Contemplating the interests of fish: The angler's challenge

Environmental Ethics

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 373-390

  De Leeuw, A Dionys ^a,b  

^a L ^*  (Canada)

^b L

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0012832250     PISSN: 01634275     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5840/enviroethics19961844     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Cited in A. A. Luce, Fishing and Thinking (Camden, Maine: Ragged Mountain Press, 1993), p. 177.
2. For instance, of the four articles specifically debating hunting in this journal, e.g., Robert W. Loftin, "The Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 241-50, Ann S. Causey, "On the Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 11 (1989): 5-34, Theodore R. Vitali, "Sport Hunting: Moral or Immoral?" Environmental Ethics 12 (1990): 69-82, and Roger J. H. King, "Environmental Ethics and the Case For Hunting," Environmental Ethics 13 (1991): 59-85, only the article by Loftin peripherally discusses food fishing. Similarly, José Ortega y Gasset, Meditations on Hunting (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972) excludes sport fishing, as does Paul Shepard in The Tender Carnivore and the Sacred Game (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973). Angling is also excluded by Cleveland Amory, Man Kind? Our Incredible War on Wildlife (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), by Roger A. Caras, Death as a Way of Life (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1970), and by Ron Baker, The American Hunting Myth (New York: Vantage Press, 1985). Tom Regan when discussing hunting in The Case for Animal Rights (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), p. 353, excludes fishing presumably because only "normal mammalian animals, aged one or more" (p. 86) are included in his analysis. He does discuss fish relative to preference utilitarianism (p. 207) and sport (p. 416). Pain in fish (or the assumed lack of it by a wildlife biologist) is mentioned by Bernard E. Rollin in Animal Rights and Human Morality (Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1992), p. 64. Peter Singer includes a short discussion of pain in fish in Animal Liberation (New York: Avon Books, 1990), pp. 172-74. A discussion of angling appears in Paul W. Taylor, Respect for Nature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), p. 179. Angling, relative to hunting and fowling, is discussed in some detail by Rod Preece and Lorna Chamberlain in Animal Welfare and Human Values (Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1993). The general exclusion of fish and angling from debates on hunting and animal-rights issues is perplexing since 35.6 million Americans, sixteen-years-old and older angled in 1991, while only 14.1 million hunted (1991 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation [Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993]). In Canada, 5.6 million people angled, while 1.7 million hunted and only .4 million trapped (The Importance of Wildlife to Canadians in 1987: Highlights of a National Survey [Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1989]). During 1990 in Canada, 6.3 million anglers caught 295 million fish (1990 Survey of Recreational Fishing in Canada [Ottawa: Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 1993]). Angling as an activity, therefore, completely eclipses all of hunting and trapping combined.
3. For instance, of the four articles specifically debating hunting in this journal, e.g., Robert W. Loftin, "The Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 241-50, Ann S. Causey, "On the Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 11 (1989): 5-34, Theodore R. Vitali, "Sport Hunting: Moral or Immoral?" Environmental Ethics 12 (1990): 69-82, and Roger J. H. King, "Environmental Ethics and the Case For Hunting," Environmental Ethics 13 (1991): 59-85, only the article by Loftin peripherally discusses food fishing. Similarly, José Ortega y Gasset, Meditations on Hunting (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972) excludes sport fishing, as does Paul Shepard in The Tender Carnivore and the Sacred Game (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973). Angling is also excluded by Cleveland Amory, Man Kind? Our Incredible War on Wildlife (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), by Roger A. Caras, Death as a Way of Life (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1970), and by Ron Baker, The American Hunting Myth (New York: Vantage Press, 1985). Tom Regan when discussing hunting in The Case for Animal Rights (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), p. 353, excludes fishing presumably because only "normal mammalian animals, aged one or more" (p. 86) are included in his analysis. He does discuss fish relative to preference utilitarianism (p. 207) and sport (p. 416). Pain in fish (or the assumed lack of it by a wildlife biologist) is mentioned by Bernard E. Rollin in Animal Rights and Human Morality (Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1992), p. 64. Peter Singer includes a short discussion of pain in fish in Animal Liberation (New York: Avon Books, 1990), pp. 172-74. A discussion of angling appears in Paul W. Taylor, Respect for Nature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), p. 179. Angling, relative to hunting and fowling, is discussed in some detail by Rod Preece and Lorna Chamberlain in Animal Welfare and Human Values (Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1993). The general exclusion of fish and angling from debates on hunting and animal-rights issues is perplexing since 35.6 million Americans, sixteen-years-old and older angled in 1991, while only 14.1 million hunted (1991 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation [Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993]). In Canada, 5.6 million people angled, while 1.7 million hunted and only .4 million trapped (The Importance of Wildlife to Canadians in 1987: Highlights of a National Survey [Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1989]). During 1990 in Canada, 6.3 million anglers caught 295 million fish (1990 Survey of Recreational Fishing in Canada [Ottawa: Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 1993]). Angling as an activity, therefore, completely eclipses all of hunting and trapping combined.
4. For instance, of the four articles specifically debating hunting in this journal, e.g., Robert W. Loftin, "The Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 241-50, Ann S. Causey, "On the Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 11 (1989): 5-34, Theodore R. Vitali, "Sport Hunting: Moral or Immoral?" Environmental Ethics 12 (1990): 69-82, and Roger J. H. King, "Environmental Ethics and the Case For Hunting," Environmental Ethics 13 (1991): 59-85, only the article by Loftin peripherally discusses food fishing. Similarly, José Ortega y Gasset, Meditations on Hunting (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972) excludes sport fishing, as does Paul Shepard in The Tender Carnivore and the Sacred Game (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973). Angling is also excluded by Cleveland Amory, Man Kind? Our Incredible War on Wildlife (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), by Roger A. Caras, Death as a Way of Life (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1970), and by Ron Baker, The American Hunting Myth (New York: Vantage Press, 1985). Tom Regan when discussing hunting in The Case for Animal Rights (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), p. 353, excludes fishing presumably because only "normal mammalian animals, aged one or more" (p. 86) are included in his analysis. He does discuss fish relative to preference utilitarianism (p. 207) and sport (p. 416). Pain in fish (or the assumed lack of it by a wildlife biologist) is mentioned by Bernard E. Rollin in Animal Rights and Human Morality (Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1992), p. 64. Peter Singer includes a short discussion of pain in fish in Animal Liberation (New York: Avon Books, 1990), pp. 172-74. A discussion of angling appears in Paul W. Taylor, Respect for Nature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), p. 179. Angling, relative to hunting and fowling, is discussed in some detail by Rod Preece and Lorna Chamberlain in Animal Welfare and Human Values (Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1993). The general exclusion of fish and angling from debates on hunting and animal-rights issues is perplexing since 35.6 million Americans, sixteen-years-old and older angled in 1991, while only 14.1 million hunted (1991 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation [Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993]). In Canada, 5.6 million people angled, while 1.7 million hunted and only .4 million trapped (The Importance of Wildlife to Canadians in 1987: Highlights of a National Survey [Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1989]). During 1990 in Canada, 6.3 million anglers caught 295 million fish (1990 Survey of Recreational Fishing in Canada [Ottawa: Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 1993]). Angling as an activity, therefore, completely eclipses all of hunting and trapping combined.
5. For instance, of the four articles specifically debating hunting in this journal, e.g., Robert W. Loftin, "The Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 241-50, Ann S. Causey, "On the Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 11 (1989): 5-34, Theodore R. Vitali, "Sport Hunting: Moral or Immoral?" Environmental Ethics 12 (1990): 69-82, and Roger J. H. King, "Environmental Ethics and the Case For Hunting," Environmental Ethics 13 (1991): 59-85, only the article by Loftin peripherally discusses food fishing. Similarly, José Ortega y Gasset, Meditations on Hunting (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972) excludes sport fishing, as does Paul Shepard in The Tender Carnivore and the Sacred Game (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973). Angling is also excluded by Cleveland Amory, Man Kind? Our Incredible War on Wildlife (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), by Roger A. Caras, Death as a Way of Life (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1970), and by Ron Baker, The American Hunting Myth (New York: Vantage Press, 1985). Tom Regan when discussing hunting in The Case for Animal Rights (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), p. 353, excludes fishing presumably because only "normal mammalian animals, aged one or more" (p. 86) are included in his analysis. He does discuss fish relative to preference utilitarianism (p. 207) and sport (p. 416). Pain in fish (or the assumed lack of it by a wildlife biologist) is mentioned by Bernard E. Rollin in Animal Rights and Human Morality (Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1992), p. 64. Peter Singer includes a short discussion of pain in fish in Animal Liberation (New York: Avon Books, 1990), pp. 172-74. A discussion of angling appears in Paul W. Taylor, Respect for Nature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), p. 179. Angling, relative to hunting and fowling, is discussed in some detail by Rod Preece and Lorna Chamberlain in Animal Welfare and Human Values (Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1993). The general exclusion of fish and angling from debates on hunting and animal-rights issues is perplexing since 35.6 million Americans, sixteen-years-old and older angled in 1991, while only 14.1 million hunted (1991 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation [Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993]). In Canada, 5.6 million people angled, while 1.7 million hunted and only .4 million trapped (The Importance of Wildlife to Canadians in 1987: Highlights of a National Survey [Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1989]). During 1990 in Canada, 6.3 million anglers caught 295 million fish (1990 Survey of Recreational Fishing in Canada [Ottawa: Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 1993]). Angling as an activity, therefore, completely eclipses all of hunting and trapping combined.
6. For instance, of the four articles specifically debating hunting in this journal, e.g., Robert W. Loftin, "The Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 241-50, Ann S. Causey, "On the Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 11 (1989): 5-34, Theodore R. Vitali, "Sport Hunting: Moral or Immoral?" Environmental Ethics 12 (1990): 69-82, and Roger J. H. King, "Environmental Ethics and the Case For Hunting," Environmental Ethics 13 (1991): 59-85, only the article by Loftin peripherally discusses food fishing. Similarly, José Ortega y Gasset, Meditations on Hunting (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972) excludes sport fishing, as does Paul Shepard in The Tender Carnivore and the Sacred Game (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973). Angling is also excluded by Cleveland Amory, Man Kind? Our Incredible War on Wildlife (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), by Roger A. Caras, Death as a Way of Life (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1970), and by Ron Baker, The American Hunting Myth (New York: Vantage Press, 1985). Tom Regan when discussing hunting in The Case for Animal Rights (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), p. 353, excludes fishing presumably because only "normal mammalian animals, aged one or more" (p. 86) are included in his analysis. He does discuss fish relative to preference utilitarianism (p. 207) and sport (p. 416). Pain in fish (or the assumed lack of it by a wildlife biologist) is mentioned by Bernard E. Rollin in Animal Rights and Human Morality (Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1992), p. 64. Peter Singer includes a short discussion of pain in fish in Animal Liberation (New York: Avon Books, 1990), pp. 172-74. A discussion of angling appears in Paul W. Taylor, Respect for Nature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), p. 179. Angling, relative to hunting and fowling, is discussed in some detail by Rod Preece and Lorna Chamberlain in Animal Welfare and Human Values (Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1993). The general exclusion of fish and angling from debates on hunting and animal-rights issues is perplexing since 35.6 million Americans, sixteen-years-old and older angled in 1991, while only 14.1 million hunted (1991 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation [Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993]). In Canada, 5.6 million people angled, while 1.7 million hunted and only .4 million trapped (The Importance of Wildlife to Canadians in 1987: Highlights of a National Survey [Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1989]). During 1990 in Canada, 6.3 million anglers caught 295 million fish (1990 Survey of Recreational Fishing in Canada [Ottawa: Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 1993]). Angling as an activity, therefore, completely eclipses all of hunting and trapping combined.
7. For instance, of the four articles specifically debating hunting in this journal, e.g., Robert W. Loftin, "The Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 241-50, Ann S. Causey, "On the Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 11 (1989): 5-34, Theodore R. Vitali, "Sport Hunting: Moral or Immoral?" Environmental Ethics 12 (1990): 69-82, and Roger J. H. King, "Environmental Ethics and the Case For Hunting," Environmental Ethics 13 (1991): 59-85, only the article by Loftin peripherally discusses food fishing. Similarly, José Ortega y Gasset, Meditations on Hunting (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972) excludes sport fishing, as does Paul Shepard in The Tender Carnivore and the Sacred Game (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973). Angling is also excluded by Cleveland Amory, Man Kind? Our Incredible War on Wildlife (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), by Roger A. Caras, Death as a Way of Life (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1970), and by Ron Baker, The American Hunting Myth (New York: Vantage Press, 1985). Tom Regan when discussing hunting in The Case for Animal Rights (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), p. 353, excludes fishing presumably because only "normal mammalian animals, aged one or more" (p. 86) are included in his analysis. He does discuss fish relative to preference utilitarianism (p. 207) and sport (p. 416). Pain in fish (or the assumed lack of it by a wildlife biologist) is mentioned by Bernard E. Rollin in Animal Rights and Human Morality (Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1992), p. 64. Peter Singer includes a short discussion of pain in fish in Animal Liberation (New York: Avon Books, 1990), pp. 172-74. A discussion of angling appears in Paul W. Taylor, Respect for Nature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), p. 179. Angling, relative to hunting and fowling, is discussed in some detail by Rod Preece and Lorna Chamberlain in Animal Welfare and Human Values (Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1993). The general exclusion of fish and angling from debates on hunting and animal-rights issues is perplexing since 35.6 million Americans, sixteen-years-old and older angled in 1991, while only 14.1 million hunted (1991 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation [Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993]). In Canada, 5.6 million people angled, while 1.7 million hunted and only .4 million trapped (The Importance of Wildlife to Canadians in 1987: Highlights of a National Survey [Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1989]). During 1990 in Canada, 6.3 million anglers caught 295 million fish (1990 Survey of Recreational Fishing in Canada [Ottawa: Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 1993]). Angling as an activity, therefore, completely eclipses all of hunting and trapping combined.
8. For instance, of the four articles specifically debating hunting in this journal, e.g., Robert W. Loftin, "The Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 241-50, Ann S. Causey, "On the Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 11 (1989): 5-34, Theodore R. Vitali, "Sport Hunting: Moral or Immoral?" Environmental Ethics 12 (1990): 69-82, and Roger J. H. King, "Environmental Ethics and the Case For Hunting," Environmental Ethics 13 (1991): 59-85, only the article by Loftin peripherally discusses food fishing. Similarly, José Ortega y Gasset, Meditations on Hunting (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972) excludes sport fishing, as does Paul Shepard in The Tender Carnivore and the Sacred Game (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973). Angling is also excluded by Cleveland Amory, Man Kind? Our Incredible War on Wildlife (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), by Roger A. Caras, Death as a Way of Life (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1970), and by Ron Baker, The American Hunting Myth (New York: Vantage Press, 1985). Tom Regan when discussing hunting in The Case for Animal Rights (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), p. 353, excludes fishing presumably because only "normal mammalian animals, aged one or more" (p. 86) are included in his analysis. He does discuss fish relative to preference utilitarianism (p. 207) and sport (p. 416). Pain in fish (or the assumed lack of it by a wildlife biologist) is mentioned by Bernard E. Rollin in Animal Rights and Human Morality (Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1992), p. 64. Peter Singer includes a short discussion of pain in fish in Animal Liberation (New York: Avon Books, 1990), pp. 172-74. A discussion of angling appears in Paul W. Taylor, Respect for Nature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), p. 179. Angling, relative to hunting and fowling, is discussed in some detail by Rod Preece and Lorna Chamberlain in Animal Welfare and Human Values (Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1993). The general exclusion of fish and angling from debates on hunting and animal-rights issues is perplexing since 35.6 million Americans, sixteen-years-old and older angled in 1991, while only 14.1 million hunted (1991 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation [Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993]). In Canada, 5.6 million people angled, while 1.7 million hunted and only .4 million trapped (The Importance of Wildlife to Canadians in 1987: Highlights of a National Survey [Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1989]). During 1990 in Canada, 6.3 million anglers caught 295 million fish (1990 Survey of Recreational Fishing in Canada [Ottawa: Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 1993]). Angling as an activity, therefore, completely eclipses all of hunting and trapping combined.
9. For instance, of the four articles specifically debating hunting in this journal, e.g., Robert W. Loftin, "The Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 241-50, Ann S. Causey, "On the Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 11 (1989): 5-34, Theodore R. Vitali, "Sport Hunting: Moral or Immoral?" Environmental Ethics 12 (1990): 69-82, and Roger J. H. King, "Environmental Ethics and the Case For Hunting," Environmental Ethics 13 (1991): 59-85, only the article by Loftin peripherally discusses food fishing. Similarly, José Ortega y Gasset, Meditations on Hunting (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972) excludes sport fishing, as does Paul Shepard in The Tender Carnivore and the Sacred Game (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973). Angling is also excluded by Cleveland Amory, Man Kind? Our Incredible War on Wildlife (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), by Roger A. Caras, Death as a Way of Life (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1970), and by Ron Baker, The American Hunting Myth (New York: Vantage Press, 1985). Tom Regan when discussing hunting in The Case for Animal Rights (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), p. 353, excludes fishing presumably because only "normal mammalian animals, aged one or more" (p. 86) are included in his analysis. He does discuss fish relative to preference utilitarianism (p. 207) and sport (p. 416). Pain in fish (or the assumed lack of it by a wildlife biologist) is mentioned by Bernard E. Rollin in Animal Rights and Human Morality (Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1992), p. 64. Peter Singer includes a short discussion of pain in fish in Animal Liberation (New York: Avon Books, 1990), pp. 172-74. A discussion of angling appears in Paul W. Taylor, Respect for Nature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), p. 179. Angling, relative to hunting and fowling, is discussed in some detail by Rod Preece and Lorna Chamberlain in Animal Welfare and Human Values (Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1993). The general exclusion of fish and angling from debates on hunting and animal-rights issues is perplexing since 35.6 million Americans, sixteen-years-old and older angled in 1991, while only 14.1 million hunted (1991 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation [Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993]). In Canada, 5.6 million people angled, while 1.7 million hunted and only .4 million trapped (The Importance of Wildlife to Canadians in 1987: Highlights of a National Survey [Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1989]). During 1990 in Canada, 6.3 million anglers caught 295 million fish (1990 Survey of Recreational Fishing in Canada [Ottawa: Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 1993]). Angling as an activity, therefore, completely eclipses all of hunting and trapping combined.
10. For instance, of the four articles specifically debating hunting in this journal, e.g., Robert W. Loftin, "The Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 241-50, Ann S. Causey, "On the Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 11 (1989): 5-34, Theodore R. Vitali, "Sport Hunting: Moral or Immoral?" Environmental Ethics 12 (1990): 69-82, and Roger J. H. King, "Environmental Ethics and the Case For Hunting," Environmental Ethics 13 (1991): 59-85, only the article by Loftin peripherally discusses food fishing. Similarly, José Ortega y Gasset, Meditations on Hunting (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972) excludes sport fishing, as does Paul Shepard in The Tender Carnivore and the Sacred Game (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973). Angling is also excluded by Cleveland Amory, Man Kind? Our Incredible War on Wildlife (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), by Roger A. Caras, Death as a Way of Life (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1970), and by Ron Baker, The American Hunting Myth (New York: Vantage Press, 1985). Tom Regan when discussing hunting in The Case for Animal Rights (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), p. 353, excludes fishing presumably because only "normal mammalian animals, aged one or more" (p. 86) are included in his analysis. He does discuss fish relative to preference utilitarianism (p. 207) and sport (p. 416). Pain in fish (or the assumed lack of it by a wildlife biologist) is mentioned by Bernard E. Rollin in Animal Rights and Human Morality (Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1992), p. 64. Peter Singer includes a short discussion of pain in fish in Animal Liberation (New York: Avon Books, 1990), pp. 172-74. A discussion of angling appears in Paul W. Taylor, Respect for Nature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), p. 179. Angling, relative to hunting and fowling, is discussed in some detail by Rod Preece and Lorna Chamberlain in Animal Welfare and Human Values (Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1993). The general exclusion of fish and angling from debates on hunting and animal-rights issues is perplexing since 35.6 million Americans, sixteen-years-old and older angled in 1991, while only 14.1 million hunted (1991 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation [Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993]). In Canada, 5.6 million people angled, while 1.7 million hunted and only .4 million trapped (The Importance of Wildlife to Canadians in 1987: Highlights of a National Survey [Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1989]). During 1990 in Canada, 6.3 million anglers caught 295 million fish (1990 Survey of Recreational Fishing in Canada [Ottawa: Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 1993]). Angling as an activity, therefore, completely eclipses all of hunting and trapping combined.
11. For instance, of the four articles specifically debating hunting in this journal, e.g., Robert W. Loftin, "The Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 241-50, Ann S. Causey, "On the Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 11 (1989): 5-34, Theodore R. Vitali, "Sport Hunting: Moral or Immoral?" Environmental Ethics 12 (1990): 69-82, and Roger J. H. King, "Environmental Ethics and the Case For Hunting," Environmental Ethics 13 (1991): 59-85, only the article by Loftin peripherally discusses food fishing. Similarly, José Ortega y Gasset, Meditations on Hunting (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972) excludes sport fishing, as does Paul Shepard in The Tender Carnivore and the Sacred Game (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973). Angling is also excluded by Cleveland Amory, Man Kind? Our Incredible War on Wildlife (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), by Roger A. Caras, Death as a Way of Life (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1970), and by Ron Baker, The American Hunting Myth (New York: Vantage Press, 1985). Tom Regan when discussing hunting in The Case for Animal Rights (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), p. 353, excludes fishing presumably because only "normal mammalian animals, aged one or more" (p. 86) are included in his analysis. He does discuss fish relative to preference utilitarianism (p. 207) and sport (p. 416). Pain in fish (or the assumed lack of it by a wildlife biologist) is mentioned by Bernard E. Rollin in Animal Rights and Human Morality (Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1992), p. 64. Peter Singer includes a short discussion of pain in fish in Animal Liberation (New York: Avon Books, 1990), pp. 172-74. A discussion of angling appears in Paul W. Taylor, Respect for Nature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), p. 179. Angling, relative to hunting and fowling, is discussed in some detail by Rod Preece and Lorna Chamberlain in Animal Welfare and Human Values (Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1993). The general exclusion of fish and angling from debates on hunting and animal-rights issues is perplexing since 35.6 million Americans, sixteen-years-old and older angled in 1991, while only 14.1 million hunted (1991 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation [Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993]). In Canada, 5.6 million people angled, while 1.7 million hunted and only .4 million trapped (The Importance of Wildlife to Canadians in 1987: Highlights of a National Survey [Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1989]). During 1990 in Canada, 6.3 million anglers caught 295 million fish (1990 Survey of Recreational Fishing in Canada [Ottawa: Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 1993]). Angling as an activity, therefore, completely eclipses all of hunting and trapping combined.
12. For instance, of the four articles specifically debating hunting in this journal, e.g., Robert W. Loftin, "The Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 241-50, Ann S. Causey, "On the Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 11 (1989): 5-34, Theodore R. Vitali, "Sport Hunting: Moral or Immoral?" Environmental Ethics 12 (1990): 69-82, and Roger J. H. King, "Environmental Ethics and the Case For Hunting," Environmental Ethics 13 (1991): 59-85, only the article by Loftin peripherally discusses food fishing. Similarly, José Ortega y Gasset, Meditations on Hunting (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972) excludes sport fishing, as does Paul Shepard in The Tender Carnivore and the Sacred Game (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973). Angling is also excluded by Cleveland Amory, Man Kind? Our Incredible War on Wildlife (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), by Roger A. Caras, Death as a Way of Life (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1970), and by Ron Baker, The American Hunting Myth (New York: Vantage Press, 1985). Tom Regan when discussing hunting in The Case for Animal Rights (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), p. 353, excludes fishing presumably because only "normal mammalian animals, aged one or more" (p. 86) are included in his analysis. He does discuss fish relative to preference utilitarianism (p. 207) and sport (p. 416). Pain in fish (or the assumed lack of it by a wildlife biologist) is mentioned by Bernard E. Rollin in Animal Rights and Human Morality (Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1992), p. 64. Peter Singer includes a short discussion of pain in fish in Animal Liberation (New York: Avon Books, 1990), pp. 172-74. A discussion of angling appears in Paul W. Taylor, Respect for Nature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), p. 179. Angling, relative to hunting and fowling, is discussed in some detail by Rod Preece and Lorna Chamberlain in Animal Welfare and Human Values (Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1993). The general exclusion of fish and angling from debates on hunting and animal-rights issues is perplexing since 35.6 million Americans, sixteen-years-old and older angled in 1991, while only 14.1 million hunted (1991 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation [Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993]). In Canada, 5.6 million people angled, while 1.7 million hunted and only .4 million trapped (The Importance of Wildlife to Canadians in 1987: Highlights of a National Survey [Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1989]). During 1990 in Canada, 6.3 million anglers caught 295 million fish (1990 Survey of Recreational Fishing in Canada [Ottawa: Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 1993]). Angling as an activity, therefore, completely eclipses all of hunting and trapping combined.
13. For instance, of the four articles specifically debating hunting in this journal, e.g., Robert W. Loftin, "The Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 241-50, Ann S. Causey, "On the Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 11 (1989): 5-34, Theodore R. Vitali, "Sport Hunting: Moral or Immoral?" Environmental Ethics 12 (1990): 69-82, and Roger J. H. King, "Environmental Ethics and the Case For Hunting," Environmental Ethics 13 (1991): 59-85, only the article by Loftin peripherally discusses food fishing. Similarly, José Ortega y Gasset, Meditations on Hunting (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972) excludes sport fishing, as does Paul Shepard in The Tender Carnivore and the Sacred Game (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973). Angling is also excluded by Cleveland Amory, Man Kind? Our Incredible War on Wildlife (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), by Roger A. Caras, Death as a Way of Life (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1970), and by Ron Baker, The American Hunting Myth (New York: Vantage Press, 1985). Tom Regan when discussing hunting in The Case for Animal Rights (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), p. 353, excludes fishing presumably because only "normal mammalian animals, aged one or more" (p. 86) are included in his analysis. He does discuss fish relative to preference utilitarianism (p. 207) and sport (p. 416). Pain in fish (or the assumed lack of it by a wildlife biologist) is mentioned by Bernard E. Rollin in Animal Rights and Human Morality (Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1992), p. 64. Peter Singer includes a short discussion of pain in fish in Animal Liberation (New York: Avon Books, 1990), pp. 172-74. A discussion of angling appears in Paul W. Taylor, Respect for Nature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), p. 179. Angling, relative to hunting and fowling, is discussed in some detail by Rod Preece and Lorna Chamberlain in Animal Welfare and Human Values (Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1993). The general exclusion of fish and angling from debates on hunting and animal-rights issues is perplexing since 35.6 million Americans, sixteen-years-old and older angled in 1991, while only 14.1 million hunted (1991 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation [Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993]). In Canada, 5.6 million people angled, while 1.7 million hunted and only .4 million trapped (The Importance of Wildlife to Canadians in 1987: Highlights of a National Survey [Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1989]). During 1990 in Canada, 6.3 million anglers caught 295 million fish (1990 Survey of Recreational Fishing in Canada [Ottawa: Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 1993]). Angling as an activity, therefore, completely eclipses all of hunting and trapping combined.
14. For instance, of the four articles specifically debating hunting in this journal, e.g., Robert W. Loftin, "The Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 241-50, Ann S. Causey, "On the Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 11 (1989): 5-34, Theodore R. Vitali, "Sport Hunting: Moral or Immoral?" Environmental Ethics 12 (1990): 69-82, and Roger J. H. King, "Environmental Ethics and the Case For Hunting," Environmental Ethics 13 (1991): 59-85, only the article by Loftin peripherally discusses food fishing. Similarly, José Ortega y Gasset, Meditations on Hunting (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972) excludes sport fishing, as does Paul Shepard in The Tender Carnivore and the Sacred Game (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973). Angling is also excluded by Cleveland Amory, Man Kind? Our Incredible War on Wildlife (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), by Roger A. Caras, Death as a Way of Life (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1970), and by Ron Baker, The American Hunting Myth (New York: Vantage Press, 1985). Tom Regan when discussing hunting in The Case for Animal Rights (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), p. 353, excludes fishing presumably because only "normal mammalian animals, aged one or more" (p. 86) are included in his analysis. He does discuss fish relative to preference utilitarianism (p. 207) and sport (p. 416). Pain in fish (or the assumed lack of it by a wildlife biologist) is mentioned by Bernard E. Rollin in Animal Rights and Human Morality (Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1992), p. 64. Peter Singer includes a short discussion of pain in fish in Animal Liberation (New York: Avon Books, 1990), pp. 172-74. A discussion of angling appears in Paul W. Taylor, Respect for Nature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), p. 179. Angling, relative to hunting and fowling, is discussed in some detail by Rod Preece and Lorna Chamberlain in Animal Welfare and Human Values (Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1993). The general exclusion of fish and angling from debates on hunting and animal-rights issues is perplexing since 35.6 million Americans, sixteen-years-old and older angled in 1991, while only 14.1 million hunted (1991 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation [Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993]). In Canada, 5.6 million people angled, while 1.7 million hunted and only .4 million trapped (The Importance of Wildlife to Canadians in 1987: Highlights of a National Survey [Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1989]). During 1990 in Canada, 6.3 million anglers caught 295 million fish (1990 Survey of Recreational Fishing in Canada [Ottawa: Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 1993]). Angling as an activity, therefore, completely eclipses all of hunting and trapping combined.
15. For instance, of the four articles specifically debating hunting in this journal, e.g., Robert W. Loftin, "The Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 241-50, Ann S. Causey, "On the Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 11 (1989): 5-34, Theodore R. Vitali, "Sport Hunting: Moral or Immoral?" Environmental Ethics 12 (1990): 69-82, and Roger J. H. King, "Environmental Ethics and the Case For Hunting," Environmental Ethics 13 (1991): 59-85, only the article by Loftin peripherally discusses food fishing. Similarly, José Ortega y Gasset, Meditations on Hunting (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972) excludes sport fishing, as does Paul Shepard in The Tender Carnivore and the Sacred Game (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973). Angling is also excluded by Cleveland Amory, Man Kind? Our Incredible War on Wildlife (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), by Roger A. Caras, Death as a Way of Life (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1970), and by Ron Baker, The American Hunting Myth (New York: Vantage Press, 1985). Tom Regan when discussing hunting in The Case for Animal Rights (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), p. 353, excludes fishing presumably because only "normal mammalian animals, aged one or more" (p. 86) are included in his analysis. He does discuss fish relative to preference utilitarianism (p. 207) and sport (p. 416). Pain in fish (or the assumed lack of it by a wildlife biologist) is mentioned by Bernard E. Rollin in Animal Rights and Human Morality (Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1992), p. 64. Peter Singer includes a short discussion of pain in fish in Animal Liberation (New York: Avon Books, 1990), pp. 172-74. A discussion of angling appears in Paul W. Taylor, Respect for Nature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), p. 179. Angling, relative to hunting and fowling, is discussed in some detail by Rod Preece and Lorna Chamberlain in Animal Welfare and Human Values (Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1993). The general exclusion of fish and angling from debates on hunting and animal-rights issues is perplexing since 35.6 million Americans, sixteen-years-old and older angled in 1991, while only 14.1 million hunted (1991 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation [Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993]). In Canada, 5.6 million people angled, while 1.7 million hunted and only .4 million trapped (The Importance of Wildlife to Canadians in 1987: Highlights of a National Survey [Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1989]). During 1990 in Canada, 6.3 million anglers caught 295 million fish (1990 Survey of Recreational Fishing in Canada [Ottawa: Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 1993]). Angling as an activity, therefore, completely eclipses all of hunting and trapping combined.
16. For instance, of the four articles specifically debating hunting in this journal, e.g., Robert W. Loftin, "The Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 241-50, Ann S. Causey, "On the Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 11 (1989): 5-34, Theodore R. Vitali, "Sport Hunting: Moral or Immoral?" Environmental Ethics 12 (1990): 69-82, and Roger J. H. King, "Environmental Ethics and the Case For Hunting," Environmental Ethics 13 (1991): 59-85, only the article by Loftin peripherally discusses food fishing. Similarly, José Ortega y Gasset, Meditations on Hunting (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972) excludes sport fishing, as does Paul Shepard in The Tender Carnivore and the Sacred Game (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973). Angling is also excluded by Cleveland Amory, Man Kind? Our Incredible War on Wildlife (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), by Roger A. Caras, Death as a Way of Life (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1970), and by Ron Baker, The American Hunting Myth (New York: Vantage Press, 1985). Tom Regan when discussing hunting in The Case for Animal Rights (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), p. 353, excludes fishing presumably because only "normal mammalian animals, aged one or more" (p. 86) are included in his analysis. He does discuss fish relative to preference utilitarianism (p. 207) and sport (p. 416). Pain in fish (or the assumed lack of it by a wildlife biologist) is mentioned by Bernard E. Rollin in Animal Rights and Human Morality (Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1992), p. 64. Peter Singer includes a short discussion of pain in fish in Animal Liberation (New York: Avon Books, 1990), pp. 172-74. A discussion of angling appears in Paul W. Taylor, Respect for Nature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), p. 179. Angling, relative to hunting and fowling, is discussed in some detail by Rod Preece and Lorna Chamberlain in Animal Welfare and Human Values (Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1993). The general exclusion of fish and angling from debates on hunting and animal-rights issues is perplexing since 35.6 million Americans, sixteen-years-old and older angled in 1991, while only 14.1 million hunted (1991 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation [Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993]). In Canada, 5.6 million people angled, while 1.7 million hunted and only .4 million trapped (The Importance of Wildlife to Canadians in 1987: Highlights of a National Survey [Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1989]). During 1990 in Canada, 6.3 million anglers caught 295 million fish (1990 Survey of Recreational Fishing in Canada [Ottawa: Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 1993]). Angling as an activity, therefore, completely eclipses all of hunting and trapping combined.
17. For instance, of the four articles specifically debating hunting in this journal, e.g., Robert W. Loftin, "The Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 241-50, Ann S. Causey, "On the Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 11 (1989): 5-34, Theodore R. Vitali, "Sport Hunting: Moral or Immoral?" Environmental Ethics 12 (1990): 69-82, and Roger J. H. King, "Environmental Ethics and the Case For Hunting," Environmental Ethics 13 (1991): 59-85, only the article by Loftin peripherally discusses food fishing. Similarly, José Ortega y Gasset, Meditations on Hunting (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972) excludes sport fishing, as does Paul Shepard in The Tender Carnivore and the Sacred Game (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973). Angling is also excluded by Cleveland Amory, Man Kind? Our Incredible War on Wildlife (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), by Roger A. Caras, Death as a Way of Life (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1970), and by Ron Baker, The American Hunting Myth (New York: Vantage Press, 1985). Tom Regan when discussing hunting in The Case for Animal Rights (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), p. 353, excludes fishing presumably because only "normal mammalian animals, aged one or more" (p. 86) are included in his analysis. He does discuss fish relative to preference utilitarianism (p. 207) and sport (p. 416). Pain in fish (or the assumed lack of it by a wildlife biologist) is mentioned by Bernard E. Rollin in Animal Rights and Human Morality (Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1992), p. 64. Peter Singer includes a short discussion of pain in fish in Animal Liberation (New York: Avon Books, 1990), pp. 172-74. A discussion of angling appears in Paul W. Taylor, Respect for Nature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), p. 179. Angling, relative to hunting and fowling, is discussed in some detail by Rod Preece and Lorna Chamberlain in Animal Welfare and Human Values (Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1993). The general exclusion of fish and angling from debates on hunting and animal-rights issues is perplexing since 35.6 million Americans, sixteen-years-old and older angled in 1991, while only 14.1 million hunted (1991 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation [Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993]). In Canada, 5.6 million people angled, while 1.7 million hunted and only .4 million trapped (The Importance of Wildlife to Canadians in 1987: Highlights of a National Survey [Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1989]). During 1990 in Canada, 6.3 million anglers caught 295 million fish (1990 Survey of Recreational Fishing in Canada [Ottawa: Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 1993]). Angling as an activity, therefore, completely eclipses all of hunting and trapping combined.
18. For instance, of the four articles specifically debating hunting in this journal, e.g., Robert W. Loftin, "The Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 241-50, Ann S. Causey, "On the Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 11 (1989): 5-34, Theodore R. Vitali, "Sport Hunting: Moral or Immoral?" Environmental Ethics 12 (1990): 69-82, and Roger J. H. King, "Environmental Ethics and the Case For Hunting," Environmental Ethics 13 (1991): 59-85, only the article by Loftin peripherally discusses food fishing. Similarly, José Ortega y Gasset, Meditations on Hunting (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972) excludes sport fishing, as does Paul Shepard in The Tender Carnivore and the Sacred Game (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973). Angling is also excluded by Cleveland Amory, Man Kind? Our Incredible War on Wildlife (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), by Roger A. Caras, Death as a Way of Life (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1970), and by Ron Baker, The American Hunting Myth (New York: Vantage Press, 1985). Tom Regan when discussing hunting in The Case for Animal Rights (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), p. 353, excludes fishing presumably because only "normal mammalian animals, aged one or more" (p. 86) are included in his analysis. He does discuss fish relative to preference utilitarianism (p. 207) and sport (p. 416). Pain in fish (or the assumed lack of it by a wildlife biologist) is mentioned by Bernard E. Rollin in Animal Rights and Human Morality (Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1992), p. 64. Peter Singer includes a short discussion of pain in fish in Animal Liberation (New York: Avon Books, 1990), pp. 172-74. A discussion of angling appears in Paul W. Taylor, Respect for Nature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), p. 179. Angling, relative to hunting and fowling, is discussed in some detail by Rod Preece and Lorna Chamberlain in Animal Welfare and Human Values (Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1993). The general exclusion of fish and angling from debates on hunting and animal-rights issues is perplexing since 35.6 million Americans, sixteen-years-old and older angled in 1991, while only 14.1 million hunted (1991 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation [Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993]). In Canada, 5.6 million people angled, while 1.7 million hunted and only .4 million trapped (The Importance of Wildlife to Canadians in 1987: Highlights of a National Survey [Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1989]). During 1990 in Canada, 6.3 million anglers caught 295 million fish (1990 Survey of Recreational Fishing in Canada [Ottawa: Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 1993]). Angling as an activity, therefore, completely eclipses all of hunting and trapping combined.
19. I excluded trapping since this activity is generally done for the economic returns obtained from the sale of pelts. For "hobby" trapping in Ontario, see John A. Livingston, Rogue Primate: An Exploration of Human Domestication (Toronto: KeyPorter Books, 1994), p. 152; and for trapping generally, see A. Herscovici, Second Nature: The Animal-Rights Controversy (Montreal: CBC Enterprises, 1985).
20. I excluded trapping since this activity is generally done for the economic returns obtained from the sale of pelts. For "hobby" trapping in Ontario, see John A. Livingston, Rogue Primate: An Exploration of Human Domestication (Toronto: KeyPorter Books, 1994), p. 152; and for trapping generally, see A. Herscovici, Second Nature: The Animal-Rights Controversy (Montreal: CBC Enterprises, 1985).
21. Dame Juliana Berners, The Treatise of Fishing with an Angle (1496), identifies four good sports, hunting, hawking, fowling, and fishing, in J. McDonald, The Origins of Angling (Garden City: Doubleday and Co., 1963). She also authored the Book of Hawking, Hunting, Coat-Arms, and Blazing of Arms, in R. Hands, English Hawking and Hunting in the Boke of St. Albans (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975).
22. Dame Juliana Berners, The Treatise of Fishing with an Angle (1496), identifies four good sports, hunting, hawking, fowling, and fishing, in J. McDonald, The Origins of Angling (Garden City: Doubleday and Co., 1963). She also authored the Book of Hawking, Hunting, Coat-Arms, and Blazing of Arms, in R. Hands, English Hawking and Hunting in the Boke of St. Albans (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975).
23. Dame Juliana Berners, The Treatise of Fishing with an Angle (1496), identifies four good sports, hunting, hawking, fowling, and fishing, in J. McDonald, The Origins of Angling (Garden City: Doubleday and Co., 1963). She also authored the Book of Hawking, Hunting, Coat-Arms, and Blazing of Arms, in R. Hands, English Hawking and Hunting in the Boke of St. Albans (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975).
24. Dame Juliana Berners, The Treatise of Fishing with an Angle (1496), identifies four good sports, hunting, hawking, fowling, and fishing, in J. McDonald, The Origins of Angling (Garden City: Doubleday and Co., 1963). She also authored the Book of Hawking, Hunting, Coat-Arms, and Blazing of Arms, in R. Hands, English Hawking and Hunting in the Boke of St. Albans (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975).
25. The first day of Walton's The Complete Angler or the Contemplative Man's Recreation (Edinburgh: River Side Press, 1925), pp. 45-88, describes a conference on angling, hunting, and falconery, and continues on the second day (p. 89), when they all hunt otter: "God keep you all. Gentlemen, and meet this day with another Bitch-Otter, and kill her merrily, and all her young ones too" (p. 93).
26. Richard A. Hand, A Bookman's Guide to Hunting, Shooting, Angling and Related Subjects (Metuchen, N.J.: The Scarecrow Press, 1991), lists sixty-two volumes dealing with both hunting and angling. E.g., in one chapter of G. W. Hartley, Wild Sport with Gun, Rifle, and Salmon-Rod (Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1903), wild swans (whoopers) are bagged; in another a forty-pound salmon is landed. Roderick Haig-Brown's more popular works include A River Never Sleeps (Toronto: Collins, 1974), Fisherman's Spring (Toronto: Collins, 1975), Fisherman's Summer (Toronto: Collins, 1975), Fisherman's Fall (Toronto: Collins, 1975), and many others. Haig-Brown was also a professional bounty hunter for cougar. From the World of Roderick Haig-Brown, Woods and River Tales (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1980), p. 9, and a sports hunter who wrote Starbuck Valley Winter (Toronto: Collins, 1960), a novel about a boy's experience with hunting and trapping. Apparently Haig-Brown gave up killing animals later on in life.
27. Richard A. Hand, A Bookman's Guide to Hunting, Shooting, Angling and Related Subjects (Metuchen, N.J.: The Scarecrow Press, 1991), lists sixty-two volumes dealing with both hunting and angling. E.g., in one chapter of G. W. Hartley, Wild Sport with Gun, Rifle, and Salmon-Rod (Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1903), wild swans (whoopers) are bagged; in another a forty-pound salmon is landed. Roderick Haig-Brown's more popular works include A River Never Sleeps (Toronto: Collins, 1974), Fisherman's Spring (Toronto: Collins, 1975), Fisherman's Summer (Toronto: Collins, 1975), Fisherman's Fall (Toronto: Collins, 1975), and many others. Haig-Brown was also a professional bounty hunter for cougar. From the World of Roderick Haig-Brown, Woods and River Tales (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1980), p. 9, and a sports hunter who wrote Starbuck Valley Winter (Toronto: Collins, 1960), a novel about a boy's experience with hunting and trapping. Apparently Haig-Brown gave up killing animals later on in life.
28. Richard A. Hand, A Bookman's Guide to Hunting, Shooting, Angling and Related Subjects (Metuchen, N.J.: The Scarecrow Press, 1991), lists sixty-two volumes dealing with both hunting and angling. E.g., in one chapter of G. W. Hartley, Wild Sport with Gun, Rifle, and Salmon-Rod (Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1903), wild swans (whoopers) are bagged; in another a forty-pound salmon is landed. Roderick Haig-Brown's more popular works include A River Never Sleeps (Toronto: Collins, 1974), Fisherman's Spring (Toronto: Collins, 1975), Fisherman's Summer (Toronto: Collins, 1975), Fisherman's Fall (Toronto: Collins, 1975), and many others. Haig-Brown was also a professional bounty hunter for cougar. From the World of Roderick Haig-Brown, Woods and River Tales (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1980), p. 9, and a sports hunter who wrote Starbuck Valley Winter (Toronto: Collins, 1960), a novel about a boy's experience with hunting and trapping. Apparently Haig-Brown gave up killing animals later on in life.
29. Richard A. Hand, A Bookman's Guide to Hunting, Shooting, Angling and Related Subjects (Metuchen, N.J.: The Scarecrow Press, 1991), lists sixty-two volumes dealing with both hunting and angling. E.g., in one chapter of G. W. Hartley, Wild Sport with Gun, Rifle, and Salmon-Rod (Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1903), wild swans (whoopers) are bagged; in another a forty-pound salmon is landed. Roderick Haig-Brown's more popular works include A River Never Sleeps (Toronto: Collins, 1974), Fisherman's Spring (Toronto: Collins, 1975), Fisherman's Summer (Toronto: Collins, 1975), Fisherman's Fall (Toronto: Collins, 1975), and many others. Haig-Brown was also a professional bounty hunter for cougar. From the World of Roderick Haig-Brown, Woods and River Tales (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1980), p. 9, and a sports hunter who wrote Starbuck Valley Winter (Toronto: Collins, 1960), a novel about a boy's experience with hunting and trapping. Apparently Haig-Brown gave up killing animals later on in life.
30. Richard A. Hand, A Bookman's Guide to Hunting, Shooting, Angling and Related Subjects (Metuchen, N.J.: The Scarecrow Press, 1991), lists sixty-two volumes dealing with both hunting and angling. E.g., in one chapter of G. W. Hartley, Wild Sport with Gun, Rifle, and Salmon-Rod (Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1903), wild swans (whoopers) are bagged; in another a forty-pound salmon is landed. Roderick Haig-Brown's more popular works include A River Never Sleeps (Toronto: Collins, 1974), Fisherman's Spring (Toronto: Collins, 1975), Fisherman's Summer (Toronto: Collins, 1975), Fisherman's Fall (Toronto: Collins, 1975), and many others. Haig-Brown was also a professional bounty hunter for cougar. From the World of Roderick Haig-Brown, Woods and River Tales (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1980), p. 9, and a sports hunter who wrote Starbuck Valley Winter (Toronto: Collins, 1960), a novel about a boy's experience with hunting and trapping. Apparently Haig-Brown gave up killing animals later on in life.
31. Richard A. Hand, A Bookman's Guide to Hunting, Shooting, Angling and Related Subjects (Metuchen, N.J.: The Scarecrow Press, 1991), lists sixty-two volumes dealing with both hunting and angling. E.g., in one chapter of G. W. Hartley, Wild Sport with Gun, Rifle, and Salmon-Rod (Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1903), wild swans (whoopers) are bagged; in another a forty-pound salmon is landed. Roderick Haig-Brown's more popular works include A River Never Sleeps (Toronto: Collins, 1974), Fisherman's Spring (Toronto: Collins, 1975), Fisherman's Summer (Toronto: Collins, 1975), Fisherman's Fall (Toronto: Collins, 1975), and many others. Haig-Brown was also a professional bounty hunter for cougar. From the World of Roderick Haig-Brown, Woods and River Tales (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1980), p. 9, and a sports hunter who wrote Starbuck Valley Winter (Toronto: Collins, 1960), a novel about a boy's experience with hunting and trapping. Apparently Haig-Brown gave up killing animals later on in life.
32. Richard A. Hand, A Bookman's Guide to Hunting, Shooting, Angling and Related Subjects (Metuchen, N.J.: The Scarecrow Press, 1991), lists sixty-two volumes dealing with both hunting and angling. E.g., in one chapter of G. W. Hartley, Wild Sport with Gun, Rifle, and Salmon-Rod (Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1903), wild swans (whoopers) are bagged; in another a forty-pound salmon is landed. Roderick Haig-Brown's more popular works include A River Never Sleeps (Toronto: Collins, 1974), Fisherman's Spring (Toronto: Collins, 1975), Fisherman's Summer (Toronto: Collins, 1975), Fisherman's Fall (Toronto: Collins, 1975), and many others. Haig-Brown was also a professional bounty hunter for cougar. From the World of Roderick Haig-Brown, Woods and River Tales (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1980), p. 9, and a sports hunter who wrote Starbuck Valley Winter (Toronto: Collins, 1960), a novel about a boy's experience with hunting and trapping. Apparently Haig-Brown gave up killing animals later on in life.
33. Richard A. Hand, A Bookman's Guide to Hunting, Shooting, Angling and Related Subjects (Metuchen, N.J.: The Scarecrow Press, 1991), lists sixty-two volumes dealing with both hunting and angling. E.g., in one chapter of G. W. Hartley, Wild Sport with Gun, Rifle, and Salmon-Rod (Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1903), wild swans (whoopers) are bagged; in another a forty-pound salmon is landed. Roderick Haig-Brown's more popular works include A River Never Sleeps (Toronto: Collins, 1974), Fisherman's Spring (Toronto: Collins, 1975), Fisherman's Summer (Toronto: Collins, 1975), Fisherman's Fall (Toronto: Collins, 1975), and many others. Haig-Brown was also a professional bounty hunter for cougar. From the World of Roderick Haig-Brown, Woods and River Tales (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1980), p. 9, and a sports hunter who wrote Starbuck Valley Winter (Toronto: Collins, 1960), a novel about a boy's experience with hunting and trapping. Apparently Haig-Brown gave up killing animals later on in life.
34. E.g., Field and Stream or Outdoor Life. These American magazines publish monthly articles on hunting and angling as does B.C. Outdoors in British Columbia.
35. For fish, see Edwin P. Pister, "A Pilgrim's Progress from Group A to Group B," pp. 221-32, in J. Baird Callicott, ed., Companion to Sand County Almanac (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1987). Also see C. A. Bullis and J. J. Kennedy, "Professional Subcultural Value Conflicts and Policy Interpretation: The Case of Wildlife and Fisheries Managers in the U.S. Forest Service," in W. R. Mangun, ed., Public Policy Issues in Wildlife Management (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1991), pp. 119-30, and D. J. Decker et al., "Toward a Comprehensive Paradigm of Wildlife Management: Integrating the Human and Biological Dimensions," pp. 33-53, in W. R. Mangun, ed., American Fish and Wildlife Policy: The Human Dimension (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1992). The "purpose" or human-centered "use" is discussed by John A. Livingston in The Fallacy of Wildlife Conservation (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1982).
36. For fish, see Edwin P. Pister, "A Pilgrim's Progress from Group A to Group B," pp. 221-32, in J. Baird Callicott, ed., Companion to Sand County Almanac (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1987). Also see C. A. Bullis and J. J. Kennedy, "Professional Subcultural Value Conflicts and Policy Interpretation: The Case of Wildlife and Fisheries Managers in the U.S. Forest Service," in W. R. Mangun, ed., Public Policy Issues in Wildlife Management (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1991), pp. 119-30, and D. J. Decker et al., "Toward a Comprehensive Paradigm of Wildlife Management: Integrating the Human and Biological Dimensions," pp. 33-53, in W. R. Mangun, ed., American Fish and Wildlife Policy: The Human Dimension (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1992). The "purpose" or human-centered "use" is discussed by John A. Livingston in The Fallacy of Wildlife Conservation (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1982).
37. For fish, see Edwin P. Pister, "A Pilgrim's Progress from Group A to Group B," pp. 221-32, in J. Baird Callicott, ed., Companion to Sand County Almanac (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1987). Also see C. A. Bullis and J. J. Kennedy, "Professional Subcultural Value Conflicts and Policy Interpretation: The Case of Wildlife and Fisheries Managers in the U.S. Forest Service," in W. R. Mangun, ed., Public Policy Issues in Wildlife Management (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1991), pp. 119-30, and D. J. Decker et al., "Toward a Comprehensive Paradigm of Wildlife Management: Integrating the Human and Biological Dimensions," pp. 33-53, in W. R. Mangun, ed., American Fish and Wildlife Policy: The Human Dimension (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1992). The "purpose" or human-centered "use" is discussed by John A. Livingston in The Fallacy of Wildlife Conservation (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1982).
38. For fish, see Edwin P. Pister, "A Pilgrim's Progress from Group A to Group B," pp. 221-32, in J. Baird Callicott, ed., Companion to Sand County Almanac (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1987). Also see C. A. Bullis and J. J. Kennedy, "Professional Subcultural Value Conflicts and Policy Interpretation: The Case of Wildlife and Fisheries Managers in the U.S. Forest Service," in W. R. Mangun, ed., Public Policy Issues in Wildlife Management (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1991), pp. 119-30, and D. J. Decker et al., "Toward a Comprehensive Paradigm of Wildlife Management: Integrating the Human and Biological Dimensions," pp. 33-53, in W. R. Mangun, ed., American Fish and Wildlife Policy: The Human Dimension (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1992). The "purpose" or human-centered "use" is discussed by John A. Livingston in The Fallacy of Wildlife Conservation (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1982).
39. For fish, see Edwin P. Pister, "A Pilgrim's Progress from Group A to Group B," pp. 221-32, in J. Baird Callicott, ed., Companion to Sand County Almanac (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1987). Also see C. A. Bullis and J. J. Kennedy, "Professional Subcultural Value Conflicts and Policy Interpretation: The Case of Wildlife and Fisheries Managers in the U.S. Forest Service," in W. R. Mangun, ed., Public Policy Issues in Wildlife Management (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1991), pp. 119-30, and D. J. Decker et al., "Toward a Comprehensive Paradigm of Wildlife Management: Integrating the Human and Biological Dimensions," pp. 33-53, in W. R. Mangun, ed., American Fish and Wildlife Policy: The Human Dimension (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1992). The "purpose" or human-centered "use" is discussed by John A. Livingston in The Fallacy of Wildlife Conservation (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1982).
40. For fish, see Edwin P. Pister, "A Pilgrim's Progress from Group A to Group B," pp. 221-32, in J. Baird Callicott, ed., Companion to Sand County Almanac (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1987). Also see C. A. Bullis and J. J. Kennedy, "Professional Subcultural Value Conflicts and Policy Interpretation: The Case of Wildlife and Fisheries Managers in the U.S. Forest Service," in W. R. Mangun, ed., Public Policy Issues in Wildlife Management (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1991), pp. 119-30, and D. J. Decker et al., "Toward a Comprehensive Paradigm of Wildlife Management: Integrating the Human and Biological Dimensions," pp. 33-53, in W. R. Mangun, ed., American Fish and Wildlife Policy: The Human Dimension (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1992). The "purpose" or human-centered "use" is discussed by John A. Livingston in The Fallacy of Wildlife Conservation (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1982).
41. In the U.S., 9.7 million people both hunted and fished in 1991 (1991 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife Associated Recreation).
42. This point also has ethical implications. See Taylor's Respect for Nature, p. 69, especially n. 5, concerning "species" and "classes," which "have no good of their own, only their members do."
43. Whether or not these interests can also be considered as instincts or reflex actions is largely irrelevant to the discussion at hand; it is our respect for these interests in our treatment of bearers of those interests (fish) that concerns us here.
44. I use the term interests here as used by Peter Singer, Practical Ethics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979), for his "equal consideration of interests" as a "minimal principle of equality," p. 21, or as "welfare-interests" by Regan, The Case for Animal Rights, p. 87, and as "basic interests" by Taylor, Respect For Nature, p. 269, and as used by Causey: "yet, a good many hunters are demonstrably humane and sensitive to animal suffering and interests" ("On the Morality of Hunting," p. 328).
45. I use the term interests here as used by Peter Singer, Practical Ethics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979), for his "equal consideration of interests" as a "minimal principle of equality," p. 21, or as "welfare-interests" by Regan, The Case for Animal Rights, p. 87, and as "basic interests" by Taylor, Respect For Nature, p. 269, and as used by Causey: "yet, a good many hunters are demonstrably humane and sensitive to animal suffering and interests" ("On the Morality of Hunting," p. 328).
46. I use the term interests here as used by Peter Singer, Practical Ethics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979), for his "equal consideration of interests" as a "minimal principle of equality," p. 21, or as "welfare-interests" by Regan, The Case for Animal Rights, p. 87, and as "basic interests" by Taylor, Respect For Nature, p. 269, and as used by Causey: "yet, a good many hunters are demonstrably humane and sensitive to animal suffering and interests" ("On the Morality of Hunting," p. 328).
47. For vertebrate comparisons, see A. S. Romer, The Vertebrate Body (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1962), and J. Z. Young, The Life of Vertebrates (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962). For fish, see N. B. Marshall, The Life of Fishes (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolsen, 1965), and P. B. Moyle, Fish: An Enthusiasts' Guide (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).
48. For vertebrate comparisons, see A. S. Romer, The Vertebrate Body (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1962), and J. Z. Young, The Life of Vertebrates (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962). For fish, see N. B. Marshall, The Life of Fishes (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolsen, 1965), and P. B. Moyle, Fish: An Enthusiasts' Guide (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).
49. For vertebrate comparisons, see A. S. Romer, The Vertebrate Body (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1962), and J. Z. Young, The Life of Vertebrates (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962). For fish, see N. B. Marshall, The Life of Fishes (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolsen, 1965), and P. B. Moyle, Fish: An Enthusiasts' Guide (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).
50. For vertebrate comparisons, see A. S. Romer, The Vertebrate Body (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1962), and J. Z. Young, The Life of Vertebrates (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962). For fish, see N. B. Marshall, The Life of Fishes (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolsen, 1965), and P. B. Moyle, Fish: An Enthusiasts' Guide (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).
51. Concerning the necessity of pain as an adaptation to avoid bodily harm, see Ronald Melzack and Patrick D. Wall, The Challenge of Pain (New York: Basic Books, 1982). For the difficulty of measurement and detection in animals and infants, see, P. D. Wall, "Defining Pain in Animals," in C. E. Short and A. van Poznak, eds., Animal Pain (New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992), p. 63-79. On research determining the ability of fish to experience pain and fear, see H. C. Rowsell, "The Future of Control of Pain in Animals Used in Teaching and Research," in Short and van Poznak, Animal Pain; F. J. Verheijen and R. J. A. Buwalda, Do Pain and Fear Make a Hooked Carp in Play Suffer? (Utrecht University: Department of Comparative Physiology, 1988), 40 pages in Dutch with English summary; F. J. Verheijen and W. G. F. Flight, What We May and May Not do to Fish (Utrecht University: Department of Comparative Physiology, 1992). Stress in fish is recognized and attempts are made to reduce it during handling. See L. G. Ross and B. Ross, Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Fish (University of Stirling, Scotland: Institute of Aquaculture, 1984). Fish react to acute and chronic stress as do other animals, according to L. A. Brown, "Anesthesia and Restraint," in M. K. Stoskopf, ed., Fish Medicine (Philadelphia: W. B. Sauders Company, 1993), pp. 79-90. Most animals including earthworms, insects, octopus, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals have the capacity to feel pain (P. Bateson, "Do Animals Feel Pain?" New Scientist, April 1992, pp. 30-33). Concerning pain in fish, see M. K. Stoskopf, "Pain and Analgesia in Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, and Fish," Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 33 (1994): 775-80; Michael W. Fox, "Do Fish Have Feelings?" The Animals Agenda 7, no. 6 (1987): 24-25, 28-29; and Lord Medway, Report of the Panel of Enquiry into Shooting and Angling (Sussex: R.S.P.C.A., 1980).
52. Concerning the necessity of pain as an adaptation to avoid bodily harm, see Ronald Melzack and Patrick D. Wall, The Challenge of Pain (New York: Basic Books, 1982). For the difficulty of measurement and detection in animals and infants, see, P. D. Wall, "Defining Pain in Animals," in C. E. Short and A. van Poznak, eds., Animal Pain (New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992), p. 63-79. On research determining the ability of fish to experience pain and fear, see H. C. Rowsell, "The Future of Control of Pain in Animals Used in Teaching and Research," in Short and van Poznak, Animal Pain; F. J. Verheijen and R. J. A. Buwalda, Do Pain and Fear Make a Hooked Carp in Play Suffer? (Utrecht University: Department of Comparative Physiology, 1988), 40 pages in Dutch with English summary; F. J. Verheijen and W. G. F. Flight, What We May and May Not do to Fish (Utrecht University: Department of Comparative Physiology, 1992). Stress in fish is recognized and attempts are made to reduce it during handling. See L. G. Ross and B. Ross, Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Fish (University of Stirling, Scotland: Institute of Aquaculture, 1984). Fish react to acute and chronic stress as do other animals, according to L. A. Brown, "Anesthesia and Restraint," in M. K. Stoskopf, ed., Fish Medicine (Philadelphia: W. B. Sauders Company, 1993), pp. 79-90. Most animals including earthworms, insects, octopus, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals have the capacity to feel pain (P. Bateson, "Do Animals Feel Pain?" New Scientist, April 1992, pp. 30-33). Concerning pain in fish, see M. K. Stoskopf, "Pain and Analgesia in Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, and Fish," Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 33 (1994): 775-80; Michael W. Fox, "Do Fish Have Feelings?" The Animals Agenda 7, no. 6 (1987): 24-25, 28-29; and Lord Medway, Report of the Panel of Enquiry into Shooting and Angling (Sussex: R.S.P.C.A., 1980).
53. Concerning the necessity of pain as an adaptation to avoid bodily harm, see Ronald Melzack and Patrick D. Wall, The Challenge of Pain (New York: Basic Books, 1982). For the difficulty of measurement and detection in animals and infants, see, P. D. Wall, "Defining Pain in Animals," in C. E. Short and A. van Poznak, eds., Animal Pain (New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992), p. 63-79. On research determining the ability of fish to experience pain and fear, see H. C. Rowsell, "The Future of Control of Pain in Animals Used in Teaching and Research," in Short and van Poznak, Animal Pain; F. J. Verheijen and R. J. A. Buwalda, Do Pain and Fear Make a Hooked Carp in Play Suffer? (Utrecht University: Department of Comparative Physiology, 1988), 40 pages in Dutch with English summary; F. J. Verheijen and W. G. F. Flight, What We May and May Not do to Fish (Utrecht University: Department of Comparative Physiology, 1992). Stress in fish is recognized and attempts are made to reduce it during handling. See L. G. Ross and B. Ross, Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Fish (University of Stirling, Scotland: Institute of Aquaculture, 1984). Fish react to acute and chronic stress as do other animals, according to L. A. Brown, "Anesthesia and Restraint," in M. K. Stoskopf, ed., Fish Medicine (Philadelphia: W. B. Sauders Company, 1993), pp. 79-90. Most animals including earthworms, insects, octopus, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals have the capacity to feel pain (P. Bateson, "Do Animals Feel Pain?" New Scientist, April 1992, pp. 30-33). Concerning pain in fish, see M. K. Stoskopf, "Pain and Analgesia in Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, and Fish," Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 33 (1994): 775-80; Michael W. Fox, "Do Fish Have Feelings?" The Animals Agenda 7, no. 6 (1987): 24-25, 28-29; and Lord Medway, Report of the Panel of Enquiry into Shooting and Angling (Sussex: R.S.P.C.A., 1980).
54. Concerning the necessity of pain as an adaptation to avoid bodily harm, see Ronald Melzack and Patrick D. Wall, The Challenge of Pain (New York: Basic Books, 1982). For the difficulty of measurement and detection in animals and infants, see, P. D. Wall, "Defining Pain in Animals," in C. E. Short and A. van Poznak, eds., Animal Pain (New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992), p. 63-79. On research determining the ability of fish to experience pain and fear, see H. C. Rowsell, "The Future of Control of Pain in Animals Used in Teaching and Research," in Short and van Poznak, Animal Pain; F. J. Verheijen and R. J. A. Buwalda, Do Pain and Fear Make a Hooked Carp in Play Suffer? (Utrecht University: Department of Comparative Physiology, 1988), 40 pages in Dutch with English summary; F. J. Verheijen and W. G. F. Flight, What We May and May Not do to Fish (Utrecht University: Department of Comparative Physiology, 1992). Stress in fish is recognized and attempts are made to reduce it during handling. See L. G. Ross and B. Ross, Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Fish (University of Stirling, Scotland: Institute of Aquaculture, 1984). Fish react to acute and chronic stress as do other animals, according to L. A. Brown, "Anesthesia and Restraint," in M. K. Stoskopf, ed., Fish Medicine (Philadelphia: W. B. Sauders Company, 1993), pp. 79-90. Most animals including earthworms, insects, octopus, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals have the capacity to feel pain (P. Bateson, "Do Animals Feel Pain?" New Scientist, April 1992, pp. 30-33). Concerning pain in fish, see M. K. Stoskopf, "Pain and Analgesia in Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, and Fish," Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 33 (1994): 775-80; Michael W. Fox, "Do Fish Have Feelings?" The Animals Agenda 7, no. 6 (1987): 24-25, 28-29; and Lord Medway, Report of the Panel of Enquiry into Shooting and Angling (Sussex: R.S.P.C.A., 1980).
55. Concerning the necessity of pain as an adaptation to avoid bodily harm, see Ronald Melzack and Patrick D. Wall, The Challenge of Pain (New York: Basic Books, 1982). For the difficulty of measurement and detection in animals and infants, see, P. D. Wall, "Defining Pain in Animals," in C. E. Short and A. van Poznak, eds., Animal Pain (New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992), p. 63-79. On research determining the ability of fish to experience pain and fear, see H. C. Rowsell, "The Future of Control of Pain in Animals Used in Teaching and Research," in Short and van Poznak, Animal Pain; F. J. Verheijen and R. J. A. Buwalda, Do Pain and Fear Make a Hooked Carp in Play Suffer? (Utrecht University: Department of Comparative Physiology, 1988), 40 pages in Dutch with English summary; F. J. Verheijen and W. G. F. Flight, What We May and May Not do to Fish (Utrecht University: Department of Comparative Physiology, 1992). Stress in fish is recognized and attempts are made to reduce it during handling. See L. G. Ross and B. Ross, Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Fish (University of Stirling, Scotland: Institute of Aquaculture, 1984). Fish react to acute and chronic stress as do other animals, according to L. A. Brown, "Anesthesia and Restraint," in M. K. Stoskopf, ed., Fish Medicine (Philadelphia: W. B. Sauders Company, 1993), pp. 79-90. Most animals including earthworms, insects, octopus, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals have the capacity to feel pain (P. Bateson, "Do Animals Feel Pain?" New Scientist, April 1992, pp. 30-33). Concerning pain in fish, see M. K. Stoskopf, "Pain and Analgesia in Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, and Fish," Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 33 (1994): 775-80; Michael W. Fox, "Do Fish Have Feelings?" The Animals Agenda 7, no. 6 (1987): 24-25, 28-29; and Lord Medway, Report of the Panel of Enquiry into Shooting and Angling (Sussex: R.S.P.C.A., 1980).
56. Concerning the necessity of pain as an adaptation to avoid bodily harm, see Ronald Melzack and Patrick D. Wall, The Challenge of Pain (New York: Basic Books, 1982). For the difficulty of measurement and detection in animals and infants, see, P. D. Wall, "Defining Pain in Animals," in C. E. Short and A. van Poznak, eds., Animal Pain (New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992), p. 63-79. On research determining the ability of fish to experience pain and fear, see H. C. Rowsell, "The Future of Control of Pain in Animals Used in Teaching and Research," in Short and van Poznak, Animal Pain; F. J. Verheijen and R. J. A. Buwalda, Do Pain and Fear Make a Hooked Carp in Play Suffer? (Utrecht University: Department of Comparative Physiology, 1988), 40 pages in Dutch with English summary; F. J. Verheijen and W. G. F. Flight, What We May and May Not do to Fish (Utrecht University: Department of Comparative Physiology, 1992). Stress in fish is recognized and attempts are made to reduce it during handling. See L. G. Ross and B. Ross, Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Fish (University of Stirling, Scotland: Institute of Aquaculture, 1984). Fish react to acute and chronic stress as do other animals, according to L. A. Brown, "Anesthesia and Restraint," in M. K. Stoskopf, ed., Fish Medicine (Philadelphia: W. B. Sauders Company, 1993), pp. 79-90. Most animals including earthworms, insects, octopus, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals have the capacity to feel pain (P. Bateson, "Do Animals Feel Pain?" New Scientist, April 1992, pp. 30-33). Concerning pain in fish, see M. K. Stoskopf, "Pain and Analgesia in Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, and Fish," Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 33 (1994): 775-80; Michael W. Fox, "Do Fish Have Feelings?" The Animals Agenda 7, no. 6 (1987): 24-25, 28-29; and Lord Medway, Report of the Panel of Enquiry into Shooting and Angling (Sussex: R.S.P.C.A., 1980).
57. Concerning the necessity of pain as an adaptation to avoid bodily harm, see Ronald Melzack and Patrick D. Wall, The Challenge of Pain (New York: Basic Books, 1982). For the difficulty of measurement and detection in animals and infants, see, P. D. Wall, "Defining Pain in Animals," in C. E. Short and A. van Poznak, eds., Animal Pain (New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992), p. 63-79. On research determining the ability of fish to experience pain and fear, see H. C. Rowsell, "The Future of Control of Pain in Animals Used in Teaching and Research," in Short and van Poznak, Animal Pain; F. J. Verheijen and R. J. A. Buwalda, Do Pain and Fear Make a Hooked Carp in Play Suffer? (Utrecht University: Department of Comparative Physiology, 1988), 40 pages in Dutch with English summary; F. J. Verheijen and W. G. F. Flight, What We May and May Not do to Fish (Utrecht University: Department of Comparative Physiology, 1992). Stress in fish is recognized and attempts are made to reduce it during handling. See L. G. Ross and B. Ross, Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Fish (University of Stirling, Scotland: Institute of Aquaculture, 1984). Fish react to acute and chronic stress as do other animals, according to L. A. Brown, "Anesthesia and Restraint," in M. K. Stoskopf, ed., Fish Medicine (Philadelphia: W. B. Sauders Company, 1993), pp. 79-90. Most animals including earthworms, insects, octopus, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals have the capacity to feel pain (P. Bateson, "Do Animals Feel Pain?" New Scientist, April 1992, pp. 30-33). Concerning pain in fish, see M. K. Stoskopf, "Pain and Analgesia in Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, and Fish," Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 33 (1994): 775-80; Michael W. Fox, "Do Fish Have Feelings?" The Animals Agenda 7, no. 6 (1987): 24-25, 28-29; and Lord Medway, Report of the Panel of Enquiry into Shooting and Angling (Sussex: R.S.P.C.A., 1980).
58. Concerning the necessity of pain as an adaptation to avoid bodily harm, see Ronald Melzack and Patrick D. Wall, The Challenge of Pain (New York: Basic Books, 1982). For the difficulty of measurement and detection in animals and infants, see, P. D. Wall, "Defining Pain in Animals," in C. E. Short and A. van Poznak, eds., Animal Pain (New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992), p. 63-79. On research determining the ability of fish to experience pain and fear, see H. C. Rowsell, "The Future of Control of Pain in Animals Used in Teaching and Research," in Short and van Poznak, Animal Pain; F. J. Verheijen and R. J. A. Buwalda, Do Pain and Fear Make a Hooked Carp in Play Suffer? (Utrecht University: Department of Comparative Physiology, 1988), 40 pages in Dutch with English summary; F. J. Verheijen and W. G. F. Flight, What We May and May Not do to Fish (Utrecht University: Department of Comparative Physiology, 1992). Stress in fish is recognized and attempts are made to reduce it during handling. See L. G. Ross and B. Ross, Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Fish (University of Stirling, Scotland: Institute of Aquaculture, 1984). Fish react to acute and chronic stress as do other animals, according to L. A. Brown, "Anesthesia and Restraint," in M. K. Stoskopf, ed., Fish Medicine (Philadelphia: W. B. Sauders Company, 1993), pp. 79-90. Most animals including earthworms, insects, octopus, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals have the capacity to feel pain (P. Bateson, "Do Animals Feel Pain?" New Scientist, April 1992, pp. 30-33). Concerning pain in fish, see M. K. Stoskopf, "Pain and Analgesia in Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, and Fish," Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 33 (1994): 775-80; Michael W. Fox, "Do Fish Have Feelings?" The Animals Agenda 7, no. 6 (1987): 24-25, 28-29; and Lord Medway, Report of the Panel of Enquiry into Shooting and Angling (Sussex: R.S.P.C.A., 1980).
59. Concerning the necessity of pain as an adaptation to avoid bodily harm, see Ronald Melzack and Patrick D. Wall, The Challenge of Pain (New York: Basic Books, 1982). For the difficulty of measurement and detection in animals and infants, see, P. D. Wall, "Defining Pain in Animals," in C. E. Short and A. van Poznak, eds., Animal Pain (New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992), p. 63-79. On research determining the ability of fish to experience pain and fear, see H. C. Rowsell, "The Future of Control of Pain in Animals Used in Teaching and Research," in Short and van Poznak, Animal Pain; F. J. Verheijen and R. J. A. Buwalda, Do Pain and Fear Make a Hooked Carp in Play Suffer? (Utrecht University: Department of Comparative Physiology, 1988), 40 pages in Dutch with English summary; F. J. Verheijen and W. G. F. Flight, What We May and May Not do to Fish (Utrecht University: Department of Comparative Physiology, 1992). Stress in fish is recognized and attempts are made to reduce it during handling. See L. G. Ross and B. Ross, Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Fish (University of Stirling, Scotland: Institute of Aquaculture, 1984). Fish react to acute and chronic stress as do other animals, according to L. A. Brown, "Anesthesia and Restraint," in M. K. Stoskopf, ed., Fish Medicine (Philadelphia: W. B. Sauders Company, 1993), pp. 79-90. Most animals including earthworms, insects, octopus, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals have the capacity to feel pain (P. Bateson, "Do Animals Feel Pain?" New Scientist, April 1992, pp. 30-33). Concerning pain in fish, see M. K. Stoskopf, "Pain and Analgesia in Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, and Fish," Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 33 (1994): 775-80; Michael W. Fox, "Do Fish Have Feelings?" The Animals Agenda 7, no. 6 (1987): 24-25, 28-29; and Lord Medway, Report of the Panel of Enquiry into Shooting and Angling (Sussex: R.S.P.C.A., 1980).
60. Concerning the necessity of pain as an adaptation to avoid bodily harm, see Ronald Melzack and Patrick D. Wall, The Challenge of Pain (New York: Basic Books, 1982). For the difficulty of measurement and detection in animals and infants, see, P. D. Wall, "Defining Pain in Animals," in C. E. Short and A. van Poznak, eds., Animal Pain (New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992), p. 63-79. On research determining the ability of fish to experience pain and fear, see H. C. Rowsell, "The Future of Control of Pain in Animals Used in Teaching and Research," in Short and van Poznak, Animal Pain; F. J. Verheijen and R. J. A. Buwalda, Do Pain and Fear Make a Hooked Carp in Play Suffer? (Utrecht University: Department of Comparative Physiology, 1988), 40 pages in Dutch with English summary; F. J. Verheijen and W. G. F. Flight, What We May and May Not do to Fish (Utrecht University: Department of Comparative Physiology, 1992). Stress in fish is recognized and attempts are made to reduce it during handling. See L. G. Ross and B. Ross, Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Fish (University of Stirling, Scotland: Institute of Aquaculture, 1984). Fish react to acute and chronic stress as do other animals, according to L. A. Brown, "Anesthesia and Restraint," in M. K. Stoskopf, ed., Fish Medicine (Philadelphia: W. B. Sauders Company, 1993), pp. 79-90. Most animals including earthworms, insects, octopus, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals have the capacity to feel pain (P. Bateson, "Do Animals Feel Pain?" New Scientist, April 1992, pp. 30-33). Concerning pain in fish, see M. K. Stoskopf, "Pain and Analgesia in Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, and Fish," Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 33 (1994): 775-80; Michael W. Fox, "Do Fish Have Feelings?" The Animals Agenda 7, no. 6 (1987): 24-25, 28-29; and Lord Medway, Report of the Panel of Enquiry into Shooting and Angling (Sussex: R.S.P.C.A., 1980).
61. For learning in fish, see Marshall, The Life of Fishes, pp. 239-42. Conditioning in fish is also mentioned by Rollins, Animal Rights and Human Morality, p. 64; for learning through angling, see J. J. Beukema, "Angling Experiments with Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) II; Decreasing Catchability through One Trial Learning," Netherlands Journal of Zoology 20 (1970): 81-92; and R. V. Anderson, "Angling as a Factor Influencing Catchability of Large Mouth Bass," Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 98 (1969): 317-20.
62. For learning in fish, see Marshall, The Life of Fishes, pp. 239-42. Conditioning in fish is also mentioned by Rollins, Animal Rights and Human Morality, p. 64; for learning through angling, see J. J. Beukema, "Angling Experiments with Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) II; Decreasing Catchability through One Trial Learning," Netherlands Journal of Zoology 20 (1970): 81-92; and R. V. Anderson, "Angling as a Factor Influencing Catchability of Large Mouth Bass," Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 98 (1969): 317-20.
63. For learning in fish, see Marshall, The Life of Fishes, pp. 239-42. Conditioning in fish is also mentioned by Rollins, Animal Rights and Human Morality, p. 64; for learning through angling, see J. J. Beukema, "Angling Experiments with Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) II; Decreasing Catchability through One Trial Learning," Netherlands Journal of Zoology 20 (1970): 81-92; and R. V. Anderson, "Angling as a Factor Influencing Catchability of Large Mouth Bass," Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 98 (1969): 317-20.
64. For learning in fish, see Marshall, The Life of Fishes, pp. 239-42. Conditioning in fish is also mentioned by Rollins, Animal Rights and Human Morality, p. 64; for learning through angling, see J. J. Beukema, "Angling Experiments with Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) II; Decreasing Catchability through One Trial Learning," Netherlands Journal of Zoology 20 (1970): 81-92; and R. V. Anderson, "Angling as a Factor Influencing Catchability of Large Mouth Bass," Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 98 (1969): 317-20.
65. For goal-directed behavior in animals generally, see Konrad Lorenz, Foundations of Ethology (New York: Simon and Shuster, 1982); for animal self-awareness, see D. R. Giffin, Animal Minds (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); for animal consciousness, see Daisie Radner and Michael Radner, Animal Consciousness (Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1989). If self-awareness applies to animals that are hunted, there is no reason not to apply it to fish.
66. For goal-directed behavior in animals generally, see Konrad Lorenz, Foundations of Ethology (New York: Simon and Shuster, 1982); for animal self-awareness, see D. R. Giffin, Animal Minds (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); for animal consciousness, see Daisie Radner and Michael Radner, Animal Consciousness (Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1989). If self-awareness applies to animals that are hunted, there is no reason not to apply it to fish.
67. For goal-directed behavior in animals generally, see Konrad Lorenz, Foundations of Ethology (New York: Simon and Shuster, 1982); for animal self-awareness, see D. R. Giffin, Animal Minds (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); for animal consciousness, see Daisie Radner and Michael Radner, Animal Consciousness (Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1989). If self-awareness applies to animals that are hunted, there is no reason not to apply it to fish.
68. For pain in insects, see V. B. Wigglesworth, "Do Insects Feel Pain?" Antenna 4 (1980): 8-9; for the moral significance of insects, see J. A. Lockwood, "The Moral Standing of Insects and the Ethics of Extinction," Florida Entomologist 70 (1987): 70-89.
69. For pain in insects, see V. B. Wigglesworth, "Do Insects Feel Pain?" Antenna 4 (1980): 8-9; for the moral significance of insects, see J. A. Lockwood, "The Moral Standing of Insects and the Ethics of Extinction," Florida Entomologist 70 (1987): 70-89.
70. Poznak, Animal Pain.
71. Taylor, Respect for Nature, also makes this distinction when discussing "merit" (p. 77). Following Meredith Williams, "Rights, Interests, and Moral Equality," Environmental Ethics 2 (1980): 149-61, the interests of anglers and hunters involve "taking an interest in," as opposed to fish and mammals, who "have an interest."
72. Taylor, Respect for Nature, also makes this distinction when discussing "merit" (p. 77). Following Meredith Williams, "Rights, Interests, and Moral Equality," Environmental Ethics 2 (1980): 149-61, the interests of anglers and hunters involve "taking an interest in," as opposed to fish and mammals, who "have an interest."
73. My basis for this statement comes from (a) the kinds of interests that have moral relevancy, Williams, "Rights, Interests, and Moral Equality," and Steve F. Sapontzis, "The Moral Significance of Interests," Environmental Ethics 4 (1982): 345-58; and (b) the relationship of interests to moral considerability, see R. B. Perry, "A Definition of Morality," in Paul W. Taylor ed., Problems of Moral Philosophy: An Introduction to Ethics (Encino: Dickenson Publishing Co., 1972), pp. 12-22. The debate surrounding the extension of moral considerability to all living things (Kenneth E. Goodpaster, "On Being Morally Considerable," Journal of Philosophy 75 [1978]: 308-25) is not really relevant here, since clearly fish have interests and goals which can be furthered or frustrated.
74. My basis for this statement comes from (a) the kinds of interests that have moral relevancy, Williams, "Rights, Interests, and Moral Equality," and Steve F. Sapontzis, "The Moral Significance of Interests," Environmental Ethics 4 (1982): 345-58; and (b) the relationship of interests to moral considerability, see R. B. Perry, "A Definition of Morality," in Paul W. Taylor ed., Problems of Moral Philosophy: An Introduction to Ethics (Encino: Dickenson Publishing Co., 1972), pp. 12-22. The debate surrounding the extension of moral considerability to all living things (Kenneth E. Goodpaster, "On Being Morally Considerable," Journal of Philosophy 75 [1978]: 308-25) is not really relevant here, since clearly fish have interests and goals which can be furthered or frustrated.
75. My basis for this statement comes from (a) the kinds of interests that have moral relevancy, Williams, "Rights, Interests, and Moral Equality," and Steve F. Sapontzis, "The Moral Significance of Interests," Environmental Ethics 4 (1982): 345-58; and (b) the relationship of interests to moral considerability, see R. B. Perry, "A Definition of Morality," in Paul W. Taylor ed., Problems of Moral Philosophy: An Introduction to Ethics (Encino: Dickenson Publishing Co., 1972), pp. 12-22. The debate surrounding the extension of moral considerability to all living things (Kenneth E. Goodpaster, "On Being Morally Considerable," Journal of Philosophy 75 [1978]: 308-25) is not really relevant here, since clearly fish have interests and goals which can be furthered or frustrated.
76. My basis for this statement comes from (a) the kinds of interests that have moral relevancy, Williams, "Rights, Interests, and Moral Equality," and Steve F. Sapontzis, "The Moral Significance of Interests," Environmental Ethics 4 (1982): 345-58; and (b) the relationship of interests to moral considerability, see R. B. Perry, "A Definition of Morality," in Paul W. Taylor ed., Problems of Moral Philosophy: An Introduction to Ethics (Encino: Dickenson Publishing Co., 1972), pp. 12-22. The debate surrounding the extension of moral considerability to all living things (Kenneth E. Goodpaster, "On Being Morally Considerable," Journal of Philosophy 75 [1978]: 308-25) is not really relevant here, since clearly fish have interests and goals which can be furthered or frustrated.
77. A. R. C. Duncan, Moral Philosophy (Toronto: CBC Enterprises, 1983), p. 16.
78. Note my introductory quote by Byron. Such "sentiments fall on more sympathetic ears today than they did when Don Juan was first published" (Bryn Hammond, Halcyon Days: The Nature of Trout Fishing and Fisherman [Camden, Maine: Ragged Mountain Press, 1992], p. 161). Perhaps the most vocal anti-angling sentiments can be attributed to Pisces: Newsletter of the Campaign for the Abolition of Angling, P.O. Box 130, Sevenoaks, Kent, England, TN14 5NR. See also D. Cantor, "Victims of Apathy" The Animals' Agenda 13, no. 4 (1993): 18-19; and Fox, "Do Fish Have Feelings?"; J. Kumar, "The Anti-Fishing Movement Exposed," B.A.S.S. Times 20, no. 2 (1993): 1, 20; M. Vincent, "Strange Fish Tales: Man Charged with Fish Abuse," B.A.S.S. Times 23, no. 9 (1993): 17; R. Montgomery, "Anti-Fishing Movement Faces the Press," B.A.S.S. Times 24, no. 8 (1993): 9; C. M. Fetterolf, "Rescue Fishes by Omitting Them from Your Diet," Fisheries 18, no. 4 (1993): 28-29; and many others.
79. Note my introductory quote by Byron. Such "sentiments fall on more sympathetic ears today than they did when Don Juan was first published" (Bryn Hammond, Halcyon Days: The Nature of Trout Fishing and Fisherman [Camden, Maine: Ragged Mountain Press, 1992], p. 161). Perhaps the most vocal anti-angling sentiments can be attributed to Pisces: Newsletter of the Campaign for the Abolition of Angling, P.O. Box 130, Sevenoaks, Kent, England, TN14 5NR. See also D. Cantor, "Victims of Apathy" The Animals' Agenda 13, no. 4 (1993): 18-19; and Fox, "Do Fish Have Feelings?"; J. Kumar, "The Anti-Fishing Movement Exposed," B.A.S.S. Times 20, no. 2 (1993): 1, 20; M. Vincent, "Strange Fish Tales: Man Charged with Fish Abuse," B.A.S.S. Times 23, no. 9 (1993): 17; R. Montgomery, "Anti-Fishing Movement Faces the Press," B.A.S.S. Times 24, no. 8 (1993): 9; C. M. Fetterolf, "Rescue Fishes by Omitting Them from Your Diet," Fisheries 18, no. 4 (1993): 28-29; and many others.
80. Note my introductory quote by Byron. Such "sentiments fall on more sympathetic ears today than they did when Don Juan was first published" (Bryn Hammond, Halcyon Days: The Nature of Trout Fishing and Fisherman [Camden, Maine: Ragged Mountain Press, 1992], p. 161). Perhaps the most vocal anti-angling sentiments can be attributed to Pisces: Newsletter of the Campaign for the Abolition of Angling, P.O. Box 130, Sevenoaks, Kent, England, TN14 5NR. See also D. Cantor, "Victims of Apathy" The Animals' Agenda 13, no. 4 (1993): 18-19; and Fox, "Do Fish Have Feelings?"; J. Kumar, "The Anti-Fishing Movement Exposed," B.A.S.S. Times 20, no. 2 (1993): 1, 20; M. Vincent, "Strange Fish Tales: Man Charged with Fish Abuse," B.A.S.S. Times 23, no. 9 (1993): 17; R. Montgomery, "Anti-Fishing Movement Faces the Press," B.A.S.S. Times 24, no. 8 (1993): 9; C. M. Fetterolf, "Rescue Fishes by Omitting Them from Your Diet," Fisheries 18, no. 4 (1993): 28-29; and many others.
81. Note my introductory quote by Byron. Such "sentiments fall on more sympathetic ears today than they did when Don Juan was first published" (Bryn Hammond, Halcyon Days: The Nature of Trout Fishing and Fisherman [Camden, Maine: Ragged Mountain Press, 1992], p. 161). Perhaps the most vocal anti-angling sentiments can be attributed to Pisces: Newsletter of the Campaign for the Abolition of Angling, P.O. Box 130, Sevenoaks, Kent, England, TN14 5NR. See also D. Cantor, "Victims of Apathy" The Animals' Agenda 13, no. 4 (1993): 18-19; and Fox, "Do Fish Have Feelings?"; J. Kumar, "The Anti-Fishing Movement Exposed," B.A.S.S. Times 20, no. 2 (1993): 1, 20; M. Vincent, "Strange Fish Tales: Man Charged with Fish Abuse," B.A.S.S. Times 23, no. 9 (1993): 17; R. Montgomery, "Anti-Fishing Movement Faces the Press," B.A.S.S. Times 24, no. 8 (1993): 9; C. M. Fetterolf, "Rescue Fishes by Omitting Them from Your Diet," Fisheries 18, no. 4 (1993): 28-29; and many others.
82. Note my introductory quote by Byron. Such "sentiments fall on more sympathetic ears today than they did when Don Juan was first published" (Bryn Hammond, Halcyon Days: The Nature of Trout Fishing and Fisherman [Camden, Maine: Ragged Mountain Press, 1992], p. 161). Perhaps the most vocal anti-angling sentiments can be attributed to Pisces: Newsletter of the Campaign for the Abolition of Angling, P.O. Box 130, Sevenoaks, Kent, England, TN14 5NR. See also D. Cantor, "Victims of Apathy" The Animals' Agenda 13, no. 4 (1993): 18-19; and Fox, "Do Fish Have Feelings?"; J. Kumar, "The Anti-Fishing Movement Exposed," B.A.S.S. Times 20, no. 2 (1993): 1, 20; M. Vincent, "Strange Fish Tales: Man Charged with Fish Abuse," B.A.S.S. Times 23, no. 9 (1993): 17; R. Montgomery, "Anti-Fishing Movement Faces the Press," B.A.S.S. Times 24, no. 8 (1993): 9; C. M. Fetterolf, "Rescue Fishes by Omitting Them from Your Diet," Fisheries 18, no. 4 (1993): 28-29; and many others.
83. Note my introductory quote by Byron. Such "sentiments fall on more sympathetic ears today than they did when Don Juan was first published" (Bryn Hammond, Halcyon Days: The Nature of Trout Fishing and Fisherman [Camden, Maine: Ragged Mountain Press, 1992], p. 161). Perhaps the most vocal anti-angling sentiments can be attributed to Pisces: Newsletter of the Campaign for the Abolition of Angling, P.O. Box 130, Sevenoaks, Kent, England, TN14 5NR. See also D. Cantor, "Victims of Apathy" The Animals' Agenda 13, no. 4 (1993): 18-19; and Fox, "Do Fish Have Feelings?"; J. Kumar, "The Anti-Fishing Movement Exposed," B.A.S.S. Times 20, no. 2 (1993): 1, 20; M. Vincent, "Strange Fish Tales: Man Charged with Fish Abuse," B.A.S.S. Times 23, no. 9 (1993): 17; R. Montgomery, "Anti-Fishing Movement Faces the Press," B.A.S.S. Times 24, no. 8 (1993): 9; C. M. Fetterolf, "Rescue Fishes by Omitting Them from Your Diet," Fisheries 18, no. 4 (1993): 28-29; and many others.
84. Note my introductory quote by Byron. Such "sentiments fall on more sympathetic ears today than they did when Don Juan was first published" (Bryn Hammond, Halcyon Days: The Nature of Trout Fishing and Fisherman [Camden, Maine: Ragged Mountain Press, 1992], p. 161). Perhaps the most vocal anti-angling sentiments can be attributed to Pisces: Newsletter of the Campaign for the Abolition of Angling, P.O. Box 130, Sevenoaks, Kent, England, TN14 5NR. See also D. Cantor, "Victims of Apathy" The Animals' Agenda 13, no. 4 (1993): 18-19; and Fox, "Do Fish Have Feelings?"; J. Kumar, "The Anti-Fishing Movement Exposed," B.A.S.S. Times 20, no. 2 (1993): 1, 20; M. Vincent, "Strange Fish Tales: Man Charged with Fish Abuse," B.A.S.S. Times 23, no. 9 (1993): 17; R. Montgomery, "Anti-Fishing Movement Faces the Press," B.A.S.S. Times 24, no. 8 (1993): 9; C. M. Fetterolf, "Rescue Fishes by Omitting Them from Your Diet," Fisheries 18, no. 4 (1993): 28-29; and many others.
85. Note my introductory quote by Byron. Such "sentiments fall on more sympathetic ears today than they did when Don Juan was first published" (Bryn Hammond, Halcyon Days: The Nature of Trout Fishing and Fisherman [Camden, Maine: Ragged Mountain Press, 1992], p. 161). Perhaps the most vocal anti-angling sentiments can be attributed to Pisces: Newsletter of the Campaign for the Abolition of Angling, P.O. Box 130, Sevenoaks, Kent, England, TN14 5NR. See also D. Cantor, "Victims of Apathy" The Animals' Agenda 13, no. 4 (1993): 18-19; and Fox, "Do Fish Have Feelings?"; J. Kumar, "The Anti-Fishing Movement Exposed," B.A.S.S. Times 20, no. 2 (1993): 1, 20; M. Vincent, "Strange Fish Tales: Man Charged with Fish Abuse," B.A.S.S. Times 23, no. 9 (1993): 17; R. Montgomery, "Anti-Fishing Movement Faces the Press," B.A.S.S. Times 24, no. 8 (1993): 9; C. M. Fetterolf, "Rescue Fishes by Omitting Them from Your Diet," Fisheries 18, no. 4 (1993): 28-29; and many others.
86. For a review, see R. A. Barnhart and T. D. Roelofs, eds., Catch-and-Release Fishing as a Management Tool: A National Sport Fishing Symposium (Arcata: Humbold State University, 1977), and R. A. Barnhart and T. D. Roelofs, eds., Catch-and-Release Fishing: A Decade of Experience, a National Sport Fishing Symposium (Arcata: Humbold State University, 1987).
87. For a review, see R. A. Barnhart and T. D. Roelofs, eds., Catch-and-Release Fishing as a Management Tool: A National Sport Fishing Symposium (Arcata: Humbold State University, 1977), and R. A. Barnhart and T. D. Roelofs, eds., Catch-and-Release Fishing: A Decade of Experience, a National Sport Fishing Symposium (Arcata: Humbold State University, 1987).
88. Although anglers and agency management personnel frequently assert that fish can be released unharmed (n. 32 below), this claim is blatantly false, since their research proves otherwise.
89. See R. S. Wydoski, "Relation of Hooking Mortality and Sublethal Hooking Stress to Quality Fishery Management," Catch-and-Release Fishing as a Management Tool, pp. 43-87. Concerning catch-and-release related deaths, Atlantic salmon died as a result from hooks located in the gill/gill arch (45 percent of the time), in the esophagus (25 percent of the time), in the tongue/ isthmus (10 percent of the time), in the roof of mouth (8 percent of the time), in the jaws (8 percent of the time), in the eye (6-7 percent of the time) (fig. 13, p. 65). Additionally, stress-related deaths of angled fish were caused by overexertion, hyperactivity, blood acidosis, oxygen debt, and increased blood lactate levels, resulting in internal blood clotting.
90. On average, 5 percent of caught-and-released salmon died from flies, 7 percent from lures, and 25 percent from bait (ibid., fig. 9, p. 58). Single and treble hooked flies killed 12 and 26 percent respectively, and similarly hooked lures killed 15 and 8 percent respectively (ibid., fig. 7, p. 57). All nine species of the fish reviewed experienced varying degrees of mortality by these methods.
91. The extensive promotion of catch-and-release fisheries in the popular press is done entirely on the basis that such fisheries cause fewer deaths, not that they cause no deaths at all.
92. Robert Elman, ed., The Complete Book of Hunting (New York: Abberville Press, 1980), shows vital areas for the moose (p. 211). Brain, heart, shoulder, and neck shots will kill a lion, a buffalo, a rhinoceros, and elephant respectively (p. 243). Conservation and Outdoor Recreation Education (Vancouver: British Columbia Ministry of Environments, 1989) depicts vital target areas of deer such as heart and blood vessels, spine, brain, and lungs (p. 192).
93. Robert Elman, ed., The Complete Book of Hunting (New York: Abberville Press, 1980), shows vital areas for the moose (p. 211). Brain, heart, shoulder, and neck shots will kill a lion, a buffalo, a rhinoceros, and elephant respectively (p. 243). Conservation and Outdoor Recreation Education (Vancouver: British Columbia Ministry of Environments, 1989) depicts vital target areas of deer such as heart and blood vessels, spine, brain, and lungs (p. 192).
94. Ibid., p. 192.
95. From "Ethical Hunting: Updating an Old Heritage for America's Hunting and Wildlife Conservation Future," keynote address by S. P. Mealey, Boise National Forest Foundation for North American Wild Sheep Conference, 18 February 1994.
96. Causey, "On the Morality of Hunting," pp. 334-35.
97. British Columbia 1994-1996 Freshwater Fishing Regulations Synopsis, p. 20. Available from Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, 2-780 Blanchard St., Victoria, B.C. V8V 1X4.
98. R. A. May, "If Haig-Brown Could Only See Us Now," introduction to Barnhart and Roelofs, Catch-and-Release Fishing: A Decade of Experience, p. 1.
99. This is in part a translation from a poem by Sir Robert Tale, cited by Luce in Fishing and Thinking, p. 183.
100. Roderick Haig-Brown, A Primer of Fly-Fishing (Toronto: William Collins Sons, 1964), p. 181.
101. A. J. McClane, ed., McClane's New Standard Fishing Encyclopedia (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1974), p. 425.
102. From S. G. Camp, "Game Qualities of Game Fish," in Frank Oppel, comp., Fishing in North America, 1876-1910 (Secaucus: Castle, 1986), pp. 231-38.
103. Anthony Netboy, The Salmon: Their Fight for Survival (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974), p. 491.
104. W. P. Scott and E. J. Crossman, Freshwater Fishes of Canada, Bulletin 184 (Ottawa: Fisheries Resource Board, Canada, 1973), p. 190.
105. For a vast array of non-sporting methods of catching fish, see H. Stewart, Indian Fishing: Early Methods on the Northwest Coast (Vancouver: Douglass and McIntyre, 1982). Concerning the drugging of fish by Yanomama, see Kenneth Good and David Chanoff, Into the Heart: One Man's Pursuit of Love and Knowledge among the Yanomama (New York: Simon and Shuster, 1991), pp. 222-23.
106. For a vast array of non-sporting methods of catching fish, see H. Stewart, Indian Fishing: Early Methods on the Northwest Coast (Vancouver: Douglass and McIntyre, 1982). Concerning the drugging of fish by Yanomama, see Kenneth Good and David Chanoff, Into the Heart: One Man's Pursuit of Love and Knowledge among the Yanomama (New York: Simon and Shuster, 1991), pp. 222-23.
107. Stephen R. Kellert and A. R. Felthous, "Childhood Cruelty towards Animals among Criminals and Non-Criminals" Human Relations 38 (1985): 1113-29.
108. Hammond, Halcyon Days, p. 163.
109. Luce, Fishing and Thinking, p. 174.
110. Ibid., p. 180.
111. Haig-Brown, A River Never Sleeps, p. 267.
112. R. H. Schmidt and J. G. Bruner, "In My Opinion: A Professional Attitude toward Humaneness," Wildlife Society Bulletin 9 (1981): 289-91.