Holding the rock: The "Indianization" of Alcatraz Island, 1969-1999

Public Historian

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 55-74

  Strange, Carolyn ^a   Loo, Tina ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Interpretation; Preservation

Indexed keywords

EID: 0013001849     PISSN: 02723433     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/tph.2001.23.1.55     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Paul Chaat Smith and Robert Allen Warrior, Like a Hurricane: The Indian Movement from Alcatraz to Wounded Knee (New York: The New Press, 1996)
2. Troy Johnson, The Occupation of Alcatraz Island: Self-determination and the Rise of Indian Activism (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996)
3. Troy Johnson, Joanne Nagel and Duane Champagne, eds., American Indian Activism: Alcatraz to the Longest Walk (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997)
4. Millie Ketcheshawno, "Welcome to the Alcatraz Occupation Thirtieth Anniversary Celebration," Alcatraz Thirtieth Anniversary 1969-1999 (San Francisco: Alcatraz Thirtieth Anniversary Planning Committee, 23 October 1999), 3
5. Brian O'Neill, open letter, 14 October 1999, reprinted in Alcatraz Thirtieth Anniversary 1969-1999, 2
6. Personal observations, Alcatraz Island, 23 October 1999. Johnson, 217; Smith and Warrior, 37
7. Kenneth Foote, Shadowed Ground: America's Landscapes of Violence and Tragedy (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997)
8. John A. Martini and Guy Washington, who served during the 1970s. Interviews by Carolyn Strange, Toronto, July 1999 and October 1999
9. Pierre Vidal-Naquet, The Assassins of Memory: Essays on the Denial of the Holocaust, trans. and foreword by Jeffrey Mehlman (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992)
10. Troy Johnson, interviewed by Carolyn Strange, Toronto, July 1999
11. Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983)
12. Paul Connerton, How Societies Remember (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989)
13. Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, trans. F. J. Ditter and V. Y. Ditter (New York: Harper and Row, 1980)
14. and Pierre Nora, "Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Memoire," Representations 26 (Spring 1989): 7-25
15. Iwona Irwin-Zarecka, Frames of Remembrance: The Dynamics of Collective Memory (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994), 126
16. Edward Casey, "How to get from Space to Place in a Fairly Short Stretch of Time: Phenomenological Prolegomena," in Steven Feld and Keith H. Basso, eds., Senses of Place (Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 1996): 13-52, 24
17. Troy Johnson, The Occupation of Alcatraz Island: Indian Self-Determination and the Rise of Indian Activism (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1996)
18. Steve Talbot, "Indian Students and Reminiscences of Alcatraz," and Edward D. Castillo, "A Reminiscence of the Alcatraz Occupation," both in T. Johnson, J. Nagel, and D. Champagne, eds., American Indian Activism: Alcatraz to the Longest Walk (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1997), 104-12, and 119-28
19. Peter Bluecloud, ed., Alcatraz is not an Island (Berkeley: Wingbow Press, 1972), 40-42
20. Robert A. Rundstrom, "American Indian Placemaking on Alcatraz, 1969-1971," American Indian Culture and Research Journal 18, no. 4 (1994): 189
21. Adam (Nordwall) Fortunate Eagle, "Urban Indians and the Occupation of Alcatraz Island," in Johnson, Nagel, and Champagne, eds., American Indian Activism, 73
22. John Garvey and Troy Johnson, "The Government and the Indians: the American Indian Occupation of Alcatraz Island, 1969-71," in Johnson, Nagel, and Champagne, eds., American Indian Activism, 165
23. J. Campbell Bruce, "'Indianized' Alcatraz Park," San Francisco Chronicle 1 April 1970. National Archives Records Administration (NARA) - San Bruno. RG 269, Box 6, file 12 of 16, 2 of 3; and Austin, Director, Western Division, GSA, to Nicolai, 2 July 1970
24. Dale Champion, "Indians Reject Park Plan," San Francisco Chronicle 8 April 1970. RG 269. Box 16, Alcatraz III
25. Erwin N. Thompson, The Rock: a History of Alcatraz Island, 1847-1972, Historic Resource Study (Denver: National Park Service, 1972), 510
26. Robert H. Keller and Michael F. Turek, American Indians and National Parks (Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, 1998), 233-34
27. Paul Scolari, interview by Carolyn Strange, Toronto, July 1999 and 31 August 1999
28. John A. Martini, Steve Haller, and Craig Glassner, interviews by Carolyn Strange, Toronto, July 1999. All served as rangers on the Rock
29. "Alcatraz is Indian Land" tour text, 11 November 1988. Golden Gate National Recreation Area (GGNRA) Archives. Division of Interpretation Administration Files - Ca. 1970-1993, Box 65, "Alcatraz - Program Evaluation" file.
30. Interview with Craig Glassner, July 1999
31. Brian O'Neill to Adam Fortunate Eagle, 8 March 1990. GGNRA Archives. Superintendent's Files. Box 48, file K-18 Alcatraz 1988-1993, Interpretive Activities
32. O'Neill to Peg Bachmeier, 13 June 1990, GGNRA Archives. Division of Interpretation Administration Files, Box 84, file 12
33. O'Neill to Susan Brandt, 29 January 1990. GGNRA Archives. Superintendent's Files. Box 48 File K-18, Alcatraz 1988-1993, Interpretive Activities
34. "Rock Prison of Liberation: Alcatraz Island and the American Imagination," Radical History Review, 78 (Fall 2000): 27-56
35. Interview with John A. Martini, July 1999
36. Public Law 101-628, Section 1209 (1991)
37. http://www.nps.gov/alcatraz. Ranger Craig Glassner "Alcatraz is Indian Land"
38. History on Trial: Culture Wars and the Teaching of the Past (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998), by Gary B. Nash, Charlotte Crabtree, and Ross E. Dunn
39. Eric Foner, The New American History (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991)
40. "Revision of the National Park Service's Thematic Framework," http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/thematic.html
41. Nash, Crabtree, and Dunn, History on Trial, Chapter 5, especially 122-27, and Chapter 8
42. Unlocking Alcatraz-Curriculum Guide: Federal Penitentiary (1934-1963) and Native American Occupation (1969-1971), (Fort Mason, San Francisco: United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, and Golden Gate National Recreation Area, 1994), i
43. Archaeology on Crissy Field: AQ & A Session with Mathew Clark, Richard Ambro, Lee Barker, and Paul Scolari, c. 1998
44. "Alcatraz-Red Power Movement" is the term coined in "American Indian Activism and Transformation: Lessons from Alcatraz," in Troy Johnson, Joanne Nagel, and Duane Champagne, eds., American Indian Activism, 9-44
45. Johnson, The Occupation of Alcatraz Island, Appendix: Summary of Major Occupations, 223-40
46. Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., Joanne Nagel, and Troy Johnson, "Introduction: 'You are on Indian Land'," in their edited documents collection, Red Power: the American Indians' Fight for Freedom, (2nd ed.), (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1999), 3
47. Jack D. Forbes, "The Native Struggle for Liberation," in Johnson, Nagel, and Champagne, eds., American Indian Activism, 129-35
48. Wilma Mankiller and Michael Wallis, Mankiller: a Chief and her People (New York: St. Martins Press, 1993), 192
49. Leonard Peltier, Prison Writings: My Life is My Sundance (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), 93
50. Troy R. Johnson, We Hold the Rock: The Indian Occupation of Alcatraz, 1969-1971 (San Francisco: Golden Gate National Recreation Area, 1997), 51
51. Interview with Troy Johnson, one of the collaborators on We Hold the Rock, 16 July 1999
52. Jim Fortier, interview by Carolyn Strange, Toronto, 1 September 1999
53. www.turtle-island.com/docu.html
54. Anonymous, "Alcatraz, symbol of oppression, rock prison of liberation...." Unlocking Alcatraz - Curriculum Guide, iv
55. Ben Winton, "Taking Back 'the Rock'," Native People 13, no. 1 (Fall 1999): 26-34
56. Paul Scolari, interview by Carolyn Strange, Toronto, 31 August 1999
57. Richard Oakes, "Alcatraz is not an Island," Ramparts 11, no. 6 (December 1972): 38, 40
58. "The Legacy of Alcatraz and Related Issues - Panel Forum, 23 October 1999." The speakers were Betty Cooper, Luwant Quitaquit Harrison, Ron Pinkham, and Rosemary Cambra
59. Linda Whitewolf Sanchez (Chickasaw and Maori), October 1997
60. Rosemary Cambra, "The Legacy of Alcatraz and Related Issues - Panel Forum, 23 October 1999."