Politics in Brazil: From elections without democracy to democracy without citizenship

Daedalus

Volumn 129, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 1-27

  Bethell, Leslie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 0012773138     PISSN: 00115266     EISSN: 15486192     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. On colonial government, see Leslie Bethell, ed., Colonial Brazil (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 46, 129-135, 142, 257.
2. On Brazilian independence, see Leslie Bethell, "The Independence of Brazil," in Leslie Bethell, ed., Brazil: Empire and Republic, 1822-1930 (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
3. Also two essays by Emília Viotti da Costa: "The Political Emancipation of Brazil," in From Colony to Nation: Essays on the Independence of Brazil, ed. A. J. R. Russell-Wood (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975)
4. "Independence: The Building of a Nation," in Emília Viotti da Costa, The Brazilian Empire: Myths and Histories (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1985).
5. Richard Graham, Patronage and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Brazil (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990), 109, Table 2, and 332, note 41.
6. On the political system of the empire, see also José Murilo de Carvalho, A construção da ordem: a elite política imperial (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Campus, 1980)
7. Teatro de sombras: a política imperial (Rio de Janeiro: IUPERJ, 1988).
8. Graham, Patronage and Politics, 185-186, 200, 202.
9. Bolivar Lamounier and Judith Muszynski, "Brasil," in Enciclopedia electoral latinoamericana y del Caribe, ed. Dieter Nohlen (San José, Costa Rica: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, 1993), 99, 128.
10. The compilation by Lamounier and Muszynski in Bolivar Lamounier and Judith Muszynski, Enciclopedia electoral latinoamericana y del Caribe, ibid., 93-134
11. especially Table 2.1, "Evolución del electorado 1933-1990 [in fact 1894-1990]" (Enciclopedia electoral latinoamericana y del Caribe, ibid., 99)
12. Table 2.9, "Elecciones presidenciales 1894-1989" (Enciclopedia electoral latinoamericana y del Caribe, ibid., 125-130), contains valuable statistical information on all elections in Brazil until 1990.
13. For elections from 1982 to 1996, Jairo Marconi Nicolau, ed., Dados eleitorais do Brasil (1982-1996) (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Revan, 1998), is indispensable.
14. José Murilo de Carvalho, Os bestializados: o Rio de Janeiro e a república que nao foi (São Paulo: Cia, das Letras, 1987), chap. 3.
15. Lamounier and Muszynski, "Brasil," in Nohlen, ed., Enciclopedia electoral, 99, 128.
16. June Hahner, Emancipating the Female Sex: The Struggle for Women's Rights in Brazil, 1850-1940 (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1991), 171-173.
17. Nohlen, ed., Enciclopedia electoral, 108, 113, 128.
18. For an interesting analysis of the "black vote" in the elections of 1985 and 1986, see Elza Berquo and Luiz Felipe de Alencastro, "A emergência do voto negro," Estudos CEBRAP 33 (July 1992).
19. Nohlen, ed., Enciclopedia electoral, 99, 130,
20. Nicolau, ed., Dados eleitorais, 23-26, 29-36.
21. President Fernando Collor de Mello was impeached first in the Chamber of Deputies on September 29 (441 votes to 38) and then, definitively, in the Senate on December 30, 1992 (76 votes to 3), the day after he had in fact resigned.
22. On the Brazilian party system, see in particular the work of Scott P. Mainwaring: "Brazilian Party Underdevelopment," Political Science Quarterly 107 (4) (1992);
23. "Brazil: Weak Parties, Feckless Democracy," in Building Democratic Institutions: Parties and Party Systems in Latin America, ed. Scott P. Mainwaring and Timothy R. Scully (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993);
24. Rethinking Party Systems in the Third Wave of Democratization: The Case of Brazil (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999).
25. See Alfred Stepan, "Brazil's Decentralized Federalism: Bringing Government Closer to the Citizens?" in this issue of Dædalus.
26. See Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, "Democratic Governance, Violence, and the (Un)Rule of Law," in this issue of Dædalus.
27. On the independence of Brazil, see endnote 2.
28. For an introduction to the question of the abolition of slavery in Brazil, see Leslie Bethell, "The Decline and Fall of Slavery in Nineteenth-Century Brazil," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 1 (6th series) (1991).
29. Quoted in Carvalho, Os bestializados, 10.
30. The best book on the Revolution of 1930 remains Boris Fausto, A revolucao de 1930: História e historiografia, 16th rev. ed. (São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1997).
31. On the background to the 1937 coup, see Aspásia Camargo et al., O golpe silencioso: As origens da república corporativa (Rio de Janeiro: Rio Fundo, 1989).
32. On the "democratization" of Brazil at the end of World War II, see Leslie Bethell, "Brazil," in Latin America between the Second World War and the Cold War, 1944-1948, ed. Leslie Bethell and Ian Roxborough (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
33. On the collapse of postwar democracy in 1964, see Wanderley Guilherme dos Santos, Sessenta e quatro: Anatomia da crise (São Paulo: Vertice, 1986)
34. Argelina Maria Cheibub Figueiredo, Democracia ou reformas? Alternativas democráticas a crise política, 1961-1964 (São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 1993).
35. On the process of liberalization/democratization in the 1970s and 1980s, there is a vast literature. See, in particular, Luciano Martins, "The 'Liberalization' of Authoritarian Rule in Brazil," in Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Latin America, ed. Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986).
36. Also Alfred Stepan, ed., Democratizing Brazil: Problems of Transition and Consolidation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).
37. In the first round, Collor secured 30.5 percent of the votos válidos (i.e., excluding the blank and spoiled ballots), Lula 17.2 percent, and Brizola 16.5 percent. In the second round, Collor had 53 percent, Lula 47 percent.
38. Cardoso won in the first round with 54 percent of the votos válidos. In 1998, he won re-election in the first round with 53 percent.