Strong versus weak sustainability: Economics, natural sciences, and "consilience"

Environmental Ethics

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 155-168

  Ayres, Robert U ^a   Van Den Bergh, Jeroen C J M ^b   Gowdy, John M ^c  

^a INSEAD   (France)

^b VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^c RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0012680176     PISSN: 01634275     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5840/enviroethics200123225     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. In this journal, see, for instance, John M. Gowdy and Peg R. Olsen, "Further Problems with Neoclassical Environmental Economics," Environmental Ethics 16(1994): 161-72; Mohammed H. I. Dore, "The Problem of Valuation in Neoclassical Environmental Economics," Environmental Ethics 18 (1996): 65-70; and Rudi M. Verburg and Vincent Wiegel, "On the Compatibility of Sustainability and Economic Growth," Environmental Ethics 19 (1997): 247-66. See also Wilfred Beckerman, "Sustainable Development: Is it a Useful Concept?" Environmental Values 3 (1994): 191-209, with responses by Mick Common, Herman Daly, Salah El Serafy, and Michael Jacobs and a reply by Beckerman, Environmental Values 4, nos. 1 and 2 (1995): 49-55, 57-68, 169-79, and vol. 5, no. 1 (1996): 75-82, 83-88. For a recent survey of the economic literature on sustainable development, see Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh and Marjan W. Hofkes, eds., Theory and Implementation of Economic Models for Sustainable Development (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1998).
2. In this journal, see, for instance, John M. Gowdy and Peg R. Olsen, "Further Problems with Neoclassical Environmental Economics," Environmental Ethics 16(1994): 161-72; Mohammed H. I. Dore, "The Problem of Valuation in Neoclassical Environmental Economics," Environmental Ethics 18 (1996): 65-70; and Rudi M. Verburg and Vincent Wiegel, "On the Compatibility of Sustainability and Economic Growth," Environmental Ethics 19 (1997): 247-66. See also Wilfred Beckerman, "Sustainable Development: Is it a Useful Concept?" Environmental Values 3 (1994): 191-209, with responses by Mick Common, Herman Daly, Salah El Serafy, and Michael Jacobs and a reply by Beckerman, Environmental Values 4, nos. 1 and 2 (1995): 49-55, 57-68, 169-79, and vol. 5, no. 1 (1996): 75-82, 83-88. For a recent survey of the economic literature on sustainable development, see Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh and Marjan W. Hofkes, eds., Theory and Implementation of Economic Models for Sustainable Development (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1998).
3. In this journal, see, for instance, John M. Gowdy and Peg R. Olsen, "Further Problems with Neoclassical Environmental Economics," Environmental Ethics 16(1994): 161-72; Mohammed H. I. Dore, "The Problem of Valuation in Neoclassical Environmental Economics," Environmental Ethics 18 (1996): 65-70; and Rudi M. Verburg and Vincent Wiegel, "On the Compatibility of Sustainability and Economic Growth," Environmental Ethics 19 (1997): 247-66. See also Wilfred Beckerman, "Sustainable Development: Is it a Useful Concept?" Environmental Values 3 (1994): 191-209, with responses by Mick Common, Herman Daly, Salah El Serafy, and Michael Jacobs and a reply by Beckerman, Environmental Values 4, nos. 1 and 2 (1995): 49-55, 57-68, 169-79, and vol. 5, no. 1 (1996): 75-82, 83-88. For a recent survey of the economic literature on sustainable development, see Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh and Marjan W. Hofkes, eds., Theory and Implementation of Economic Models for Sustainable Development (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1998).
4. In this journal, see, for instance, John M. Gowdy and Peg R. Olsen, "Further Problems with Neoclassical Environmental Economics," Environmental Ethics 16(1994): 161-72; Mohammed H. I. Dore, "The Problem of Valuation in Neoclassical Environmental Economics," Environmental Ethics 18 (1996): 65-70; and Rudi M. Verburg and Vincent Wiegel, "On the Compatibility of Sustainability and Economic Growth," Environmental Ethics 19 (1997): 247-66. See also Wilfred Beckerman, "Sustainable Development: Is it a Useful Concept?" Environmental Values 3 (1994): 191-209, with responses by Mick Common, Herman Daly, Salah El Serafy, and Michael Jacobs and a reply by Beckerman, Environmental Values 4, nos. 1 and 2 (1995): 49-55, 57-68, 169-79, and vol. 5, no. 1 (1996): 75-82, 83-88. For a recent survey of the economic literature on sustainable development, see Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh and Marjan W. Hofkes, eds., Theory and Implementation of Economic Models for Sustainable Development (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1998).
5. In this journal, see, for instance, John M. Gowdy and Peg R. Olsen, "Further Problems with Neoclassical Environmental Economics," Environmental Ethics 16(1994): 161-72; Mohammed H. I. Dore, "The Problem of Valuation in Neoclassical Environmental Economics," Environmental Ethics 18 (1996): 65-70; and Rudi M. Verburg and Vincent Wiegel, "On the Compatibility of Sustainability and Economic Growth," Environmental Ethics 19 (1997): 247-66. See also Wilfred Beckerman, "Sustainable Development: Is it a Useful Concept?" Environmental Values 3 (1994): 191-209, with responses by Mick Common, Herman Daly, Salah El Serafy, and Michael Jacobs and a reply by Beckerman, Environmental Values 4, nos. 1 and 2 (1995): 49-55, 57-68, 169-79, and vol. 5, no. 1 (1996): 75-82, 83-88. For a recent survey of the economic literature on sustainable development, see Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh and Marjan W. Hofkes, eds., Theory and Implementation of Economic Models for Sustainable Development (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1998).
6. In this journal, see, for instance, John M. Gowdy and Peg R. Olsen, "Further Problems with Neoclassical Environmental Economics," Environmental Ethics 16(1994): 161-72; Mohammed H. I. Dore, "The Problem of Valuation in Neoclassical Environmental Economics," Environmental Ethics 18 (1996): 65-70; and Rudi M. Verburg and Vincent Wiegel, "On the Compatibility of Sustainability and Economic Growth," Environmental Ethics 19 (1997): 247-66. See also Wilfred Beckerman, "Sustainable Development: Is it a Useful Concept?" Environmental Values 3 (1994): 191-209, with responses by Mick Common, Herman Daly, Salah El Serafy, and Michael Jacobs and a reply by Beckerman, Environmental Values 4, nos. 1 and 2 (1995): 49-55, 57-68, 169-79, and vol. 5, no. 1 (1996): 75-82, 83-88. For a recent survey of the economic literature on sustainable development, see Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh and Marjan W. Hofkes, eds., Theory and Implementation of Economic Models for Sustainable Development (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1998).
7. In this journal, see, for instance, John M. Gowdy and Peg R. Olsen, "Further Problems with Neoclassical Environmental Economics," Environmental Ethics 16(1994): 161-72; Mohammed H. I. Dore, "The Problem of Valuation in Neoclassical Environmental Economics," Environmental Ethics 18 (1996): 65-70; and Rudi M. Verburg and Vincent Wiegel, "On the Compatibility of Sustainability and Economic Growth," Environmental Ethics 19 (1997): 247-66. See also Wilfred Beckerman, "Sustainable Development: Is it a Useful Concept?" Environmental Values 3 (1994): 191-209, with responses by Mick Common, Herman Daly, Salah El Serafy, and Michael Jacobs and a reply by Beckerman, Environmental Values 4, nos. 1 and 2 (1995): 49-55, 57-68, 169-79, and vol. 5, no. 1 (1996): 75-82, 83-88. For a recent survey of the economic literature on sustainable development, see Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh and Marjan W. Hofkes, eds., Theory and Implementation of Economic Models for Sustainable Development (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1998).
8. E. O. Wilson, Consilience (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1998).
9. Kjell Arne Brekke, Economic Growth and the Environment: On the Measurement of Income and Welfare (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1997) (emphasis added).
10. Michael.A. Toman, John Pezzey and Jeffrey. Krautkraemer, "Neoclassical Economic Growth Theory and 'Sustainability,'" in Daniel W. Bromley, ed., Handbook of Environmental Economics (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994).
11. John Pezzey, "Economic Analysis of Sustainable Growth and Sustainable Development," Environmental Department Working Paper, no. 15, Environmental Department, The World Bank (1989). Reprinted as J. Pezzey, "Sustainable Development Concepts: An Economic Analysis," World Bank Environment Paper 2 (1992).
12. John Pezzey, "Economic Analysis of Sustainable Growth and Sustainable Development," Environmental Department Working Paper, no. 15, Environmental Department, The World Bank (1989). Reprinted as J. Pezzey, "Sustainable Development Concepts: An Economic Analysis," World Bank Environment Paper 2 (1992).
13. John Pezzey, "Sustainability: An Interdisciplinary Guide," Environmental Values 1 (1993): 321-62.
14. See David Pearce, Edward Barbier, and Anil Markandya, Sustainable Development: Economics and Environment in the Third World (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1990).
15. Mick Common, and Charles Perrings, "Towards an Ecological Economics of Sustainability," Ecological Economics 6 (1992): 7-34. See John M. Hartwick, "Intergenerational Equity and the Investing of Rents from Exhaustible Resources," American Economic Review 67 (1977): 972-74; John M. Hartwick, "Investing Returns from Depleting Renewable Resource Stocks and Intergenerational Equity," Economic Letters 1 (1978): 85-88; John M. Hartwick, "Substitution among Exhaustible Resources and Intergenerational Equity," Review of Economic Studies 45 (1978): 347-54; Robert M. Solow, "Intergenerational Equity and Exhaustible Resources," Review of Economic Studies 41 (1974): 29-45; and Robert M. Solow, "On the Intergenerational Allocation of Natural Resources," Scandinavian Journal of Economics 88 (1986): 141-49.
16. Mick Common, and Charles Perrings, "Towards an Ecological Economics of Sustainability," Ecological Economics 6 (1992): 7-34. See John M. Hartwick, "Intergenerational Equity and the Investing of Rents from Exhaustible Resources," American Economic Review 67 (1977): 972-74; John M. Hartwick, "Investing Returns from Depleting Renewable Resource Stocks and Intergenerational Equity," Economic Letters 1 (1978): 85-88; John M. Hartwick, "Substitution among Exhaustible Resources and Intergenerational Equity," Review of Economic Studies 45 (1978): 347-54; Robert M. Solow, "Intergenerational Equity and Exhaustible Resources," Review of Economic Studies 41 (1974): 29-45; and Robert M. Solow, "On the Intergenerational Allocation of Natural Resources," Scandinavian Journal of Economics 88 (1986): 141-49.
17. Mick Common, and Charles Perrings, "Towards an Ecological Economics of Sustainability," Ecological Economics 6 (1992): 7-34. See John M. Hartwick, "Intergenerational Equity and the Investing of Rents from Exhaustible Resources," American Economic Review 67 (1977): 972-74; John M. Hartwick, "Investing Returns from Depleting Renewable Resource Stocks and Intergenerational Equity," Economic Letters 1 (1978): 85-88; John M. Hartwick, "Substitution among Exhaustible Resources and Intergenerational Equity," Review of Economic Studies 45 (1978): 347-54; Robert M. Solow, "Intergenerational Equity and Exhaustible Resources," Review of Economic Studies 41 (1974): 29-45; and Robert M. Solow, "On the Intergenerational Allocation of Natural Resources," Scandinavian Journal of Economics 88 (1986): 141-49.
18. Mick Common, and Charles Perrings, "Towards an Ecological Economics of Sustainability," Ecological Economics 6 (1992): 7-34. See John M. Hartwick, "Intergenerational Equity and the Investing of Rents from Exhaustible Resources," American Economic Review 67 (1977): 972-74; John M. Hartwick, "Investing Returns from Depleting Renewable Resource Stocks and Intergenerational Equity," Economic Letters 1 (1978): 85-88; John M. Hartwick, "Substitution among Exhaustible Resources and Intergenerational Equity," Review of Economic Studies 45 (1978): 347-54; Robert M. Solow, "Intergenerational Equity and Exhaustible Resources," Review of Economic Studies 41 (1974): 29-45; and Robert M. Solow, "On the Intergenerational Allocation of Natural Resources," Scandinavian Journal of Economics 88 (1986): 141-49.
19. Mick Common, and Charles Perrings, "Towards an Ecological Economics of Sustainability," Ecological Economics 6 (1992): 7-34. See John M. Hartwick, "Intergenerational Equity and the Investing of Rents from Exhaustible Resources," American Economic Review 67 (1977): 972-74; John M. Hartwick, "Investing Returns from Depleting Renewable Resource Stocks and Intergenerational Equity," Economic Letters 1 (1978): 85-88; John M. Hartwick, "Substitution among Exhaustible Resources and Intergenerational Equity," Review of Economic Studies 45 (1978): 347-54; Robert M. Solow, "Intergenerational Equity and Exhaustible Resources," Review of Economic Studies 41 (1974): 29-45; and Robert M. Solow, "On the Intergenerational Allocation of Natural Resources," Scandinavian Journal of Economics 88 (1986): 141-49.
20. Mick Common, and Charles Perrings, "Towards an Ecological Economics of Sustainability," Ecological Economics 6 (1992): 7-34. See John M. Hartwick, "Intergenerational Equity and the Investing of Rents from Exhaustible Resources," American Economic Review 67 (1977): 972-74; John M. Hartwick, "Investing Returns from Depleting Renewable Resource Stocks and Intergenerational Equity," Economic Letters 1 (1978): 85-88; John M. Hartwick, "Substitution among Exhaustible Resources and Intergenerational Equity," Review of Economic Studies 45 (1978): 347-54; Robert M. Solow, "Intergenerational Equity and Exhaustible Resources," Review of Economic Studies 41 (1974): 29-45; and Robert M. Solow, "On the Intergenerational Allocation of Natural Resources," Scandinavian Journal of Economics 88 (1986): 141-49.
21. David Pearce, and Giles Atkinson, "Measuring Sustainable Development," in Bromley, Handbook of Environmental Economics.
22. In practice "utility" is almost always reduced to the consumption of economic goods. See John M. Gowdy, "Terms and Concepts in Ecological Economics," Wildlife Society Bulletin 28 (2000): 26-33. The steps between maximizing utility to maximizing market output are explicit in Robert Dorfman, "Some Concepts from Welfare Economics," in Robert Dorfman and Nancy Dorfman, eds., Readings in Environmental Economics, 2d ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977).
23. In practice "utility" is almost always reduced to the consumption of economic goods. See John M. Gowdy, "Terms and Concepts in Ecological Economics," Wildlife Society Bulletin 28 (2000): 26-33. The steps between maximizing utility to maximizing market output are explicit in Robert Dorfman, "Some Concepts from Welfare Economics," in Robert Dorfman and Nancy Dorfman, eds., Readings in Environmental Economics, 2d ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977).
24. See Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh and Harmen Verbruggen, "Spatial Sustainability, Trade and Indicators: An Evaluation of the 'Ecological Footprint,'" Ecological Economics 29 (1999): 63-74, and the comments by Wackernagel and Ferguson with reply by van den Bergh and Verbruggen in Ecological Economics 31 (1999): 317-21. A special issue of Ecological Economics 32, no. 3 (2000) was devoted to "The Ecological Footprint." For more on weak sustainability, see Maite Cabeza-Gutés, "The Concept of Weak Sustainability," Ecological Economics 17(1996): 147-56.
25. See Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh and Harmen Verbruggen, "Spatial Sustainability, Trade and Indicators: An Evaluation of the 'Ecological Footprint,'" Ecological Economics 29 (1999): 63-74, and the comments by Wackernagel and Ferguson with reply by van den Bergh and Verbruggen in Ecological Economics 31 (1999): 317-21. A special issue of Ecological Economics 32, no. 3 (2000) was devoted to "The Ecological Footprint." For more on weak sustainability, see Maite Cabeza-Gutés, "The Concept of Weak Sustainability," Ecological Economics 17(1996): 147-56.
26. See Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh and Harmen Verbruggen, "Spatial Sustainability, Trade and Indicators: An Evaluation of the 'Ecological Footprint,'" Ecological Economics 29 (1999): 63-74, and the comments by Wackernagel and Ferguson with reply by van den Bergh and Verbruggen in Ecological Economics 31 (1999): 317-21. A special issue of Ecological Economics 32, no. 3 (2000) was devoted to "The Ecological Footprint." For more on weak sustainability, see Maite Cabeza-Gutés, "The Concept of Weak Sustainability," Ecological Economics 17(1996): 147-56.
27. See Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh and Harmen Verbruggen, "Spatial Sustainability, Trade and Indicators: An Evaluation of the 'Ecological Footprint,'" Ecological Economics 29 (1999): 63-74, and the comments by Wackernagel and Ferguson with reply by van den Bergh and Verbruggen in Ecological Economics 31 (1999): 317-21. A special issue of Ecological Economics 32, no. 3 (2000) was devoted to "The Ecological Footprint." For more on weak sustainability, see Maite Cabeza-Gutés, "The Concept of Weak Sustainability," Ecological Economics 17(1996): 147-56.
28. See Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh and Harmen Verbruggen, "Spatial Sustainability, Trade and Indicators: An Evaluation of the 'Ecological Footprint,'" Ecological Economics 29 (1999): 63-74, and the comments by Wackernagel and Ferguson with reply by van den Bergh and Verbruggen in Ecological Economics 31 (1999): 317-21. A special issue of Ecological Economics 32, no. 3 (2000) was devoted to "The Ecological Footprint." For more on weak sustainability, see Maite Cabeza-Gutés, "The Concept of Weak Sustainability," Ecological Economics 17(1996): 147-56.
29. John M. Gowdy and Carl McDaniel, "The Physical Destruction of Nauru: An Example of Weak Sustainability," Land Economics 75 (1999): 333-38; Carl N. McDaniel and John M. Gowdy, Paradise for Sale: A Parable of Nature (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000).
30. John M. Gowdy and Carl McDaniel, "The Physical Destruction of Nauru: An Example of Weak Sustainability," Land Economics 75 (1999): 333-38; Carl N. McDaniel and John M. Gowdy, Paradise for Sale: A Parable of Nature (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000).
31. Many examples exist of the adverse consequences of substituting human-made for natural capital. For a discussion of the Easter Island case, see Jon Erickson and John M. Gowdy, "Resource Use, Institutions and Sustainability: A Tale of Two Pacific Island Cultures," Land Economics 76 (2000): 345-54.
32. Brekke, Economic Growth and the Environment, p. 91 (emphasis added).
33. Pearce and Atkinson, "Measuring Sustainable Development."
34. See the special issue of Ecological Economics 22 (1997) on the contributions of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen to ecological economics. See also D. Stern, "Limits to Substitution and Irreversibility in Production and Consumption: A Neoclassical Interpretation of Ecological Economics," Ecological Economics 22 (1997): 197-215; and Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh, "Materials, Capital, Direct/Indirect Substitution and Mass Balance Production Functions," Land Economics 75 (1999): 547-61.
35. See the special issue of Ecological Economics 22 (1997) on the contributions of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen to ecological economics. See also D. Stern, "Limits to Substitution and Irreversibility in Production and Consumption: A Neoclassical Interpretation of Ecological Economics," Ecological Economics 22 (1997): 197-215; and Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh, "Materials, Capital, Direct/Indirect Substitution and Mass Balance Production Functions," Land Economics 75 (1999): 547-61.
36. See the special issue of Ecological Economics 22 (1997) on the contributions of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen to ecological economics. See also D. Stern, "Limits to Substitution and Irreversibility in Production and Consumption: A Neoclassical Interpretation of Ecological Economics," Ecological Economics 22 (1997): 197-215; and Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh, "Materials, Capital, Direct/Indirect Substitution and Mass Balance Production Functions," Land Economics 75 (1999): 547-61.
37. Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh, Ada Ferrer-i-Carbonell, and Giuseppe Munda, "Alternative Models of Individual Behavior and Implications for Environmental Policy," Ecological Economics 32(2000): 43-61.
38. Clive Spash and Nick Hanley, "Preferences, Information and Biodiversity Preservation," Ecological Economics 12(1995): 191-208.
39. John M. Gowdy, "The Value of Biodiversity: Markets, Society and Ecosystems," Land Economics 73 (1997): 25-41.
40. Thomas H. Stevens, Jaime Echeverria, Ronald J. Glass, Tim Hager, and Thomas. M. Moore, "Measuring the Existence Value of Wildlife: What Do CVM Estimates Really Show?" Land Economics 67 (1991): 390-400.
41. Bryan Norton, Robert Costanza, and Richard Bishop, "The Evolution of Preferences: Why 'Sovereign' Preferences May Not Lead to Sustainable Policies and What to Do about It," Ecological Economics 24 (1998): 193-211.
42. A. Myrick Freeman III, The Measurement of Environmental and Resource Values: Theory and Methods (Baltimore: Resources for the Future, 1993); Richard C. Bishop and Richard T. Woodward, "Valuation of Environmental Quality Under Certainty," in Bromley, Handbook of Environmental Economics.
43. A. Myrick Freeman III, The Measurement of Environmental and Resource Values: Theory and Methods (Baltimore: Resources for the Future, 1993); Richard C. Bishop and Richard T. Woodward, "Valuation of Environmental Quality Under Certainty," in Bromley, Handbook of Environmental Economics.
44. Robert Repetto and Malcolm Gillis, eds., Public Policies and the Misuse of Forest Resources (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Robert Repetto et al., Wasting Assets: Natural Resources in the National Income Accounts (Washington, D.C.: World Resource Institute, 1989).
45. Robert Repetto and Malcolm Gillis, eds., Public Policies and the Misuse of Forest Resources (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Robert Repetto et al., Wasting Assets: Natural Resources in the National Income Accounts (Washington, D.C.: World Resource Institute, 1989).
46. There is, of course, a vast literature containing valiant attempts to put market prices on non-market goods. For an accessible discussion of the most commonly used current method, contingent valuation, see Bengt Kristrom "Contingent Valuation," in Jeroen van den Bergh, ed., Handbook of Environmental and Resource Economics (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1999). Critiques of contingent valuation abound including Stevens et al., "Measuring the Existence Value of Wildlife: What do CVM Estimates Really Show?" and Arild Vatn and Daniel Bromley, "Choices without Prices without Apology," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 26 (1993): 129-48.
47. There is, of course, a vast literature containing valiant attempts to put market prices on non-market goods. For an accessible discussion of the most commonly used current method, contingent valuation, see Bengt Kristrom "Contingent Valuation," in Jeroen van den Bergh, ed., Handbook of Environmental and Resource Economics (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1999). Critiques of contingent valuation abound including Stevens et al., "Measuring the Existence Value of Wildlife: What do CVM Estimates Really Show?" and Arild Vatn and Daniel Bromley, "Choices without Prices without Apology," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 26 (1993): 129-48.
48. There is, of course, a vast literature containing valiant attempts to put market prices on non-market goods. For an accessible discussion of the most commonly used current method, contingent valuation, see Bengt Kristrom "Contingent Valuation," in Jeroen van den Bergh, ed., Handbook of Environmental and Resource Economics (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1999). Critiques of contingent valuation abound including Stevens et al., "Measuring the Existence Value of Wildlife: What do CVM Estimates Really Show?" and Arild Vatn and Daniel Bromley, "Choices without Prices without Apology," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 26 (1993): 129-48.
49. Ismail Serageldin, Sustainability and the Wealth of Nations: First Steps in an Ongoing Journey (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1995); Robert Costanza, Ralph d'Arge, Rudolf de Groot, Stephen Farber, Monica Grasso, Bruce Hannon, Karin Limburg, Shahid Naeem, Robert O'Neill, José Paruelo, Robert Raskin, Paul Sutton, and Marjin van den Belt, "The Value of the World's Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital," Nature 387 (1997): 253-60.
50. Ismail Serageldin, Sustainability and the Wealth of Nations: First Steps in an Ongoing Journey (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1995); Robert Costanza, Ralph d'Arge, Rudolf de Groot, Stephen Farber, Monica Grasso, Bruce Hannon, Karin Limburg, Shahid Naeem, Robert O'Neill, José Paruelo, Robert Raskin, Paul Sutton, and Marjin van den Belt, "The Value of the World's Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital," Nature 387 (1997): 253-60.
51. Common and Perrrings, "Towards an Ecological Economics of Sustainability."
52. Charles Perrings, "Resilience in the Dynamics of Economy-Environment Systems," Environmental and Resource Economics 11 (1998): 503-20.
53. Crawford S. Holling, "The Resilience of Terrestrial Ecosystems: Local Surprise and Global Change," in William C. Clark and R. C. Munn, eds., Sustainable Development of the Biosphere (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
54. Crawford S. Holling, "Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems," Annual Review of Ecological Systems 4 (1973): 1-24.
55. Common and Perrings, "Towards an Ecological Economics of Sustainability," based on Holling, "Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems,"
56. See Carlos E.F. Young, "Effective Demand and 'Weak' Sustainability: A Macroeconomic Model," in Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh and Jan van der Straaten, eds., Economy and Ecosystems in Change: Analytical and Historical Approaches (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1996).
57. Holling, "Resilience of Terrestrial Ecosystems."
58. Wilson, Consilience, p. 198.
59. Spash and Hanley, "Preferences, Information and Biodiversity Preservation."
60. Ecological Economics 22 (1997). For an evaluation of the literature and a proposal for production functions consistent with mass balance, see van den Bergh, "Materials, Capital, Direct/Indirect Substitution and Mass Balance Production Functions."
61. Ecological Economics 22 (1997). For an evaluation of the literature and a proposal for production functions consistent with mass balance, see van den Bergh, "Materials, Capital, Direct/Indirect Substitution and Mass Balance Production Functions."
62. Daniel W. Bromley, "Searching for Sustainability: The Poverty of Spontaneous Order," Ecological Economics 24 (1998): 231-40.