Religious heterodoxy and nationalist tradition: The continuing evolution of the nation of islam

Black Scholar

Volumn 26, Issue 3-4, 1996, Pages 2-34

  Allen, Ernest ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0012675321     PISSN: 00064246     EISSN: 21625387     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810     Document Type: Note

References (122)

1. Carol L. Stone, "Estimate of Muslims Living in America," in The Muslims of America, ed. Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 27
2. Michael A. Gomez, "Muslims in Early America," Journal of Southern History 60 (November 1994): 671-710
3. Clyde-Ahmad Winters, "Mro-American Muslims - From Slavery to Freedom," Islamic Studies, 17.4 (1978): 187-205
4. Richard B. Turner, "The Ahmadiyya Mission to Blacks in the United States in the 1920s," Journal of Religious Thought 44 (Winter Spring 1988): 50-66.
5. Mattias Cardell, In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1996), 215- 23
6. For further, brief information on the UNOI, see Peter Noel, "The Final Call: Power Struggle in the Nation of Islam," Village Voice (February 15, 1994): 23, 29
7. John Muhammad's NOI see Aminah Beverly McCloud, African American lslam (New York and London: Routledge, 1995), 83-84.
8. yusuf Nuruddin, 'The Five Percenters: A Teenage Nation of Gods and Earths," in Muslim Communities in North America, ed. Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Jane Idleman Smith (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1994), 109-32
9. Ernest Allen. Jr., "Making the Strong Survive: The Contours and Contradictions of 'Message Rap'," in Dropp in' Science: Critical Essays on Rap Music and Hip Hop Culture, ed. William Eric Perkins (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996), 159-91.
10. Abass Rassoul, "What Must Be Done … After the Coming of God!," It's Time to Know! [UNOI] 2 (Fall 1994): 14-17
11. Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey, ed. Amy Jacques-Garvey, dbl. vol. (New York: Atheneum, 1969), 2: 126.
12. Ernest Allen Jr., 'The New Negro: Explorations in Identity and Social Consciousness, 1910-1922," in 1915: The Cultural Moment ed. Adele Heller and Lois Rudnick (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1991), 48-68.
13. See Ernest Allen Jr., 'The New Negro: Explorations in Identity and Social Consciousness, 1910-1922," in 1915: The Cultural Moment ed. Adele Heller and Lois Rudnick (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1991), 48-68.
14. See Max Nordau, Max Nordau to His People (New York: Scopus, 1941), 199
15. Edwin Black, The Transfer Agreement: The Untold Story of the Secret Agreement Between the Third Reich and jewish Palestine (New York: Macmillan, 1984), 7-77
16. Arnold Rose, The Negro's Morale: Group Identity and Protest (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1949), 43-44.
17. Garvey, Philosophy and opinions, 2:71, 260-61
18. E. David Cronon, Black Moses: The Story of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1955), 188-90
19. The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, edited by Robert A. Hill (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), IV: 679
20. Ethel Work skill Hedlin, "Earnest Cox and Colonization: A White Racist's Response to Black Repatriation, 1923- 1966," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation (Duke University, 1974), 10-107
21. Theodore G. Bilbo, "An African Home for Our Negroes," The Living Age, 358 June 1940): 328-330
22. Arna Bon temps and Jack Conroy, Anyplace But Here (New York: Hill and Wang, 1966), 208-211
23. Malcolm X: The Last Speeches (New York: Pathfinder Press, 1989), 122-24
24. Edwin Black, "Farrakhan and the Jews," Midstream 32 (June/July 1986): 3-4
25. New York Times (October 3, 1985): 19
26. Washington Post (October 5, 1985): 11
27. Time (October 14, 1985): 41
28. Washington Times (November 11, 1985): 7
29. Mattias Garde II, "The Sun of Islam Will Rise in the West: Minister Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam in the Latter Days," in Muslim Communities in North America, 38-39.
30. See Black, The Transfer Agreement, esp. 71-82
31. Joseph B. Schechtman, The Vladimir Jabotinsky Story; Rebel and Statesman: The Early Years (New York: T. Yoseloff, 1956-1961), 399-415.
32. Tony Martin, Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1976), 75-77
33. Constitution and Law of the Imperial Council of the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine for North America (1896), 11
34. Elijah Muhammad, The Secrets of Freemasonry (Cleveland: Secretarius Publications, 1994), 39
35. Hatim A. Sahib, "The Nation of Islam," unpublished MA. dissertation (University of Chicago, 1951), 90
36. Elijah Muhammad, The Theology of Time (Hampton, VA: U.B. & U.S. Communications Systems, 1992), 282-86
37. Peter Lamborn Wilson, "Shoot-Out at the Circle Seven Koran: Noble Drew Ali and the Moorish Science Temple," Gnosis, 12 (Summer 1989): 44-49
38. Peter Lamborn Wilson, Sacred Drift: Essays on the Margins of Islam (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1993), 15-50
39. Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Jane Idleman Smith, Mission to America: Five Islamic Sectarian Communities in North America (Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 1993), 79-104
40. Arthur Huff Fauset, Black Gods of the Metropolis: Negro Religious Cults in the Urban North (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1944), 41-51
41. Bontemps and Conroy, Anyplace But Here, 205-208
42. McCloud, African American Islam, 10-11
43. Honor Ford Smith, "Women and the Garvey Movement in Jamaica," in Garvey: His Work and Impact, ed. Rupert Lewis and Patrick Bryan (Trenton, NJ: Mrica World Press, 1991), 73-83
44. Ansari, "Aspects of Black Muslim Theology," 137-76
45. Winthrop S. Hudson, Religion in America (New York: Scribner's, 1965), 291-315 esp
46. Frank M. Snowden Jr., Blacks in Antiquity: Ethiopians in the Greco-Roman Experience (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1970), vi-vii, 104-07
47. Examples of Fard's puzzles can be found in Bontemps and Conroy, Anyplace But Here, 220-21.
48. Erdmann Doane Beynon, "The Voodoo Cult Among Negro Migrants in Detroit," American journal of Sociology, 43 (May 1938): 905-906.
49. Robert A. Hill and Barbara Bair, ed., Marcus Garvey: Life and Lessons (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), xxviii-xxix.
50. Elijah Muhammad, Message to the Blackman in America (Chicago: Muhammad's Temple No. 2, 1965)
51. Beynon, 'The Voodoo Cult," 897
52. Sahib, 'The Nation of Islam," 99, 108
53. Sahib, 'The Nation of Islam," 84.
54. Louis E. Lomax, When the Word Is Given (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1963), 79.
55. Essien-Udom, Black Nationalism, 80 n 45, 311-17
56. C. Eric Lincoln, The Black Muslims in America, rvsd. ed. (Boston: Beacon Press, 1973), 184.
57. E. Jackson, "A Fighting People Forging Unity," Political AJ Jairs 42 (August 1963): 41-46.
58. Malcolm X, Autobiography, 289.
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61. Chicago Tribune (March 1, 1976): 1
62. New York Times (December 11, 1973): 74
63. Chicago Tribune (January 13, 1972): 2, sect. ID
64. New York Times (February 6, 1974): 44.
65. New York Times (January 19, 1973): 1, 13
66. New York Times (May 3, 1973): 26.
67. New York Times (September 5, 1973): 50
68. Zafar Ishaq Ansari, "W. D. Muhammad: The Making of a 'Black Muslim' Leader (1933-1961)," American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 2.2 ( 1985): 245-62
69. C. Eric Lincoln, 'The American Muslim Mission in the Context of American Social History," in The Muslim Community in North America, 215-33
70. Lawrence H. Mamiya, "From Black Muslim to Bilalian: The Evolution of a Movement," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 21 (1982): 138-52
71. Lee, The Nation of Islam, 98, 101
72. Time (June 30, 1975): 52
73. New York Times (June 17, 1975): 9
74. New York Times (March 7, 1978): 18
75. New York Times (March 7, 1978): 18
76. Muslim Journal (January 10, 1986): 2
77. Japanese Market," Black Enterprise (June 1994): 216
78. Allen, "When Japan Was Champion," 25, 32.
79. Newsweek (March 15, 1976): 33
80. New York Times (August 8, 1976): 34.
81. Chicago Tribune (January 7, 1979): 6
82. Black Enterprise (March 1981): 20
83. Muslim Journal (April 18, 1986): 7
84. Chicago Tribune (May 3, 1985): 1, 24.
85. New York Times (May 25, 1978): 20
86. James Emerson Whitehurst, 'The Mainstreaming of Black Muslims: Healing the Hate," Christian Century (February 27, 1980): 229
87. Muslim Journal (February 21, 1986): 2.
88. New York Times (May 3, 1993): B7.
89. Muslim Journal (March 17, 1995): 15.
90. Muslim Journal (April 18, 1986): 6.
91. Time (March 14, 1977): 59.
92. New York Times (February 26, 1976): 14.
93. Chicago Tribune (January 7, 1979): 6.
94. Chicago Tribune (September 13, 1978): 1, sect. 3
95. "BBB Interviews Minister Abdul Farrakhan," Black Books Bulletin 6 (Spring 1978): 45, 71
96. Sigmund Shipp, 'The Road Not Taken: Alternative Strategies For Black Economic Development in the United States," Journal of Economic Issues 30 (March 1996): 79-95
97. Earl Picard, "The New Black Economic Development Strategy," Telos 60 (Summer 1984): 53-64.
98. Time (February 28, 1994): 26
99. Playthell Benjamin, "The Attitude Is the Message," Village Voice (August 15, 1989): 25, 27
100. The Muslims to the Rescue," Ebony (August 1989): 136, 138, 140
101. Los Angeles Times Quly 2, 1992): B1, 3
102. Benjamin, "The Attitude Is the Message," 25.
103. New York Times (March 1, 1995): C1, 10.
104. Business Week (March 13, 1995): 40
105. Washington Post, national weekly edition (September 9-15, 1996): 6-11
106. Cited in New York Times (June 17, 1975): 9
107. Gardell, "The Sun of Islam Will Rise," 32
108. Gardell, "The Sun of Islam Will Rise," 32
109. George E. Curry, "Farrakhan, Jesse &Jews," Emerge July I August 1994): 34-35.
110. Muhammad, Message to the Blackman, 173, 316
111. Garvey, Philosophy and opinions, 2: 133
112. Cited in Lincoln, Black Muslims, 176
113. Thunderbolt 309 (n.d., c. 1985): 5.
114. For examples of deliberate distortions of Farrakhan's remarks, see Curry, "Farrakhan, Jesse & jews," 37, 40
115. Benjamin, 'The Attitude Is the Message," 24
116. Ernest Allen Jr., "Toward A 'More Perfect Union': A Commingling of Constitutional Ideals and Christian Precepts," Black Scholar 25 (Fall 1995): 27-34.
117. Louis Farrakhan, "Why A Million Man March?," Final Call (August 30, 1995): 19.
118. New York Times (March 25, 1996): A1, 12.
119. Final Call (January 31, 1996): 3
120. Louis Farrakhan, "Can the U.N. Avert the War of Armageddon?," Final Call (November 5, 1996): 21
121. Divided reactions to march follow-up activities are reflected in interviews conducted by Darrell Dawsey, "In Their Footsteps, Emerge (October 1996): 46-49
122. See Mamiya, "Minister Louis Farrakhan and the Final Call," 245-51 esp