'Fascist' Organizations," RFE/RL Daily Report, 3 January 1994; Stefan Krause, "Winds of Change Sweep Bulgaria," in Peter Rutland, ed., The Challenge of Integration: Annual Survey of Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, 1997 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), p. 243.
228. Tomova, The Gypsies, p. 27; Marushiakova and Popov, Tsiganite v Bulgariya, p. 93; European Roma Rights Center, Profession: Prisoner Roma in Detention in Bulgaria, Country Reports Series, No. 6 (Budapest: European Roma Rights Centre, 1997), p. 16; Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 5; Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies," p. 58; Bell, "Bulgaria," p. 308; Ilchev and Perry, "Bulgaria's Ethnic Groups," p. 35; Kjell Engelbrekt, "Bulgarian Gypsies Demand Ban on 'Fascist' Organizations," RFE/RL Daily Report, 3 January 1994; Stefan Krause, "Winds of Change Sweep Bulgaria," in Peter Rutland, ed., The Challenge of Integration: Annual Survey of Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, 1997 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), p. 243.
229. Tomova, The Gypsies, p. 27; Marushiakova and Popov, Tsiganite v Bulgariya, p. 93; European Roma Rights Center, Profession: Prisoner Roma in Detention in Bulgaria, Country Reports Series, No. 6 (Budapest: European Roma Rights Centre, 1997), p. 16; Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 5; Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies," p. 58; Bell, "Bulgaria," p. 308; Ilchev and Perry, "Bulgaria's Ethnic Groups," p. 35; Kjell Engelbrekt, "Bulgarian Gypsies Demand Ban on 'Fascist' Organizations," RFE/RL Daily Report, 3 January 1994; Stefan Krause, "Winds of Change Sweep Bulgaria," in Peter Rutland, ed., The Challenge of Integration: Annual Survey of Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, 1997 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), p. 243.
230. Tomova, The Gypsies, p. 27; Marushiakova and Popov, Tsiganite v Bulgariya, p. 93; European Roma Rights Center, Profession: Prisoner Roma in Detention in Bulgaria, Country Reports Series, No. 6 (Budapest: European Roma Rights Centre, 1997), p. 16; Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 5; Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies," p. 58; Bell, "Bulgaria," p. 308; Ilchev and Perry, "Bulgaria's Ethnic Groups," p. 35; Kjell Engelbrekt, "Bulgarian Gypsies Demand Ban on 'Fascist' Organizations," RFE/RL Daily Report, 3 January 1994; Stefan Krause, "Winds of Change Sweep Bulgaria," in Peter Rutland, ed., The Challenge of Integration: Annual Survey of Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, 1997 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), p. 243.
231. Tomova, The Gypsies, p. 27; Marushiakova and Popov, Tsiganite v Bulgariya, p. 93; European Roma Rights Center, Profession: Prisoner Roma in Detention in Bulgaria, Country Reports Series, No. 6 (Budapest: European Roma Rights Centre, 1997), p. 16; Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 5; Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies," p. 58; Bell, "Bulgaria," p. 308; Ilchev and Perry, "Bulgaria's Ethnic Groups," p. 35; Kjell Engelbrekt, "Bulgarian Gypsies Demand Ban on 'Fascist' Organizations," RFE/RL Daily Report, 3 January 1994; Stefan Krause, "Winds of Change Sweep Bulgaria," in Peter Rutland, ed., The Challenge of Integration: Annual Survey of Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, 1997 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), p. 243.
232. Tomova, The Gypsies, p. 27; Marushiakova and Popov, Tsiganite v Bulgariya, p. 93; European Roma Rights Center, Profession: Prisoner Roma in Detention in Bulgaria, Country Reports Series, No. 6 (Budapest: European Roma Rights Centre, 1997), p. 16; Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 5; Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies," p. 58; Bell, "Bulgaria," p. 308; Ilchev and Perry, "Bulgaria's Ethnic Groups," p. 35; Kjell Engelbrekt, "Bulgarian Gypsies Demand Ban on 'Fascist' Organizations," RFE/RL Daily Report, 3 January 1994; Stefan Krause, "Winds of Change Sweep Bulgaria," in Peter Rutland, ed., The Challenge of Integration: Annual Survey of Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, 1997 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), p. 243.
233. Tomova, The Gypsies, p. 27; Marushiakova and Popov, Tsiganite v Bulgariya, p. 93; European Roma Rights Center, Profession: Prisoner Roma in Detention in Bulgaria, Country Reports Series, No. 6 (Budapest: European Roma Rights Centre, 1997), p. 16; Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 5; Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies," p. 58; Bell, "Bulgaria," p. 308; Ilchev and Perry, "Bulgaria's Ethnic Groups," p. 35; Kjell Engelbrekt, "Bulgarian Gypsies Demand Ban on 'Fascist' Organizations," RFE/RL Daily Report, 3 January 1994; Stefan Krause, "Winds of Change Sweep Bulgaria," in Peter Rutland, ed., The Challenge of Integration: Annual Survey of Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, 1997 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), p. 243.
234. Tomova, The Gypsies, p. 27; Marushiakova and Popov, Tsiganite v Bulgariya, p. 93; European Roma Rights Center, Profession: Prisoner Roma in Detention in Bulgaria, Country Reports Series, No. 6 (Budapest: European Roma Rights Centre, 1997), p. 16; Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, p. 5; Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies," p. 58; Bell, "Bulgaria," p. 308; Ilchev and Perry, "Bulgaria's Ethnic Groups," p. 35; Kjell Engelbrekt, "Bulgarian Gypsies Demand Ban on 'Fascist' Organizations," RFE/RL Daily Report, 3 January 1994; Stefan Krause, "Winds of Change Sweep Bulgaria," in Peter Rutland, ed., The Challenge of Integration: Annual Survey of Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, 1997 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), p. 243.
235. Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies," p. 60; Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, pp. 43-44; Duncan M. Perry, "Bulgaria: A New Constitution and Free Elections," in RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1992, p. 80. Manush Romanov discussed the Democratic Union of Gypsies (ROMA) as well as its goals and policies in his "Chants rom de Bulgarie," in Études Tsiganes, No. 1, 1991, pp. 36-37; Romanov also headed the Cultural, Educational Organization for Roma in Bulgaria at the same time he took over ROMA. Poulton, The Balkans, pp. 116-117; Feffer, Shock Waves, p. 238.
236. Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies," p. 60; Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, pp. 43-44; Duncan M. Perry, "Bulgaria: A New Constitution and Free Elections," in RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1992, p. 80. Manush Romanov discussed the Democratic Union of Gypsies (ROMA) as well as its goals and policies in his "Chants rom de Bulgarie," in Études Tsiganes, No. 1, 1991, pp. 36-37; Romanov also headed the Cultural, Educational Organization for Roma in Bulgaria at the same time he took over ROMA. Poulton, The Balkans, pp. 116-117; Feffer, Shock Waves, p. 238.
237. Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies," p. 60; Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, pp. 43-44; Duncan M. Perry, "Bulgaria: A New Constitution and Free Elections," in RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1992, p. 80. Manush Romanov discussed the Democratic Union of Gypsies (ROMA) as well as its goals and policies in his "Chants rom de Bulgarie," in Études Tsiganes, No. 1, 1991, pp. 36-37; Romanov also headed the Cultural, Educational Organization for Roma in Bulgaria at the same time he took over ROMA. Poulton, The Balkans, pp. 116-117; Feffer, Shock Waves, p. 238.
238. Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies," p. 60; Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, pp. 43-44; Duncan M. Perry, "Bulgaria: A New Constitution and Free Elections," in RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1992, p. 80. Manush Romanov discussed the Democratic Union of Gypsies (ROMA) as well as its goals and policies in his "Chants rom de Bulgarie," in Études Tsiganes, No. 1, 1991, pp. 36-37; Romanov also headed the Cultural, Educational Organization for Roma in Bulgaria at the same time he took over ROMA. Poulton, The Balkans, pp. 116-117; Feffer, Shock Waves, p. 238.
239. Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies," p. 60; Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, pp. 43-44; Duncan M. Perry, "Bulgaria: A New Constitution and Free Elections," in RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1992, p. 80. Manush Romanov discussed the Democratic Union of Gypsies (ROMA) as well as its goals and policies in his "Chants rom de Bulgarie," in Études Tsiganes, No. 1, 1991, pp. 36-37; Romanov also headed the Cultural, Educational Organization for Roma in Bulgaria at the same time he took over ROMA. Poulton, The Balkans, pp. 116-117; Feffer, Shock Waves, p. 238.
240. Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies," p. 60; Helsinki Watch, Gypsies of Bulgaria, pp. 43-44; Duncan M. Perry, "Bulgaria: A New Constitution and Free Elections," in RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1992, p. 80. Manush Romanov discussed the Democratic Union of Gypsies (ROMA) as well as its goals and policies in his "Chants rom de Bulgarie," in Études Tsiganes, No. 1, 1991, pp. 36-37; Romanov also headed the Cultural, Educational Organization for Roma in Bulgaria at the same time he took over ROMA. Poulton, The Balkans, pp. 116-117; Feffer, Shock Waves, p. 238.
241. Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies," pp. 60-61; Ilchev and Perry, "Bulgarian Ethnic Groups," p. 39, n10.
242. Troxel, "Bulgaria's Gypsies," pp. 60-61; Ilchev and Perry, "Bulgarian Ethnic Groups," p. 39, n10.
243. Engelbrekt, "Bulgarian Gypsies Demand Ban on 'Fascist' Organizations."
244. Project on Ethnic Relations, The Roma in Bulgaria: Collaborative Efforts between Local Authorities and Nongovernmental Organizations (Princeton: Project on Ethnic Relations, 1998), p. 1.
245. Bugajski, Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe, pp. 250-251; United States Department of State,
246. Department of State, Bulgaria Country Report, 1998, pp. 2-3, 13-15; Human Rights Watch, World Report: Bulgaria (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1999), p. 1; Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Developments: Bulgaria (Washington DC: Department of State, 1998), pp. 1-2. The problems of police and court mistreatment of the Roma were first reported in Human Rights Watch's Children of Bulgaria: Police Violence and Arbitrary Confinement (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1996).
247. Department of State, Bulgaria Country Report, 1998, pp. 2-3, 13-15; Human Rights Watch, World Report: Bulgaria (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1999), p. 1; Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Developments: Bulgaria (Washington DC: Department of State, 1998), pp. 1-2. The problems of police and court mistreatment of the Roma were first reported in Human Rights Watch's Children of Bulgaria: Police Violence and Arbitrary Confinement (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1996).
248. Department of State, Bulgaria Country Report, 1998, pp. 2-3, 13-15; Human Rights Watch, World Report: Bulgaria (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1999), p. 1; Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Developments: Bulgaria (Washington DC: Department of State, 1998), pp. 1-2. The problems of police and court mistreatment of the Roma were first reported in Human Rights Watch's Children of Bulgaria: Police Violence and Arbitrary Confinement (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1996).
249. Department of State, Bulgaria Country Report, 1998, pp. 2-3, 13-15; Human Rights Watch, World Report: Bulgaria (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1999), p. 1; Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Developments: Bulgaria (Washington DC: Department of State, 1998), pp. 1-2. The problems of police and court mistreatment of the Roma were first reported in Human Rights Watch's Children of Bulgaria: Police Violence and Arbitrary Confinement (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1996).
250. Tomova, The Gypsies, p. 81.
251. Noel Malcolm, Kosovo: A Short History (New York: HarperCollins, 1999), p. 209; European Roma Rights Center, Roma Rights, No. 2, 1999, p. 1; Shani Rafati, "Invisible Roma in Kosovo," unpublished manuscript (1999), p. 1.
252. Noel Malcolm, Kosovo: A Short History (New York: HarperCollins, 1999), p. 209; European Roma Rights Center, Roma Rights, No. 2, 1999, p. 1; Shani Rafati, "Invisible Roma in Kosovo," unpublished manuscript (1999), p. 1.
253. Noel Malcolm, Kosovo: A Short History (New York: HarperCollins, 1999), p. 209; European Roma Rights Center, Roma Rights, No. 2, 1999, p. 1; Shani Rafati, "Invisible Roma in Kosovo," unpublished manuscript (1999), p. 1.
254. Malcolm, Kosovo, pp. 43-44, 58, 61-62, 91-92, 206. The "Kosovo Epic," long a stimulus for Serbian national pretensions, added to the myth of Kosovo as the "Serbian Jerusalem," the "ancient heartland of the Serbian kingdom." Pedro Ramet, "Kosovo and the Limits of Yugoslav Socialist Patriotism," Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism, Vol. 16, Nos 1-2, 1989, p. 228.
255. Malcolm, Kosovo, pp. 43-44, 58, 61-62, 91-92, 206. The "Kosovo Epic," long a stimulus for Serbian national pretensions, added to the myth of Kosovo as the "Serbian Jerusalem," the "ancient heartland of the Serbian kingdom." Pedro Ramet, "Kosovo and the Limits of Yugoslav Socialist Patriotism," Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism, Vol. 16, Nos 1-2, 1989, p. 228.
256. Malcolm, Kosovo, pp. 207-208.
257. Malcolm, Kosovo, p. 208; Crowe, History of the Gypsies, p. 222. Yugoslavia had an official Roma population of 72,651 in 1948; UNHCR, "Background Paper on Refugees and Asylum Seekers from Kosovo," (February 1996), p. 4.
258. Malcolm, Kosovo, p. 208; Crowe, History of the Gypsies, p. 222. Yugoslavia had an official Roma population of 72,651 in 1948; UNHCR, "Background Paper on Refugees and Asylum Seekers from Kosovo," (February 1996), p. 4.
259. Malcolm, Kosovo, p. 208; Crowe, History of the Gypsies, p. 222. Yugoslavia had an official Roma population of 72,651 in 1948; UNHCR, "Background Paper on Refugees and Asylum Seekers from Kosovo," (February 1996), p. 4.
260. Carlotta Gall, "Kosovo War Over, Gypsies Find Themselves Alone," New York Times, 11 July 1999, p. 6. There is also some evidence that the Serbs made a similar alliance with ethnic Turks in Kosova. Steven Erlanger, "As NATO Pours in, Fearful Serbs Pour out," New York Times, 14 June 1999, p. A11.
261. Carlotta Gall, "Kosovo War Over, Gypsies Find Themselves Alone," New York Times, 11 July 1999, p. 6. There is also some evidence that the Serbs made a similar alliance with ethnic Turks in Kosova. Steven Erlanger, "As NATO Pours in, Fearful Serbs Pour out," New York Times, 14 June 1999, p. A11.
262. Claude Cahn and Tatjana Peric, "Roma and the Kosovo Conflict," Roma Rights, No. 2 1999, p. 1.
263. Gall, "Kosovo War Over," p. 6.
264. Gall, "Kosovo War Over," p. 6. A number of press accounts support Makolli's claim that the Serbs forced the Roma to work as grave diggers. Peter Finn, "Pollashka's List," Washington Post, 20 June 1999, p. A22; David J. Lynch, "Hidden Children Return to Find Slain Families, Friends," USA Today, 16 June 1999, p. 7A; Ian fisher with David Rohde, "Return to Many Villages Is Visit to 'Crime Scenes,'" New York Times, 17 June 1999, p. A19; some Albanian Kosovars thought the Roma were paid by the Serbs for their work. Ellen Knickmeyer, "Villagers Describe More Massacres; Serb Withdrawal Allows Verification," Charlotte Observer, 16 June 1999, p. 15A.
265. Gall, "Kosovo War Over," p. 6. A number of press accounts support Makolli's claim that the Serbs forced the Roma to work as grave diggers. Peter Finn, "Pollashka's List," Washington Post, 20 June 1999, p. A22; David J. Lynch, "Hidden Children Return to Find Slain Families, Friends," USA Today, 16 June 1999, p. 7A; Ian fisher with David Rohde, "Return to Many Villages Is Visit to 'Crime Scenes,'" New York Times, 17 June 1999, p. A19; some Albanian Kosovars thought the Roma were paid by the Serbs for their work. Ellen Knickmeyer, "Villagers Describe More Massacres; Serb Withdrawal Allows Verification," Charlotte Observer, 16 June 1999, p. 15A.
266. Gall, "Kosovo War Over," p. 6. A number of press accounts support Makolli's claim that the Serbs forced the Roma to work as grave diggers. Peter Finn, "Pollashka's List," Washington Post, 20 June 1999, p. A22; David J. Lynch, "Hidden Children Return to Find Slain Families, Friends," USA Today, 16 June 1999, p. 7A; Ian fisher with David Rohde, "Return to Many Villages Is Visit to 'Crime Scenes,'" New York Times, 17 June 1999, p. A19; some Albanian Kosovars thought the Roma were paid by the Serbs for their work. Ellen Knickmeyer, "Villagers Describe More Massacres; Serb Withdrawal Allows Verification," Charlotte Observer, 16 June 1999, p. 15A.
267. Gall, "Kosovo War Over," p. 6. A number of press accounts support Makolli's claim that the Serbs forced the Roma to work as grave diggers. Peter Finn, "Pollashka's List," Washington Post, 20 June 1999, p. A22; David J. Lynch, "Hidden Children Return to Find Slain Families, Friends," USA Today, 16 June 1999, p. 7A; Ian fisher with David Rohde, "Return to Many Villages Is Visit to 'Crime Scenes,'" New York Times, 17 June 1999, p. A19; some Albanian Kosovars thought the Roma were paid by the Serbs for their work. Ellen Knickmeyer, "Villagers Describe More Massacres; Serb Withdrawal Allows Verification," Charlotte Observer, 16 June 1999, p. 15A.
268. Gall, "Kosovo War Over," p. 6. A number of press accounts support Makolli's claim that the Serbs forced the Roma to work as grave diggers. Peter Finn, "Pollashka's List," Washington Post, 20 June 1999, p. A22; David J. Lynch, "Hidden Children Return to Find Slain Families, Friends," USA Today, 16 June 1999, p. 7A; Ian fisher with David Rohde, "Return to Many Villages Is Visit to 'Crime Scenes,'" New York Times, 17 June 1999, p. A19; some Albanian Kosovars thought the Roma were paid by the Serbs for their work. Ellen Knickmeyer, "Villagers Describe More Massacres; Serb Withdrawal Allows Verification," Charlotte Observer, 16 June 1999, p. 15A.
269. Rromani Baxt, "The Situation of the Rroma in Cossivia," (August 1998), pp. 3-4.
270. Cahn and Peric, "Roma and the Kosovo Conflict," pp. 2-3.
271. Cahn and Peric, "Roma and the Kosovo Conflict," p. 3; Carlotta Gall, "Kosovo Rebels Said to Allow Violence against Serbs," New York Times, 3 August 1999, p. A5.
272. Cahn and Peric, "Roma and the Kosovo Conflict," p. 3; Carlotta Gall, "Kosovo Rebels Said to Allow Violence against Serbs," New York Times, 3 August 1999, p. A5.
273. Ian Fisher, "Germans Plan Curfew as Crime Rises in a City," New York Times, 28 June 1999, p. A8; David Rohde, "Kosovar Attack on Gypsies Reveals Desire for Revenge," New York Times, 7 June 1999, p. A12; Carlotta Gall, "Albanians Loot and Burn, Aiming Wrath at Gypsies," New York Times, 24 June 1999, p. A14; Tamara Jones, "Relief Convoy: A Cynical Humanitarian and the Kosovo Refugees," Washington Post Magazine, 4 July 1999, pp. 21, 24.
274. Ian Fisher, "Germans Plan Curfew as Crime Rises in a City," New York Times, 28 June 1999, p. A8; David Rohde, "Kosovar Attack on Gypsies Reveals Desire for Revenge," New York Times, 7 June 1999, p. A12; Carlotta Gall, "Albanians Loot and Burn, Aiming Wrath at Gypsies," New York Times, 24 June 1999, p. A14; Tamara Jones, "Relief Convoy: A Cynical Humanitarian and the Kosovo Refugees," Washington Post Magazine, 4 July 1999, pp. 21, 24.
275. Ian Fisher, "Germans Plan Curfew as Crime Rises in a City," New York Times, 28 June 1999, p. A8; David Rohde, "Kosovar Attack on Gypsies Reveals Desire for Revenge," New York Times, 7 June 1999, p. A12; Carlotta Gall, "Albanians Loot and Burn, Aiming Wrath at Gypsies," New York Times, 24 June 1999, p. A14; Tamara Jones, "Relief Convoy: A Cynical Humanitarian and the Kosovo Refugees," Washington Post Magazine, 4 July 1999, pp. 21, 24.
276. Ian Fisher, "Germans Plan Curfew as Crime Rises in a City," New York Times, 28 June 1999, p. A8; David Rohde, "Kosovar Attack on Gypsies Reveals Desire for Revenge," New York Times, 7 June 1999, p. A12; Carlotta Gall, "Albanians Loot and Burn, Aiming Wrath at Gypsies," New York Times, 24 June 1999, p. A14; Tamara Jones, "Relief Convoy: A Cynical Humanitarian and the Kosovo Refugees," Washington Post Magazine, 4 July 1999, pp. 21, 24.
277. "Declaration of the Rromani Union Concerning the Recent Events in Kosovo," 18 April 1999, p. 2.
278. Press statement, European Roma Rights Center, Budapest, "Human Rights Project Sofia," 23 June 1999, pp. 3-6; letter of Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe to Secretary of State Madeline Albright, 15 July 1999, pp. 1-2. On 3 November 1999, Secretary of State Madeline Albright responded to the CSCE letter through Barbara Larkin, her Assistant Secretary for Legislative Affairs. She expressed concern for the "safety and security of all residents of Kosovo." Secretary Albright noted that the United States strongly supported the work of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. She added that, though the United States had "no special admission programs for Roma," the State Department had "processed over 50 Roma for refugee admissions in the past six months." Barbara Larkin, Assistant Secretary for Legislative Affairs to CSCE, 3 November 1999, pp. 1-2.
279. Steven Erlanger, "After Slow Start, U.N. Asserts Role in Running Kosovo," New York Times, 11 August 1999, pp. A1, A10. By the end of August 1999, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimated that there were 173,000 Kosovar Roma and Serbs in Serbia, though only 133,737 were officially registered as such. Steven Erlanger, "Serbs Driven from Kosovo Live Crowded and in Want," New York Times, 2 September 1999, p. A3. Bernard Kouchner, the U.N.'s administrator for Kosova, told the U.N. Security Council on 11 September 1999 that Kosova had a population of 1.4 million Albanians, 97,000 Serbs, and 73,000 individuals from other ethnic groups, including Roma. RFE/RL Newsline, Vol. 3, No. 178, Part II, 13 September 1999.
280. Steven Erlanger, "After Slow Start, U.N. Asserts Role in Running Kosovo," New York Times, 11 August 1999, pp. A1, A10. By the end of August 1999, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimated that there were 173,000 Kosovar Roma and Serbs in Serbia, though only 133,737 were officially registered as such. Steven Erlanger, "Serbs Driven from Kosovo Live Crowded and in Want," New York Times, 2 September 1999, p. A3. Bernard Kouchner, the U.N.'s administrator for Kosova, told the U.N. Security Council on 11 September 1999 that Kosova had a population of 1.4 million Albanians, 97,000 Serbs, and 73,000 individuals from other ethnic groups, including Roma. RFE/RL Newsline, Vol. 3, No. 178, Part II, 13 September 1999.
281. Steven Erlanger, "After Slow Start, U.N. Asserts Role in Running Kosovo," New York Times, 11 August 1999, pp. A1, A10. By the end of August 1999, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimated that there were 173,000 Kosovar Roma and Serbs in Serbia, though only 133,737 were officially registered as such. Steven Erlanger, "Serbs Driven from Kosovo Live Crowded and in Want," New York Times, 2 September 1999, p. A3. Bernard Kouchner, the U.N.'s administrator for Kosova, told the U.N. Security Council on 11 September 1999 that Kosova had a population of 1.4 million Albanians, 97,000 Serbs, and 73,000 individuals from other ethnic groups, including Roma. RFE/RL Newsline, Vol. 3, No. 178, Part II, 13 September 1999.
282. Vukanovic, Romi (Tsigani) u Jugoslaviji, p. 22; Nebojsa Bato Tomasevic and Rajko Djuric, Gypsies of the World (New York: Henry Holt, 1988), p. 155; Soulis, "Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire," p. 160; Fraser, The Gypsies, pp. 47-48; Konrad Bercovici, Gypsies: Their Life, Lore, and Legends (New York: Greenwich House, 1983), p. 36; Raymond Pearson, National Minorities in Eastern Europe, 1848-1945 (London: Macmillan, 1983), p. 37; Margaret Hasluck, "The Gypsies of Albania," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1938, pp. 49-50.
283. Vukanovic, Romi (Tsigani) u Jugoslaviji, p. 22; Nebojsa Bato Tomasevic and Rajko Djuric, Gypsies of the World (New York: Henry Holt, 1988), p. 155; Soulis, "Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire," p. 160; Fraser, The Gypsies, pp. 47-48; Konrad Bercovici, Gypsies: Their Life, Lore, and Legends (New York: Greenwich House, 1983), p. 36; Raymond Pearson, National Minorities in Eastern Europe, 1848-1945 (London: Macmillan, 1983), p. 37; Margaret Hasluck, "The Gypsies of Albania," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1938, pp. 49-50.
284. Vukanovic, Romi (Tsigani) u Jugoslaviji, p. 22; Nebojsa Bato Tomasevic and Rajko Djuric, Gypsies of the World (New York: Henry Holt, 1988), p. 155; Soulis, "Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire," p. 160; Fraser, The Gypsies, pp. 47-48; Konrad Bercovici, Gypsies: Their Life, Lore, and Legends (New York: Greenwich House, 1983), p. 36; Raymond Pearson, National Minorities in Eastern Europe, 1848-1945 (London: Macmillan, 1983), p. 37; Margaret Hasluck, "The Gypsies of Albania," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1938, pp. 49-50.
285. Vukanovic, Romi (Tsigani) u Jugoslaviji, p. 22; Nebojsa Bato Tomasevic and Rajko Djuric, Gypsies of the World (New York: Henry Holt, 1988), p. 155; Soulis, "Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire," p. 160; Fraser, The Gypsies, pp. 47-48; Konrad Bercovici, Gypsies: Their Life, Lore, and Legends (New York: Greenwich House, 1983), p. 36; Raymond Pearson, National Minorities in Eastern Europe, 1848-1945 (London: Macmillan, 1983), p. 37; Margaret Hasluck, "The Gypsies of Albania," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1938, pp. 49-50.
286. Vukanovic, Romi (Tsigani) u Jugoslaviji, p. 22; Nebojsa Bato Tomasevic and Rajko Djuric, Gypsies of the World (New York: Henry Holt, 1988), p. 155; Soulis, "Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire," p. 160; Fraser, The Gypsies, pp. 47-48; Konrad Bercovici, Gypsies: Their Life, Lore, and Legends (New York: Greenwich House, 1983), p. 36; Raymond Pearson, National Minorities in Eastern Europe, 1848-1945 (London: Macmillan, 1983), p. 37; Margaret Hasluck, "The Gypsies of Albania," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1938, pp. 49-50.
287. Vukanovic, Romi (Tsigani) u Jugoslaviji, p. 22; Nebojsa Bato Tomasevic and Rajko Djuric, Gypsies of the World (New York: Henry Holt, 1988), p. 155; Soulis, "Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire," p. 160; Fraser, The Gypsies, pp. 47-48; Konrad Bercovici, Gypsies: Their Life, Lore, and Legends (New York: Greenwich House, 1983), p. 36; Raymond Pearson, National Minorities in Eastern Europe, 1848-1945 (London: Macmillan, 1983), p. 37; Margaret Hasluck, "The Gypsies of Albania," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1938, pp. 49-50.
288. Vukanovic, Romi (Tsigani) u Jugoslaviji, p. 22; Nebojsa Bato Tomasevic and Rajko Djuric, Gypsies of the World (New York: Henry Holt, 1988), p. 155; Soulis, "Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire," p. 160; Fraser, The Gypsies, pp. 47-48; Konrad Bercovici, Gypsies: Their Life, Lore, and Legends (New York: Greenwich House, 1983), p. 36; Raymond Pearson, National Minorities in Eastern Europe, 1848-1945 (London: Macmillan, 1983), p. 37; Margaret Hasluck, "The Gypsies of Albania," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Third Series, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1938, pp. 49-50.
289. Peter F. Sugar, Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354-1804 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1977), pp. 44-45, 74-75; E. A. Hammel, Robert S. Ehrich, Radmila Fabrijanic-Filipovic, Joel M. Halpern and Albert B. Lord, eds, Among the People: Native Yugoslav Ethnography (Selected Writing of Milenko S. Filipovic) (Ann Arbor: Michigan Slavic Publications, 1982), p. 253; Robert Donia and William G. Lockwood, "The Bosnian Muslims: Class, Ethnicity, and Political Behavior in a European State," in Suad Joseph and Barbara L. K. Pillsbury, eds, Muslim-Christian Conflicts: Economic, Political, and Social Origins (Boulder: Westview Press, 1978), p. 188; European Roma Rights Center, A Pleasant Fiction: The Human Rights Situation of Roma in Macedonia, Country Reports Series No. 7 (Budapest: European Roma Rights Centre, 1998), p. 33.
290. Peter F. Sugar, Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354-1804 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1977), pp. 44-45, 74-75; E. A. Hammel, Robert S. Ehrich, Radmila Fabrijanic-Filipovic, Joel M. Halpern and Albert B. Lord, eds, Among the People: Native Yugoslav Ethnography (Selected Writing of Milenko S. Filipovic) (Ann Arbor: Michigan Slavic Publications, 1982), p. 253; Robert Donia and William G. Lockwood, "The Bosnian Muslims: Class, Ethnicity, and Political Behavior in a European State," in Suad Joseph and Barbara L. K. Pillsbury, eds, Muslim-Christian Conflicts: Economic, Political, and Social Origins (Boulder: Westview Press, 1978), p. 188; European Roma Rights Center, A Pleasant Fiction: The Human Rights Situation of Roma in Macedonia, Country Reports Series No. 7 (Budapest: European Roma Rights Centre, 1998), p. 33.
291. Peter F. Sugar, Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354-1804 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1977), pp. 44-45, 74-75; E. A. Hammel, Robert S. Ehrich, Radmila Fabrijanic-Filipovic, Joel M. Halpern and Albert B. Lord, eds, Among the People: Native Yugoslav Ethnography (Selected Writing of Milenko S. Filipovic) (Ann Arbor: Michigan Slavic Publications, 1982), p. 253; Robert Donia and William G. Lockwood, "The Bosnian Muslims: Class, Ethnicity, and Political Behavior in a European State," in Suad Joseph and Barbara L. K. Pillsbury, eds, Muslim-Christian Conflicts: Economic, Political, and Social Origins (Boulder: Westview Press, 1978), p. 188; European Roma Rights Center, A Pleasant Fiction: The Human Rights Situation of Roma in Macedonia, Country Reports Series No. 7 (Budapest: European Roma Rights Centre, 1998), p. 33.
292. Peter F. Sugar, Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354-1804 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1977), pp. 44-45, 74-75; E. A. Hammel, Robert S. Ehrich, Radmila Fabrijanic-Filipovic, Joel M. Halpern and Albert B. Lord, eds, Among the People: Native Yugoslav Ethnography (Selected Writing of Milenko S. Filipovic) (Ann Arbor: Michigan Slavic Publications, 1982), p. 253; Robert Donia and William G. Lockwood, "The Bosnian Muslims: Class, Ethnicity, and Political Behavior in a European State," in Suad Joseph and Barbara L. K. Pillsbury, eds, Muslim-Christian Conflicts: Economic, Political, and Social Origins (Boulder: Westview Press, 1978), p. 188; European Roma Rights Center, A Pleasant Fiction: The Human Rights Situation of Roma in Macedonia, Country Reports Series No. 7 (Budapest: European Roma Rights Centre, 1998), p. 33.
293. European Roma Rights Center, A Pleasant Fiction, pp. 32-33; Judith Latham, "Roma of the Former Yugoslavia," Nationalities Papers, Vol. 27, No. 2, 1999), p. 218.
294. European Roma Rights Center, A Pleasant Fiction, pp. 32-33; Judith Latham, "Roma of the Former Yugoslavia," Nationalities Papers, Vol. 27, No. 2, 1999), p. 218.
295. Klaus-Detlev Grothusen, Jugoslawien (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1954), pp. 16, 373-375, Tables 4, 5; Jure Petricevic, Nacionalnost Stanovnistva Jugoslavije (Brugg: Verlag Adria, 1983), p. 29. The 1921 and 1931 censuses showed that 31.2% of the population in Macedonia was Muslim, most of them listed as Turks and Albanians. These percentages also held true for the 1940 census, which showed a total Yugoslav Macedonian population of 1,071,426. George B. Zotiades, The Macedonian Controversy (Thessaloniki: Society for Macedonian Studies, 1954), p. 21; Tihomir R. Gjorgjevic, "Die Zigeuner in Vlasenicäer Bezirke in Bosnien," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1907, pp. 146-147; Macedonius, Stalin and the Macedonian Question (St Louis: Pearlstone, 1948), p. 70; Darby, "Macedonia," p. 135; Darby, "Serbia," in Clissold, Short History of Yugoslavia, pp. 130-133; Jelavich, History of the Balkans, pp. 97-100; Singleton, Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples, pp. 112-114, 124-130, 133; H. C. Darby and R. W. Seton-Watson, "The Formation of the Yugoslav State," in Clissold, Short History of Yugoslavia, pp. 162-166. There were over 5.5 million Orthodox Christians in the new southern Slav kingdom, 4.7 million Roman Catholics, 1.3 million Muslims, almost 230,000 Protestants, and smaller numbers of Uniate Christians, Jews, and others; Fred Singleton, Twentieth Century Yugoslavia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), pp. 66-68; Vukanovic, Romi u Jugoslaviji, p. 121; Macedonius, Stalin and the Macedonian Questions, p. 69.
296. Klaus-Detlev Grothusen, Jugoslawien (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1954), pp. 16, 373-375, Tables 4, 5; Jure Petricevic, Nacionalnost Stanovnistva Jugoslavije (Brugg: Verlag Adria, 1983), p. 29. The 1921 and 1931 censuses showed that 31.2% of the population in Macedonia was Muslim, most of them listed as Turks and Albanians. These percentages also held true for the 1940 census, which showed a total Yugoslav Macedonian population of 1,071,426. George B. Zotiades, The Macedonian Controversy (Thessaloniki: Society for Macedonian Studies, 1954), p. 21; Tihomir R. Gjorgjevic, "Die Zigeuner in Vlasenicäer Bezirke in Bosnien," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1907, pp. 146-147; Macedonius, Stalin and the Macedonian Question (St Louis: Pearlstone, 1948), p. 70; Darby, "Macedonia," p. 135; Darby, "Serbia," in Clissold, Short History of Yugoslavia, pp. 130-133; Jelavich, History of the Balkans, pp. 97-100; Singleton, Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples, pp. 112-114, 124-130, 133; H. C. Darby and R. W. Seton-Watson, "The Formation of the Yugoslav State," in Clissold, Short History of Yugoslavia, pp. 162-166. There were over 5.5 million Orthodox Christians in the new southern Slav kingdom, 4.7 million Roman Catholics, 1.3 million Muslims, almost 230,000 Protestants, and smaller numbers of Uniate Christians, Jews, and others; Fred Singleton, Twentieth Century Yugoslavia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), pp. 66-68; Vukanovic, Romi u Jugoslaviji, p. 121; Macedonius, Stalin and the Macedonian Questions, p. 69.
297. Klaus-Detlev Grothusen, Jugoslawien (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1954), pp. 16, 373-375, Tables 4, 5; Jure Petricevic, Nacionalnost Stanovnistva Jugoslavije (Brugg: Verlag Adria, 1983), p. 29. The 1921 and 1931 censuses showed that 31.2% of the population in Macedonia was Muslim, most of them listed as Turks and Albanians. These percentages also held true for the 1940 census, which showed a total Yugoslav Macedonian population of 1,071,426. George B. Zotiades, The Macedonian Controversy (Thessaloniki: Society for Macedonian Studies, 1954), p. 21; Tihomir R. Gjorgjevic, "Die Zigeuner in Vlasenicäer Bezirke in Bosnien," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1907, pp. 146-147; Macedonius, Stalin and the Macedonian Question (St Louis: Pearlstone, 1948), p. 70; Darby, "Macedonia," p. 135; Darby, "Serbia," in Clissold, Short History of Yugoslavia, pp. 130-133; Jelavich, History of the Balkans, pp. 97-100; Singleton, Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples, pp. 112-114, 124-130, 133; H. C. Darby and R. W. Seton-Watson, "The Formation of the Yugoslav State," in Clissold, Short History of Yugoslavia, pp. 162-166. There were over 5.5 million Orthodox Christians in the new southern Slav kingdom, 4.7 million Roman Catholics, 1.3 million Muslims, almost 230,000 Protestants, and smaller numbers of Uniate Christians, Jews, and others; Fred Singleton, Twentieth Century Yugoslavia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), pp. 66-68; Vukanovic, Romi u Jugoslaviji, p. 121; Macedonius, Stalin and the Macedonian Questions, p. 69.
298. Klaus-Detlev Grothusen, Jugoslawien (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1954), pp. 16, 373-375, Tables 4, 5; Jure Petricevic, Nacionalnost Stanovnistva Jugoslavije (Brugg: Verlag Adria, 1983), p. 29. The 1921 and 1931 censuses showed that 31.2% of the population in Macedonia was Muslim, most of them listed as Turks and Albanians. These percentages also held true for the 1940 census, which showed a total Yugoslav Macedonian population of 1,071,426. George B. Zotiades, The Macedonian Controversy (Thessaloniki: Society for Macedonian Studies, 1954), p. 21; Tihomir R. Gjorgjevic, "Die Zigeuner in Vlasenicäer Bezirke in Bosnien," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1907, pp. 146-147; Macedonius, Stalin and the Macedonian Question (St Louis: Pearlstone, 1948), p. 70; Darby, "Macedonia," p. 135; Darby, "Serbia," in Clissold, Short History of Yugoslavia, pp. 130-133; Jelavich, History of the Balkans, pp. 97-100; Singleton, Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples, pp. 112-114, 124-130, 133; H. C. Darby and R. W. Seton-Watson, "The Formation of the Yugoslav State," in Clissold, Short History of Yugoslavia, pp. 162-166. There were over 5.5 million Orthodox Christians in the new southern Slav kingdom, 4.7 million Roman Catholics, 1.3 million Muslims, almost 230,000 Protestants, and smaller numbers of Uniate Christians, Jews, and others; Fred Singleton, Twentieth Century Yugoslavia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), pp. 66-68; Vukanovic, Romi u Jugoslaviji, p. 121; Macedonius, Stalin and the Macedonian Questions, p. 69.
299. Klaus-Detlev Grothusen, Jugoslawien (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1954), pp. 16, 373-375, Tables 4, 5; Jure Petricevic, Nacionalnost Stanovnistva Jugoslavije (Brugg: Verlag Adria, 1983), p. 29. The 1921 and 1931 censuses showed that 31.2% of the population in Macedonia was Muslim, most of them listed as Turks and Albanians. These percentages also held true for the 1940 census, which showed a total Yugoslav Macedonian population of 1,071,426. George B. Zotiades, The Macedonian Controversy (Thessaloniki: Society for Macedonian Studies, 1954), p. 21; Tihomir R. Gjorgjevic, "Die Zigeuner in
300. Klaus-Detlev Grothusen, Jugoslawien (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1954), pp. 16, 373-375, Tables 4, 5; Jure Petricevic, Nacionalnost Stanovnistva Jugoslavije (Brugg: Verlag Adria, 1983), p. 29. The 1921 and 1931 censuses showed that 31.2% of the population in Macedonia was Muslim, most of them listed as Turks and Albanians. These percentages also held true for the 1940 census, which showed a total Yugoslav Macedonian population of 1,071,426. George B. Zotiades, The Macedonian Controversy (Thessaloniki: Society for Macedonian Studies, 1954), p. 21; Tihomir R. Gjorgjevic, "Die Zigeuner in Vlasenicäer Bezirke in Bosnien," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1907, pp. 146-147; Macedonius, Stalin and the Macedonian Question (St Louis: Pearlstone, 1948), p. 70; Darby, "Macedonia," p. 135; Darby, "Serbia," in Clissold, Short History of Yugoslavia, pp. 130-133; Jelavich, History of the Balkans, pp. 97-100; Singleton, Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples, pp. 112-114, 124-130, 133; H. C. Darby and R. W. Seton-Watson, "The Formation of the Yugoslav State," in Clissold, Short History of Yugoslavia, pp. 162-166. There were over 5.5 million Orthodox Christians in the new southern Slav kingdom, 4.7 million Roman Catholics, 1.3 million Muslims, almost 230,000 Protestants, and smaller numbers of Uniate Christians, Jews, and others; Fred Singleton, Twentieth Century Yugoslavia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), pp. 66-68; Vukanovic, Romi u Jugoslaviji, p. 121; Macedonius, Stalin and the Macedonian Questions, p. 69.
301. Klaus-Detlev Grothusen, Jugoslawien (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1954), pp. 16, 373-375, Tables 4, 5; Jure Petricevic, Nacionalnost Stanovnistva Jugoslavije (Brugg: Verlag Adria, 1983), p. 29. The 1921 and 1931 censuses showed that 31.2% of the population in Macedonia was Muslim, most of them listed as Turks and Albanians. These percentages also held true for the 1940 census, which showed a total Yugoslav Macedonian population of 1,071,426. George B. Zotiades, The Macedonian Controversy (Thessaloniki: Society for Macedonian Studies, 1954), p. 21; Tihomir R. Gjorgjevic, "Die Zigeuner in Vlasenicäer Bezirke in Bosnien," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1907, pp. 146-147; Macedonius, Stalin and the Macedonian Question (St Louis: Pearlstone, 1948), p. 70; Darby, "Macedonia," p. 135; Darby, "Serbia," in Clissold, Short History of Yugoslavia, pp. 130-133; Jelavich, History of the Balkans, pp. 97-100; Singleton, Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples, pp. 112-114, 124-130, 133; H. C. Darby and R. W. Seton-Watson, "The Formation of the Yugoslav State," in Clissold, Short History of Yugoslavia, pp. 162-166. There were over 5.5 million Orthodox Christians in the new southern Slav kingdom, 4.7 million Roman Catholics, 1.3 million Muslims, almost 230,000 Protestants, and smaller numbers of Uniate Christians, Jews, and others; Fred Singleton, Twentieth Century Yugoslavia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), pp. 66-68; Vukanovic, Romi u Jugoslaviji, p. 121; Macedonius, Stalin and the Macedonian Questions, p. 69.
302. Klaus-Detlev Grothusen, Jugoslawien (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1954), pp. 16, 373-375, Tables 4, 5; Jure Petricevic, Nacionalnost Stanovnistva Jugoslavije (Brugg: Verlag Adria, 1983), p. 29. The 1921 and 1931 censuses showed that 31.2% of the population in Macedonia was Muslim, most of them listed as Turks and Albanians. These percentages also held true for the 1940 census, which showed a total Yugoslav Macedonian population of 1,071,426. George B. Zotiades, The Macedonian Controversy (Thessaloniki: Society for Macedonian Studies, 1954), p. 21; Tihomir R. Gjorgjevic, "Die Zigeuner in Vlasenicäer Bezirke in Bosnien," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1907, pp. 146-147; Macedonius, Stalin and the Macedonian Question (St Louis: Pearlstone, 1948), p. 70; Darby, "Macedonia," p. 135; Darby, "Serbia," in Clissold, Short History of Yugoslavia, pp. 130-133; Jelavich, History of the Balkans, pp. 97-100; Singleton, Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples, pp. 112-114, 124-130, 133; H. C. Darby and R. W. Seton-Watson, "The Formation of the Yugoslav State," in Clissold, Short History of Yugoslavia, pp. 162-166. There were over 5.5 million Orthodox Christians in the new southern Slav kingdom, 4.7 million Roman Catholics, 1.3 million Muslims, almost 230,000 Protestants, and smaller numbers of Uniate Christians, Jews, and others; Fred Singleton, Twentieth Century Yugoslavia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), pp. 66-68; Vukanovic, Romi u Jugoslaviji, p. 121; Macedonius, Stalin and the Macedonian Questions, p. 69.
303. Klaus-Detlev Grothusen, Jugoslawien (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1954), pp. 16, 373-375, Tables 4, 5; Jure Petricevic, Nacionalnost Stanovnistva Jugoslavije (Brugg: Verlag Adria, 1983), p. 29. The 1921 and 1931 censuses showed that 31.2% of the population in Macedonia was Muslim, most of them listed as Turks and Albanians. These percentages also held true for the 1940 census, which showed a total Yugoslav Macedonian population of 1,071,426. George B. Zotiades, The Macedonian Controversy (Thessaloniki: Society for Macedonian Studies, 1954), p. 21; Tihomir R. Gjorgjevic, "Die Zigeuner in Vlasenicäer Bezirke in Bosnien," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1907, pp. 146-147; Macedonius, Stalin and the Macedonian Question (St Louis: Pearlstone, 1948), p. 70; Darby, "Macedonia," p. 135; Darby, "Serbia," in Clissold, Short History of Yugoslavia, pp. 130-133; Jelavich, History of the Balkans, pp. 97-100; Singleton, Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples, pp. 112-114, 124-130, 133; H. C. Darby and R. W. Seton-Watson, "The Formation of the Yugoslav State," in Clissold, Short History of Yugoslavia, pp. 162-166. There were over 5.5 million Orthodox Christians in the new southern Slav kingdom, 4.7 million Roman Catholics, 1.3 million Muslims, almost 230,000 Protestants, and smaller numbers of Uniate Christians, Jews, and others; Fred Singleton, Twentieth Century Yugoslavia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), pp. 66-68; Vukanovic, Romi u Jugoslaviji, p. 121; Macedonius, Stalin and the Macedonian Questions, p. 69.
304. Klaus-Detlev Grothusen, Jugoslawien (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1954), pp. 16, 373-375, Tables 4, 5; Jure Petricevic, Nacionalnost Stanovnistva Jugoslavije (Brugg: Verlag Adria, 1983), p. 29. The 1921 and 1931 censuses showed that 31.2% of the population in Macedonia was Muslim, most of them listed as Turks and Albanians. These percentages also held true for the 1940 census, which showed a total Yugoslav Macedonian population of 1,071,426. George B. Zotiades, The Macedonian Controversy (Thessaloniki: Society for Macedonian Studies, 1954), p. 21; Tihomir R. Gjorgjevic, "Die Zigeuner in Vlasenicäer Bezirke in Bosnien," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1907, pp. 146-147; Macedonius, Stalin and the Macedonian Question (St Louis: Pearlstone, 1948), p. 70; Darby, "Macedonia," p. 135; Darby, "Serbia," in Clissold, Short History of Yugoslavia, pp. 130-133; Jelavich, History of the Balkans, pp. 97-100; Singleton, Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples, pp. 112-114, 124-130, 133; H. C. Darby and R. W. Seton-Watson, "The Formation of the Yugoslav State," in Clissold, Short History of Yugoslavia, pp. 162-166. There were over 5.5 million Orthodox Christians in the new southern Slav kingdom, 4.7 million Roman Catholics, 1.3 million Muslims, almost 230,000 Protestants, and smaller numbers of Uniate Christians, Jews, and others; Fred Singleton, Twentieth Century Yugoslavia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), pp. 66-68; Vukanovic, Romi u Jugoslaviji, p. 121; Macedonius, Stalin and the Macedonian Questions, p. 69.
305. Klaus-Detlev Grothusen, Jugoslawien (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1954), pp. 16, 373-375, Tables 4, 5; Jure Petricevic, Nacionalnost Stanovnistva Jugoslavije (Brugg: Verlag Adria, 1983), p. 29. The 1921 and 1931 censuses showed that 31.2% of the population in Macedonia was Muslim, most of them listed as Turks and Albanians. These percentages also held true for the 1940 census, which showed a total Yugoslav Macedonian population of 1,071,426. George B. Zotiades, The Macedonian Controversy (Thessaloniki: Society for Macedonian Studies, 1954), p. 21; Tihomir R. Gjorgjevic, "Die Zigeuner in Vlasenicäer Bezirke in Bosnien," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1907, pp. 146-147; Macedonius, Stalin and the Macedonian Question (St Louis: Pearlstone, 1948), p. 70; Darby, "Macedonia," p. 135; Darby, "Serbia," in Clissold, Short History of Yugoslavia, pp. 130-133; Jelavich, History of the Balkans, pp. 97-100; Singleton, Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples, pp. 112-114, 124-130, 133; H. C. Darby and R. W. Seton-Watson, "The Formation of the Yugoslav State," in Clissold, Short History of Yugoslavia, pp. 162-166. There were over 5.5 million Orthodox Christians in the new southern Slav kingdom, 4.7 million Roman Catholics, 1.3 million Muslims, almost 230,000 Protestants, and smaller numbers of Uniate Christians, Jews, and others; Fred Singleton, Twentieth Century Yugoslavia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), pp. 66-68; Vukanovic, Romi u Jugoslaviji, p. 121; Macedonius, Stalin and the Macedonian Questions, p. 69.
306. Klaus-Detlev Grothusen, Jugoslawien (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1954), pp. 16, 373-375, Tables 4, 5; Jure Petricevic, Nacionalnost Stanovnistva Jugoslavije (Brugg: Verlag Adria, 1983), p. 29. The 1921 and 1931 censuses showed that 31.2% of the population in Macedonia was Muslim, most of them listed as Turks and Albanians. These percentages also held true for the 1940 census, which showed a total Yugoslav Macedonian population of 1,071,426. George B. Zotiades, The Macedonian Controversy (Thessaloniki: Society for Macedonian Studies, 1954), p. 21; Tihomir R. Gjorgjevic, "Die Zigeuner in Vlasenicäer Bezirke in Bosnien," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1907, pp. 146-147; Macedonius, Stalin and the Macedonian Question (St Louis: Pearlstone, 1948), p. 70; Darby, "Macedonia," p. 135; Darby, "Serbia," in Clissold, Short History of Yugoslavia, pp. 130-133; Jelavich, History of the Balkans, pp. 97-100; Singleton, Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples, pp. 112-114, 124-130, 133; H. C. Darby and R. W. Seton-Watson, "The Formation of the Yugoslav State," in Clissold, Short History of Yugoslavia, pp. 162-166. There were over 5.5 million Orthodox Christians in the new southern Slav kingdom, 4.7 million Roman Catholics, 1.3 million Muslims, almost 230,000 Protestants, and smaller numbers of Uniate Christians, Jews, and others; Fred Singleton, Twentieth Century Yugoslavia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), pp. 66-68; Vukanovic, Romi u Jugoslaviji, p. 121; Macedonius, Stalin and the Macedonian Questions, p. 69.
307. Klaus-Detlev Grothusen, Jugoslawien (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1954), pp. 16, 373-375, Tables 4, 5; Jure Petricevic, Nacionalnost Stanovnistva Jugoslavije (Brugg: Verlag Adria, 1983), p. 29. The 1921 and 1931 censuses showed that 31.2% of the population in Macedonia was Muslim, most of them listed as Turks and Albanians. These percentages also held true for the 1940 census, which showed a total Yugoslav Macedonian population of 1,071,426. George B. Zotiades, The Macedonian Controversy (Thessaloniki: Society for Macedonian Studies, 1954), p. 21; Tihomir R. Gjorgjevic, "Die Zigeuner in Vlasenicäer Bezirke in Bosnien," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1907, pp. 146-147; Macedonius, Stalin and the Macedonian Question (St Louis: Pearlstone, 1948), p. 70; Darby, "Macedonia," p. 135; Darby, "Serbia," in Clissold, Short History of Yugoslavia, pp. 130-133; Jelavich, History of the Balkans, pp. 97-100; Singleton, Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples, pp. 112-114, 124-130, 133; H. C. Darby and R. W. Seton-Watson, "The Formation of the Yugoslav State," in Clissold, Short History of Yugoslavia, pp. 162-166. There were over 5.5 million Orthodox Christians in the new southern Slav kingdom, 4.7 million Roman Catholics, 1.3 million Muslims, almost 230,000 Protestants, and smaller numbers of Uniate Christians, Jews, and others; Fred Singleton, Twentieth Century Yugoslavia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), pp. 66-68; Vukanovic, Romi u Jugoslaviji, p. 121; Macedonius, Stalin and the Macedonian Questions, p. 69.
308. Rebecca West, Black Lamb and Grey Falcon: A Journey through Yugoslavia (New York: Penguin, 1982), pp. 308, 657, 659-660, 823-824. Yet despite these positive impressions of the Macedonian Roma, one of West's companions, a German married to a Yugoslav, angrily criticized Skopje's Roma as "dirty and uncivilized savages, who ought not to be in Europe at all." Seton-Watson and Laffan, "Yugoslavia between the Wars," p. 198.
309. Rebecca West, Black Lamb and Grey Falcon: A Journey through Yugoslavia (New York: Penguin, 1982), pp. 308, 657, 659-660, 823-824. Yet despite these positive impressions of the Macedonian Roma, one of West's companions, a German married to a Yugoslav, angrily criticized Skopje's Roma as "dirty and uncivilized savages, who ought not to be in Europe at all." Seton-Watson and Laffan, "Yugoslavia between the Wars," p. 198.
310. Grattan Puxon, "Roma in Macedonia," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Fourth Series, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1976, p. 128.
311. Strukelj, Rom na Slovenskem, pp. 61, 97-98; David Crowe, "The Gypsies of Hungary," in Crowe and Kolsti, Gypsies of Eastern Europe, p. 119; Robert L. Koehl, RKFDV: German Resettlement and Population Policy, 1939-1945 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957), p. 129; Singleton, Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples, pp. 175-176; Clissold, "Occupation and Resistance," pp. 209-210; Jan F. Triska, ed., Constitutions of the Communist Party-States (Stanford: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, 1968), pp. 456-458; Frits W. Hondius, Yugoslav Community of Nations (The Hague: Mouton, 1968), pp. 182-183; Alan J. Whitehorn, "Yugoslav Constitutional Developments: An Expression of Growing Nationality Rights and Powers (1945-1972), East European Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1975, pp. 346-347.
312. Strukelj, Rom na Slovenskem, pp. 61, 97-98; David Crowe, "The Gypsies of Hungary," in Crowe and Kolsti, Gypsies of Eastern Europe, p. 119; Robert L. Koehl, RKFDV: German Resettlement and Population Policy, 1939-1945 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957), p. 129; Singleton, Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples, pp. 175-176; Clissold, "Occupation and Resistance," pp. 209-210; Jan F. Triska, ed., Constitutions of the Communist Party-States (Stanford: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, 1968), pp. 456-458; Frits W. Hondius, Yugoslav Community of Nations (The Hague: Mouton, 1968), pp. 182-183; Alan J. Whitehorn, "Yugoslav Constitutional Developments: An Expression of Growing Nationality Rights and Powers (1945-1972), East European Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1975, pp. 346-347.
313. Strukelj, Rom na Slovenskem, pp. 61, 97-98; David Crowe, "The Gypsies of Hungary," in Crowe and Kolsti, Gypsies of Eastern Europe, p. 119; Robert L. Koehl, RKFDV: German Resettlement and Population Policy, 1939-1945 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957), p. 129; Singleton, Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples, pp. 175-176; Clissold, "Occupation and Resistance," pp. 209-210; Jan F. Triska, ed., Constitutions of the Communist Party-States (Stanford: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, 1968), pp. 456-458; Frits W. Hondius, Yugoslav Community of Nations (The Hague: Mouton, 1968), pp. 182-183; Alan J. Whitehorn, "Yugoslav Constitutional Developments: An Expression of Growing Nationality Rights and Powers (1945-1972), East European Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1975, pp. 346-347.
314. Strukelj, Rom na Slovenskem, pp. 61, 97-98; David Crowe, "The Gypsies of Hungary," in Crowe and Kolsti, Gypsies of Eastern Europe, p. 119; Robert L. Koehl, RKFDV: German Resettlement and Population Policy, 1939-1945 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957), p. 129; Singleton, Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples, pp. 175-176; Clissold, "Occupation and Resistance," pp. 209-210; Jan F. Triska, ed., Constitutions of the Communist Party-States (Stanford: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, 1968), pp. 456-458; Frits W. Hondius, Yugoslav Community of Nations (The Hague: Mouton, 1968), pp. 182-183; Alan J. Whitehorn, "Yugoslav Constitutional Developments: An Expression of Growing Nationality Rights and Powers (1945-1972), East European Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1975, pp. 346-347.
315. Strukelj, Rom na Slovenskem, pp. 61, 97-98; David Crowe, "The Gypsies of Hungary," in Crowe and Kolsti, Gypsies of Eastern Europe, p. 119; Robert L. Koehl, RKFDV: German Resettlement and Population Policy, 1939-1945 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957), p. 129; Singleton, Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples, pp. 175-176; Clissold, "Occupation and Resistance," pp. 209-210; Jan F. Triska, ed., Constitutions of the Communist Party-States (Stanford: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, 1968), pp. 456-458; Frits W. Hondius, Yugoslav Community of Nations (The Hague: Mouton, 1968), pp. 182-183; Alan J. Whitehorn, "Yugoslav Constitutional Developments: An Expression of Growing Nationality Rights and Powers (1945-1972), East European Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1975, pp. 346-347.
316. Strukelj, Rom na Slovenskem, pp. 61, 97-98; David Crowe, "The Gypsies of Hungary," in Crowe and Kolsti, Gypsies of Eastern Europe, p. 119; Robert L. Koehl, RKFDV: German Resettlement and Population Policy, 1939-1945 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957), p. 129; Singleton, Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples, pp. 175-176; Clissold, "Occupation and Resistance," pp. 209-210; Jan F. Triska, ed., Constitutions of the Communist Party-States (Stanford: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, 1968), pp. 456-458; Frits W. Hondius, Yugoslav Community of Nations (The Hague: Mouton, 1968), pp. 182-183; Alan J. Whitehorn, "Yugoslav Constitutional Developments: An Expression of Growing Nationality Rights and Powers (1945-1972), East European Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1975, pp. 346-347.
317. Strukelj, Rom na Slovenskem, pp. 61, 97-98; David Crowe, "The Gypsies of Hungary," in Crowe and Kolsti, Gypsies of Eastern Europe, p. 119; Robert L. Koehl, RKFDV: German Resettlement and Population Policy, 1939-1945 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957), p. 129; Singleton, Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples, pp. 175-176; Clissold, "Occupation and Resistance," pp. 209-210; Jan F. Triska, ed., Constitutions of the Communist Party-States (Stanford: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, 1968), pp. 456-458; Frits W. Hondius, Yugoslav Community of Nations (The Hague: Mouton, 1968), pp. 182-183; Alan J. Whitehorn, "Yugoslav Constitutional Developments: An Expression of Growing Nationality Rights and Powers (1945-1972), East European Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1975, pp. 346-347.
318. Strukelj, Rom na Slovenskem, pp. 61, 97-98; David Crowe, "The Gypsies of Hungary," in Crowe and Kolsti, Gypsies of Eastern Europe, p. 119; Robert L. Koehl, RKFDV: German Resettlement and Population Policy, 1939-1945 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957), p. 129; Singleton, Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples, pp. 175-176; Clissold, "Occupation and Resistance," pp. 209-210; Jan F. Triska, ed., Constitutions of the Communist Party-States (Stanford: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, 1968), pp. 456-458; Frits W. Hondius, Yugoslav Community of Nations (The Hague: Mouton, 1968), pp. 182-183; Alan J. Whitehorn, "Yugoslav Constitutional Developments: An Expression of Growing Nationality Rights and Powers (1945-1972), East European Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1975, pp. 346-347.
319. Pearson, National Minorities in Eastern Europe, p. 202; Puxon, Roma (1987), p. 18; Martine Tasay, "La poésie des Roms de Macedoine," Études Tsiganes, No. 4, 1991, p. 21.
320. Pearson, National Minorities in Eastern Europe, p. 202; Puxon, Roma (1987), p. 18; Martine Tasay, "La poésie des Roms de Macedoine," Études Tsiganes, No. 4, 1991, p. 21.
321. Pearson, National Minorities in Eastern Europe, p. 202; Puxon, Roma (1987), p. 18; Martine Tasay, "La poésie des Roms de Macedoine," Études Tsiganes, No. 4, 1991, p. 21.
322. Crowe, History of the Gypsies, pp. 222-223; Vukanovic, Romi u Jugoslaviji, pp. 131-132; Petricevic, Nacionalnost stanovistva Jugoslavije, pp. 51-52; Georgeoff and Crowe, "National Minorities in Yugoslavia," pp. 227-229; Shoup, Eastern European and Soviet Data Handbook, p. 143; Kenrick and Puxon, Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, p. 208; Prifti, Socialist Albania, pp. 2, 240-241; Ramadan Marmullarku, Albania and the Albanians, translated by Margot and Bosko Miloslavjevic (New York: Archon Books, 1975), p. 159.
323. Crowe, History of the Gypsies, pp. 222-223; Vukanovic, Romi u Jugoslaviji, pp. 131-132; Petricevic, Nacionalnost stanovistva Jugoslavije, pp. 51-52; Georgeoff and Crowe, "National Minorities in Yugoslavia," pp. 227-229; Shoup, Eastern European and Soviet Data Handbook, p. 143; Kenrick and Puxon, Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, p. 208; Prifti, Socialist Albania, pp. 2, 240-241; Ramadan Marmullarku, Albania and the Albanians, translated by Margot and Bosko Miloslavjevic (New York: Archon Books, 1975), p. 159.
324. Crowe, History of the Gypsies, pp. 222-223; Vukanovic, Romi u Jugoslaviji, pp. 131-132; Petricevic, Nacionalnost stanovistva Jugoslavije, pp. 51-52; Georgeoff and Crowe, "National Minorities in Yugoslavia," pp. 227-229; Shoup, Eastern European and Soviet Data Handbook, p. 143; Kenrick and Puxon, Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, p. 208; Prifti, Socialist Albania, pp. 2, 240-241; Ramadan Marmullarku, Albania and the Albanians, translated by Margot and Bosko Miloslavjevic (New York: Archon Books, 1975), p. 159.
325. Crowe, History of the Gypsies, pp. 222-223; Vukanovic, Romi u Jugoslaviji, pp. 131-132; Petricevic, Nacionalnost stanovistva Jugoslavije, pp. 51-52; Georgeoff and Crowe, "National Minorities in Yugoslavia," pp. 227-229; Shoup, Eastern European and Soviet Data Handbook, p. 143; Kenrick and Puxon, Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, p. 208; Prifti, Socialist Albania, pp. 2, 240-241; Ramadan Marmullarku, Albania and the Albanians, translated by Margot and Bosko Miloslavjevic (New York: Archon Books, 1975), p. 159.
326. Crowe, History of the Gypsies, pp. 222-223; Vukanovic, Romi u Jugoslaviji, pp. 131-132; Petricevic, Nacionalnost stanovistva Jugoslavije, pp. 51-52; Georgeoff and Crowe, "National Minorities in Yugoslavia," pp. 227-229; Shoup, Eastern European and Soviet Data Handbook, p. 143; Kenrick and Puxon, Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, p. 208; Prifti, Socialist Albania, pp. 2, 240-241; Ramadan Marmullarku, Albania and the Albanians, translated by Margot and Bosko Miloslavjevic (New York: Archon Books, 1975), p. 159.
327. Crowe, History of the Gypsies, pp. 222-223; Vukanovic, Romi u Jugoslaviji, pp. 131-132; Petricevic, Nacionalnost stanovistva Jugoslavije, pp. 51-52; Georgeoff and Crowe, "National Minorities in Yugoslavia," pp. 227-229; Shoup, Eastern European and Soviet Data Handbook, p. 143; Kenrick and Puxon, Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, p. 208; Prifti, Socialist Albania, pp. 2, 240-241; Ramadan Marmullarku, Albania and the Albanians, translated by Margot and Bosko Miloslavjevic (New York: Archon Books, 1975), p. 159.
328. Crowe, History of the Gypsies, pp. 222-223; Vukanovic, Romi u Jugoslaviji, pp. 131-132; Petricevic, Nacionalnost stanovistva Jugoslavije, pp. 51-52; Georgeoff and Crowe, "National Minorities in Yugoslavia," pp. 227-229; Shoup, Eastern European and Soviet Data Handbook, p. 143; Kenrick and Puxon, Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, p. 208; Prifti, Socialist Albania, pp. 2, 240-241; Ramadan Marmullarku, Albania and the Albanians, translated by Margot and Bosko Miloslavjevic (New York: Archon Books, 1975), p. 159.
329. Crowe, History of the Gypsies, pp. 222-223; Vukanovic, Romi u Jugoslaviji, pp. 131-132; Petricevic, Nacionalnost stanovistva Jugoslavije, pp. 51-52; Georgeoff and Crowe, "National Minorities in Yugoslavia," pp. 227-229; Shoup, Eastern European and Soviet Data Handbook, p. 143; Kenrick and Puxon, Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, p. 208; Prifti, Socialist Albania, pp. 2, 240-241; Ramadan Marmullarku, Albania and the Albanians, translated by Margot and Bosko Miloslavjevic (New York: Archon Books, 1975), p. 159.
330. Crowe, History of the Gypsies, p. 225.
331. Macdowell, Gypsies, p. 120; Elsie Ivancich Dunin, "Dance Change in the Context of the Gypsy St. George's Day, Skopje, Yugoslavia, 1967-1977," in Joanne Grumet, ed., Papers from the Fourth and Fifth Annual Meetings, Gypsy Lore Society, North American Chapter (New York: Gypsy Lore Society, North American Chapter, 1985), pp. 110, 112; Tomasevic and Djuric, Gypsies of the World, p. 156; Puxon, "Roma in Macedonia," pp. 128-129; Puxon, Roma (1987), p. 12; Tassy, "La poésie des Roms de Macedoine," p. 21; Crowe, History of the Gypsies, p. 226, 228.
332. Macdowell, Gypsies, p. 120; Elsie Ivancich Dunin, "Dance Change in the Context of the Gypsy St. George's Day, Skopje, Yugoslavia, 1967-1977," in Joanne Grumet, ed., Papers from the Fourth and Fifth Annual Meetings, Gypsy Lore Society, North American Chapter (New York: Gypsy Lore Society, North American Chapter, 1985), pp. 110, 112; Tomasevic and Djuric, Gypsies of the World, p. 156; Puxon, "Roma in Macedonia," pp. 128-129; Puxon, Roma (1987), p. 12; Tassy, "La poésie des Roms de Macedoine," p. 21; Crowe, History of the Gypsies, p. 226, 228.
333. Macdowell, Gypsies, p. 120; Elsie Ivancich Dunin, "Dance Change in the Context of the Gypsy St. George's Day, Skopje, Yugoslavia, 1967-1977," in Joanne Grumet, ed., Papers from the Fourth and Fifth Annual Meetings, Gypsy Lore Society, North American Chapter (New York: Gypsy Lore Society, North American Chapter, 1985), pp. 110, 112; Tomasevic and Djuric, Gypsies of the World, p. 156; Puxon, "Roma in Macedonia," pp. 128-129; Puxon, Roma (1987), p. 12; Tassy, "La poésie des Roms de Macedoine," p. 21; Crowe, History of the Gypsies, p. 226, 228.
334. Macdowell, Gypsies, p. 120; Elsie Ivancich Dunin, "Dance Change in the Context of the Gypsy St. George's Day, Skopje, Yugoslavia, 1967-1977," in Joanne Grumet, ed., Papers from the Fourth and Fifth Annual Meetings, Gypsy Lore Society, North American Chapter (New York: Gypsy Lore Society, North American Chapter, 1985), pp. 110, 112; Tomasevic and Djuric, Gypsies of the World, p. 156; Puxon, "Roma in Macedonia," pp. 128-129; Puxon, Roma (1987), p. 12; Tassy, "La poésie des Roms de Macedoine," p. 21; Crowe, History of the Gypsies, p. 226, 228.
335. Macdowell, Gypsies, p. 120; Elsie Ivancich Dunin, "Dance Change in the Context of the Gypsy St. George's Day, Skopje, Yugoslavia, 1967-1977," in Joanne Grumet, ed., Papers from the Fourth and Fifth Annual Meetings, Gypsy Lore Society, North American Chapter (New York: Gypsy Lore Society, North American Chapter, 1985), pp. 110, 112; Tomasevic and Djuric, Gypsies of the World, p. 156; Puxon, "Roma in Macedonia," pp. 128-129; Puxon, Roma (1987), p. 12; Tassy, "La poésie des Roms de Macedoine," p. 21; Crowe, History of the Gypsies, p. 226, 228.
336. Macdowell, Gypsies, p. 120; Elsie Ivancich Dunin, "Dance Change in the Context of the Gypsy St. George's Day, Skopje, Yugoslavia, 1967-1977," in Joanne Grumet, ed., Papers from the Fourth and Fifth Annual Meetings, Gypsy Lore Society, North American Chapter (New York: Gypsy Lore Society, North American Chapter, 1985), pp. 110, 112; Tomasevic and Djuric, Gypsies of the World, p. 156; Puxon, "Roma in Macedonia," pp. 128-129; Puxon, Roma (1987), p. 12; Tassy, "La poésie des Roms de Macedoine," p. 21; Crowe, History of the Gypsies, p. 226, 228.
337. Macdowell, Gypsies, p. 120; Elsie Ivancich Dunin, "Dance Change in the Context of the Gypsy St. George's Day, Skopje, Yugoslavia, 1967-1977," in Joanne Grumet, ed., Papers from the Fourth and Fifth Annual Meetings, Gypsy Lore Society, North American Chapter (New York: Gypsy Lore Society, North American Chapter, 1985), pp. 110, 112; Tomasevic and Djuric, Gypsies of the World, p. 156; Puxon, "Roma in Macedonia," pp. 128-129; Puxon, Roma (1987), p. 12; Tassy, "La poésie des Roms de Macedoine," p. 21; Crowe, History of the Gypsies, p. 226, 228.
338. "Probleme mit Jugoslawiens Zigeunern," p. A251; Puxon, "Roma in Macedonia," p. 130; Puxon, Rom (1973), p. 19.
339. "Probleme mit Jugoslawiens Zigeunern," p. A251; Puxon, "Roma in Macedonia," p. 130; Puxon, Rom (1973), p. 19.
340. "Probleme mit Jugoslawiens Zigeunern," p. A251; Puxon, "Roma in Macedonia," p. 130; Puxon, Rom (1973), p. 19.
341. Crowe, History of the Gypsies, p. 228.
342. Poulton, The Balkans, p. 91; Chuck Sudetic, "Pharoahs in Their Past? So the Yugoslavs Say," New York Times, 21 November 1990, p. A4. Officials put the Roma who tried to claim "Egyptian" on the 1981 census in the "miscellaneous" category.
343. Poulton, The Balkans, p. 91; Chuck Sudetic, "Pharoahs in Their Past? So the Yugoslavs Say," New York Times, 21 November 1990, p. A4. Officials put the Roma who tried to claim "Egyptian" on the 1981 census in the "miscellaneous" category.
344. Latham, "Roma of the Former Yugoslavia," p. 218; Poulton, The Balkans, p. 90.
345. Latham, "Roma of the Former Yugoslavia," p. 218; Poulton, The Balkans, p. 90.
346. European Roma Rights Center, A Pleasant Fiction, p. 8.
347. Latham, "Roma of the Former Yugoslavia," p. 219; European Roma Rights Center, A Pleasant Fiction, pp. 7-8, 33-34. Of this number, 1.38 million were ethnic Macedonians, while 22.7% of the population was Albanian (441,104). Turks made up 4% of the population (78,019) and the Roma 2.2%. The Serbs accounted for 2.1% of the population (40,228) and the Vlachs 0.4% (8,601).
348. Latham, "Roma of the Former Yugoslavia," p. 219; European Roma Rights Center, A Pleasant Fiction, pp. 7-8, 33-34. Of this number, 1.38 million were ethnic Macedonians, while 22.7% of the population was Albanian (441,104). Turks made up 4% of the population (78,019) and the Roma 2.2%. The Serbs accounted for 2.1% of the population (40,228) and the Vlachs 0.4% (8,601).
349. European Roma Rights Center, A Pleasant Fiction, pp. 17-23; Latham, "Roma of the Former Yugoslavia," p. 219; Jonathan Fox, "Roma (Gypsies) Macedonia," unpublished manuscript (12 December 1995), p. 2.
350. European Roma Rights Center, A Pleasant Fiction, pp. 17-23; Latham, "Roma of the Former Yugoslavia," p. 219; Jonathan Fox, "Roma (Gypsies) Macedonia," unpublished manuscript (12 December 1995), p. 2.
351. European Roma Rights Center, A Pleasant Fiction, pp. 17-23; Latham, "Roma of the Former Yugoslavia," p. 219; Jonathan Fox, "Roma (Gypsies) Macedonia," unpublished manuscript (12 December 1995), p. 2.
352. European Roma Rights Center, A Pleasant Fiction, pp. 47, 49, 64-70; Latham, "Roma in the Former Yugoslavia," p. 219.
353. European Roma Rights Center, A Pleasant Fiction, pp. 47, 49, 64-70; Latham, "Roma in the Former Yugoslavia," p. 219.
354. European Roma Rights Center, A Pleasant Fiction, p. 73.
355. European Roma Rights Center, A Pleasant Fiction, pp. 87-90; Lambert, "Roma of the Former Yugoslavia," p. 219.
356. European Roma Rights Center, A Pleasant Fiction, pp. 87-90; Lambert, "Roma of the Former Yugoslavia," p. 219.
357. European Roma Rights Center, A Pleasant Fiction, pp. 89-90; Fox, "Roma (Gypsies) Macedonia," p. 2; Latham, "Roma in the Former Yugoslavia," p. 219; Hugh Poulton, "The Roma in Macedonia: A Balkan Success Story," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 19, 1993, pp. 42-45; Hugh Poulton, "The Republic of Macedonia after UN Recognition," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 23, 1993, pp. 22-23; Duncan M. Perry, "Politics in the Republic of Macedonia: Issues and Parties," RFERL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 23, 1993, pp. 31, 37.
358. European Roma Rights Center, A Pleasant Fiction, pp. 89-90; Fox, "Roma (Gypsies) Macedonia," p. 2; Latham, "Roma in the Former Yugoslavia," p. 219; Hugh Poulton, "The Roma in Macedonia: A Balkan Success Story," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 19, 1993, pp. 42-45; Hugh Poulton, "The Republic of Macedonia after UN Recognition," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 23, 1993, pp. 22-23; Duncan M. Perry, "Politics in the Republic of Macedonia: Issues and Parties," RFERL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 23, 1993, pp. 31, 37.
359. European Roma Rights Center, A Pleasant Fiction, pp. 89-90; Fox, "Roma (Gypsies) Macedonia," p. 2; Latham, "Roma in the Former Yugoslavia," p. 219; Hugh Poulton, "The Roma in Macedonia: A Balkan Success Story," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 19, 1993, pp. 42-45; Hugh Poulton, "The Republic of Macedonia after UN Recognition," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 23, 1993, pp. 22-23; Duncan M. Perry, "Politics in the Republic of Macedonia: Issues and Parties," RFERL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 23, 1993, pp. 31, 37.
360. European Roma Rights Center, A Pleasant Fiction, pp. 89-90; Fox, "Roma (Gypsies) Macedonia," p. 2; Latham, "Roma in the Former Yugoslavia," p. 219; Hugh Poulton, "The Roma in Macedonia: A Balkan Success Story," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 19, 1993, pp. 42-45; Hugh Poulton, "The Republic of Macedonia after UN Recognition," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 23, 1993, pp. 22-23; Duncan M. Perry, "Politics in the Republic of Macedonia: Issues and Parties," RFERL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 23, 1993, pp. 31, 37.
361. European Roma Rights Center, A Pleasant Fiction, pp. 89-90; Fox, "Roma (Gypsies) Macedonia," p. 2; Latham, "Roma in the Former Yugoslavia," p. 219; Hugh Poulton, "The Roma in Macedonia: A Balkan Success Story," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 19, 1993, pp. 42-45; Hugh Poulton, "The Republic of Macedonia after UN Recognition," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 23, 1993, pp. 22-23; Duncan M. Perry, "Politics in the Republic of Macedonia: Issues and Parties," RFERL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 23, 1993, pp. 31, 37.
362. European Roma Rights Center, A Pleasant Fiction, pp. 89-90; Fox, "Roma (Gypsies) Macedonia," p. 2; Latham, "Roma in the Former Yugoslavia," p. 219; Hugh Poulton, "The Roma in Macedonia: A Balkan Success Story," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 19, 1993, pp. 42-45; Hugh Poulton, "The Republic of Macedonia after UN Recognition," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 23, 1993, pp. 22-23; Duncan M. Perry, "Politics in the Republic of Macedonia: Issues and Parties," RFERL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 23, 1993, pp. 31, 37.