Post natal lecithotroph: A new age class in the ontogeny of reptiles

Herpetological Monographs

Volumn , Issue 15, 2001, Pages 124-134

  Lance, Valentine A ^a   Morafka, David J ^b  

^a ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF SAN DIEGO   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Bet hedger; Cholesterol; Cholesterol esters; Desert tortoise (Gophents agassizii); Exaptation; Fatty acids; Hatchling; Lecithotroph; Life history; Lipid; Megalecithical eggs; Neonate; Nutrition; Phospholipid; Strategy; Triacylglycerol

Indexed keywords

EID: 0013218317     PISSN: 07331347     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.2307/1467040     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. BJORNDAL, K. A. 1987. Digestive efficiency in a temperate herbivorous reptile, Gopherus polyphemus. Copeia 1987:714-720.
2. BLACKBURN, D. G. 1994. Standardizing criteria for the recognition of embryonic nutritional patterns in squamate reptiles. Copeia 1994:925-935.
3. BLIGH, E. G., AND W. G. DYEK. 1959. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology 37:911-917.
4. CAGLE, F. R. 1950. The life history of the slider turtle, Pseudemys scripta troosti (Holbrook). Ecological Monographs 2031-54.
5. CHAN, E-H. 1989. White spot development, incubation and hatching success of leatherback turtle (Dennochelys coriacea) eggs from Rantua Abang, Malaysia. Copeia 1989(1):42-47.
6. CHRISTIAN, K. A., W. T. LAWRENCE, AND H. L. SNELL. 1991. Effect of soil moisture on yolk and fat distribution in hatchling lizards from natural nests. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 99A: 13-19.
7. CONGDON, J. D., AND J. W. GIBBONS. 1985. Egg components and reproductive characteristics of turtles: relationships to body size. Herpetologica 41:194-205.
8. _. 1989. Posthatching yolk reserves in hatchling American alligators. Herpetologica 45:305-309.
9. _. 1990. Turtle eggs: their ecology and evolution. Pp. 109-123. In J. W. Gibbons (Ed.), Life History and Ecology of the Slider Turtle. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C.
10. CONCDON, J. D., AND D. W. TINKLE. 1982. Reproductive energetics of the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta). Herpetologica 38:228-237.
11. CONGDON, J. D., D.W. TINKLE, AND P. C. ROSEN. 1983. Egg components and utilization during development in aquatic turtles. Copeia 1983:264-268.
12. CRUMLY, C. R. 1994. The phylogenetic systematics of gopher tortoises: evidence for their classification. Pp. 7-32. In R. B. Bury and D. J. Germano (Eels.), Biology of North American Tortoises. National Biological Survey. Fish and Wildlife Research 13.
13. DEZFULIAN, M., J. QUITANA, D. SOLEYMANI, AND D. MORAFKA. 1994. Physiological chracteristics of Clostridium bifermentens selectively isolated from California desert tortoises. Folia Microbiologia 39: 496-500.
14. ENZEL, Y., D. R. CAYAN, R. Y. ANDERSON, AND S. G. WELLS. 1989. Atmospheric circulation during Holocene lake stand in the Mojave Desert: evidence of regional climate change. Nature 341:44-48.
15. ENZEL, Y., W. J. BROWN, R. Y, ANDERSON, L. D. MCFADDEN, AND S. G. WELLS. 1992. Short-duration Holocene lakes in the Mojave River Drainage Basin, Southern California. Quaternary Research 38:60-73.
16. EWERT, M. A. 1991. Cold torpor, diapause, delayed hatching and aestivation in reptiles and birds. Pp. 173-191. In D. C. Deeming and M. W. J. Ferguson (Eds.), Egg Incubation: its Effects on Embryonic Development in Birds and Reptiles. Cambridge University Press, New York.
17. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERMCE. 1994. Desert tortoise (Mohave population) Recovery Plan. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon 73 pages plus appendices.
18. FISCHER, R. U., F. J. MAZZOTTI, J. D. CONGDON, AND R. E. GATTEN. 1991. Post-hatching yolk reserves: parental investment in American alligators from Louisiana. Journal of Herpetology 25:253-256.
19. GERMANO, D. J. 1994. Comparative life histories of North American tortoises. Pp. 175-185. In R. B. Bury and D. J. Germano (Eds.), Biology of North American Tortoises. National Biological Survey. Fish and Wildlife Research 13.
20. GOULD, S. J. AND E. S. VRBA. 1982. Exaptation - a missing term in the science of form. Paleobiology 8:4-15.
21. HALLIDAY, T. R., AND K. ADLER. 1986. The Encyclopaedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. Facts on File, Inc. New York, New York. Original publisher Equinox (Oxford) Ltd., Oxford, UK.
22. HAZARD, L., M. MENDOZA, AND D. J. MORAFKA Dispersion of naïve neonate and hatchery/nursery conditioned juvenile desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) in the central Mojave Desert. Manuscript, to be submitted to Chelonian Conservation and Biology.
23. JACOBSON, E. R, J. SCHUMACHER, AND M. GREEN. 1992. Field and clinical techniques for sampling and handling blood for hematological and selected biochemical determinations in the desert tortoise, Xerobates agassizii. Copeia 1992:237-241.
24. JANZEN, F. J., J. C. AST, AND G. L. PAUKSTIS. 1995. Influence of the hydric environment and clutch on eggs and embryos of two sympatric map turtles. Functional Ecology 9:913-922.
25. JI, X., P-Y. SUN, S-Y. FU, AND H-S. ZHANG. 1997. Utilization of energy and nutrients in incubating eggs and post-hatching yolk in a colubrid snake, Elaphe carinata. Herpetological Journal 7:7-12.
26. JI, X., AND P-Y. SUN. 2000. Embryonic use and post-hatching yolk in the gray rat snake, Ptyas korros (Colubridae). Herpetological Journal 10:13-17.
27. JI, X., XU, X-F., AND LIN, Z-H. 1999a. Influence of incubation temperature on characteristics of Dinodon rufozonatum (Reptilia:Colubridae) hatchlings, with comments on the function of residual yolk. Zoological Research 20:342-346.
28. JI, X., P-Y. SUN, S-Y. FU, AND H-S. ZHANG. 1999b. Utilization of egg energy and material during incubation and post-hatching yolk in a colubrid snake, Elaphe taeniura. Asiatic Herpetological Research 8:342-346.
29. KRAEMER, J. E. AND S. H. BENNETT. 1981. Utilization of posthatching yolk of the loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta. Copeia 1981:406-411.
30. LANCE, V. A., A. R. PLACE. AND D. C. ROSTAL. In press. Variation in plasma lipids during the reproductive cycle of male and female desert tortoises, Gopherus agassizii. Journal of Experimental Zoology.
31. LEWIS-WINOKUR, V., AND R. M. WINOKUR. 1995. Incubation temperature affects sexual differentiation, incubation time, and posthatching survival in desert tortoises (Gopherus anassizii). Canadian Journal of Zoology 73:2091-2097.
32. LINLEY, T. A., AND H. R. MUSHINSKY. 1994. Organic composition and energy content of eggs and hatchlings of the gopher tortoise. Pp. 113-128. In R. B. Bury and D. J. Germano (Eds.), Biology of North American Tortoises. National Biological Survey. Fish and Wildlife Research 13.
33. MALDJIAN, A., FARKAS, K., NOBLE, R. C., COCCHI, M., AND SPEAKE, B. K. 1995. The transfer of docosahexanoic acid from the yolk to the tissues of the chick embryo. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1258: 81-89.
34. MORAFKA, D. J. 1994. Neonates:missing links in the life histories of North American Tortoises. Pp. 161-173. In R. B. Bury and D. J. Germano (Eds.), Biology of North American Tortoises. National Biological Survey. Fish and Wildlife Research 13.
35. MURAKAMI, H., Y AKIBA, AND M. HOIGUCHI. 1992. Growth and utilization of nutrients in newly hatched chick with or without removal of residual yolk. Growth Development and Aging 56:75-84.
36. NAGLE, R. D., V. J. BURKE, AND J. D. CONGDON. 1998. Egg components and hatchling lipid reserves: parental investment in kinosternid turtle from the southeastern United States. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 1206:145-152.
37. NOBLE, R. C. 1991. Comparative composition and utilization of yolk lipid by embryonic birds and reptiles. Pp. 17-28. In D. C. Deeming and M. W. J. Ferguson (Eds.), Egg Incubation: Its Effects on Embryonic Development in Birds and Reptiles. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
38. NOBLE, R. C., AND D. OGUNYEMI. 1989. Lipid changes in the residual yolk and liver of the chick immediately after hatching. Biology of the Neonate 56: 228-236.
39. NOBLE, R. C., AND B. K. SPEAKE. 1997. Observations on fatty acid uptake and utilization by the avian embryo. Prenatal and Neonatal Medicine 2:92-100
40. NOY, Y., Z. UNI, AND D. SKLAN. 1996. Routes of yolk utilization in the newly hatched chick. British Poultry Science 37:987-996.
41. NOY, Y., AND D. SKLAN. 1998. Yolk utilization in the newly hatched poult. British Poultry Science 39: 446-451.
42. PACKARD, G. C., AND M. J. PACKARD. 1987. Water relations and nitrogen excretion in embryos of the oviparous snake Coluber constrictor. Copeia 1987: 895-406.
43. PACKARD, G. C., AND M. J. PACKARD. 1988. The physiological ecology of reptilian eggs and embryos. Pp. 523-605. In C. Gans and R. B. Huey (Eds.), Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 16 Ecology B. Defense and Life History. Alan R. Liss, New York.
44. PACKARD, M. J., AND R. S. SEYMOUR. 1997. Evolution of the amniote egg. Pp. 265-290. In S. S. Sumida and K. L. M. Martin (Eds.), Amniote Origins: Completing the Transition to Land. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
45. ROMER, A. S. 1957. Origin of the amniote egg. Scientific Monthly 85:57-63.
46. ROSTAL, D. C., LANCE, V. A., GRUMBLES, J. S. , AND ALBERTS, A. C. 1994a. Seasonal reproductive cycle of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) in the eastern Mojave Desert. Herpetological Monographs 8:72-82.
47. ROSTAL, D. C., GRUMBLES, J. S., LANCE, V. A., AND SPOTILA, J. R. 1994b. Non-lethal sexing techniques for hatchling and immature desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii). Herpetological Monographs 8: 83-87.
48. ROWE, J. W., L. HOLY, R. E. BALLINGER, AND D. STANLEY-SAMUELSON. 1995. Lipid provisioning of turtle eggs and hatchlings: total lipid, phospholipid, triacylglycerol and triacylglycerol fatty acids. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 1126:323-330.
49. SHAFFER, H. B., P. MEYLAN, AND M. L. MCKNICHT. 1997. Tests of turtle phylogeny: molecular, morphological and paleontological approaches. Systematic Biology 46:235-268.
50. SHINE, R. 1983. Reptilian reproductive modes: the oviparity-viviparity continuum. Herpetologica 39: 1-8.
51. SINERVO, B., AND R. B. HUEY. 1990. The evolution of maternal investment in lizards: and experimental and comparative analysis of egg size and its effect on offspring performance. Evolution 44:279-294.
52. SNELL, H. L., AND C. R. TRACY. 1985. Behavioral and morphological adaptations by Galapagos land iguanas (Conolophus subcristatus) to water and energy requirements of eggs and neonates American Zoologist 25:1009-1018.
53. SPAULDING, W. G. 1990. Vegetational and climatic development of the Mojave Deseret: the last glacial maxim to the present. Pp. 167-199. In J. L. Betancouty, T. R. Van Devender and P. S. Martin (Eds.), Packrat Middens: The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Change. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson Arizona.
54. SPEAKE, B. K., A. M. B. MURRAY, AND R. C. NOBLE. 1998. Transport and transformations of yolk lipids during development of the avian embryo. Progress in Lipid Research 37:1-32.
55. SPOTILA, J. R., L. C. ZIMMERMAN, C. A. BINCKLEY, J. S. GRUMBLES, D. C. ROSTAL, A. LIST, JR., E. C. BEYER, K. M. PHILLIPIS, AND S. J. KEMP. 1994. Effects of incubation conditions on sex determination, hatching success, and growth of hatchling desert tortoises, Gopherus agassizii. Herpetological Monographs 8:103-116.
56. STEARNS, S. C. 1992. The Evolution of Life Histories. Oxford University Press. New York.
57. _. 1976. Life history tactics: a review of the ideas. Quarterly Review of Biology 51:3-47.
58. STEWART, J. 1997. Morphology and evolution of the egg of oviparous amniotes. Pp. 291-326. In S. S. Sumida and K. L. M. Martin (Eds.), Amniote Origins: Completing the Transition to Land. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
59. THOMPSON, M. B., B. K. SPEAKE, K. J. RUSSELL, R. J. MCCARTNEY, AND P. F. SURAI. 1999. Changes in fatty acid profiles and protein, ion and energy contents of the eggs of the Murray short-necked turtle, Emydura macquarii (Chelonia, Pleurodira) during development. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 122:75-84.
60. TRACY, C. R., AND H. L. SNELL. 1985. Interrelations among water and energy relations of reptilian eggs, embryos, and hatchlings. American Zoologist 25: 999-1008.
61. TROYER, K. 1983. Posthatching yolk energy in a lizard: utilization pattern and interclutch variation. Oecologia 58:340-343.
62. VAN DEVENDER, T. R., AND J. I. MEAD. 1978. Early Holocene and Late Pleistocene amphibians and reptiles in Sonoran Desert packrat middens. Copeia 1978:464-475.
63. st Annual meeting and Symposium, The Desert Tortoise Council., Las Vegas Nevada, March 29-Aprtil 1, 1996. National Biological Service, Riverside, California.
64. WHITEHEAD, P. J. 1990. Yolk depletion and metabolic rate of hatchling Crocodylus johnstoni. Copeia 1990:871-875.
65. WILHOFT, D. C. 1986. Eggs and hatching components of snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 84:483-486.
66. WILSON, D. S., D. J. MORAFKA, C. R. TRACY, AND K. A. NAGY. 1999. Winter activity of juvenile desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) in the Mojave Desert. Journal of Herpetology 33:496-601.