Hungary, refugees, and the law of return

International Journal of Refugee Law

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 1996, Pages

  Fullerton, Maryellen ^a  

^a BROOKLYN LAW SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0012542705     PISSN: 09538186     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ijrl/8.4.499     Document Type: Article

References (15)

1. In early June 1994, the second post-communist free elections saw the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP), which is the resurrected Communist Party, win a majority (209 of 386) of seats in the Parliament. Laura Chappell-Brown, 'Why Do Communists Keep Winning Free Elections?" Baltimort Sun, 5Jun. 1991, 5E. The Socialists chose to form a coalition with the alliance of Free Democrats, a liberal party led by former dissidents who espouse free-market economy. Craig R. \Vhitney, 'Leaders Back Free Hungary Plus Stability', New York Times, 25 Jun. 1991, A3.
2. In early June 1994, the second post-communist free elections saw the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP), which is the resurrected Communist Party, win a majority (209 of 386) of seats in the Parliament. Laura Chappell-Brown, 'Why Do Communists Keep Winning Free Elections?" Baltimort Sun, 5Jun. 1991, 5E. The Socialists chose to form a coalition with the alliance of Free Democrats, a liberal party led by former dissidents who espouse free-market economy. Craig R. Vhitney, 'Leaders Back Free Hungary Plus Stability', New York Times, 25 Jun. 1991, A3.
3. Stephen Kinzer, 'Conflict in the Balkans: The Refugees', New York Times, 14 Jul. 1995, A 1 (thousands of refugees fled Srebrenica); Raymond Bonner, 'Conflict in the Balkans: The Refugees', New York Times, 26 Jul. 1995 (2,000 forced out of Zepa).
4. Stephen Kinzer, 'Conflict in the Balkans: The Refugees', New York Times, 14 Jul. 1995, A 1 (thousands of refugees fled Srebrenica); Raymond Bonner, 'Conflict in the Balkans: The Refugees', New York Times, 26 Jul. 1995 (2,000 forced out of Zepa).
5. The Aussiedler phenomenon in Germany, with its separate and parallel track for ethnic Germans whose families have lived for generations outside Germany, is a response to another historical diaspora. In Germany, however, the Aussiedler have a separate processing system and gain a status different from that of 'foreign refugees'. They are not viewed as asylum seekers or refugees by the international community (cf. art. IE, 1951 Convention), or the public at large, although there has been public criticism of the Aussiidler programme. See Alan Cowell, 'For Migrants to Germany, Welcome Turns Sour', New York Times, 24 Mar. 1996.
6. Judit Juhász, International Migration in Hungary (1995) (unpublished manuscript, on file with author). Vicki Goldberg, 'All-Conquering Hungarians, Empire or No", New York Times, 3 Dec. 1995, H47. Pál Péter Tóth, 'Refugees, Immigrants and New Citizens in Hungary, 1988-1992', in Maryellen Fullerton et al., eds., Refugees and Migrants: Hungary at a Crossroads, (1995), 69, 71 (hereafter Fullerton et al., Refugees and Migrants).
7. Judit Juhász, International Migration in Hungary (1995) (unpublished manuscript, on file with author). Vicki Goldberg, 'All-Conquering Hungarians, Empire or No", New York Times, 3 Dec. 1995, H47. Pál Péter Tóth, 'Refugees, Immigrants and New Citizens in Hungary, 1988-1992', in Maryellen Fullerton et al., eds., Refugees and Migrants: Hungary at a Crossroads, (1995), 69, 71 (hereafter Fullerton et al., Refugees and Migrants).
8. Judit Juhász, International Migration in Hungary (1995) (unpublished manuscript, on file with author). Vicki Goldberg, 'All-Conquering Hungarians, Empire or No", New York Times, 3 Dec. 1995, H47. Pál Péter Tóth, 'Refugees, Immigrants and New Citizens in Hungary, 1988-1992', in Maryellen Fullerton et al., eds., Refugees and Migrants: Hungary at a Crossroads, (1995), 69, 71 (hereafter Fullerton et al., Refugees and Migrants).
9. Judit Juhász, International Migration in Hungary (1995) (unpublished manuscript, on file with author). Vicki Goldberg, 'All-Conquering Hungarians, Empire or No", New York Times, 3 Dec. 1995, H47. Pál Péter Tóth, 'Refugees, Immigrants and New Citizens in Hungary, 1988-1992', in Maryellen Fullerton et al., eds., Refugees and Migrants: Hungary at a Crossroads, (1995), 69, 71 (hereafter Fullerton et al., Refugees and Migrants).
10. Endre Sik, J. Tarjanyi, Tibor Zavecz, 'Sociological Characteristics of Refugees and their Flight from Transylvania', in Adelman et al., Genesis of A Domestic Regime, 25, 33 (hereafter Sik et al.) 74% of the refugees between 1987 and 1989 had relatives in Hungary; 43% had friends in Hungary.
11. " Nagy, above note 21, at 28. As citizens of a Warsaw Pact country, they were able to cross the border without visas. Endre Sik & Judit Tóth, 'The Role of Governmental and Nongovernmental Organizations in Hungarian Refugee Policy', in Adelman et al., Genesis of A Domestic Regime, 65, 66 (hereafter Sik & Tóth). Nonetheless, many illegally crossed the 'green' (areas away from authorized border crossing stations) border. Boldizsár Nagy, 'The Refugee Situation in Hungary: Where Now?1 32 AWR Bulletin 125, 127 (1994).
12. " Nagy, above note 21, at 28. As citizens of a Warsaw Pact country, they were able to cross the border without visas. Endre Sik & Judit Tóth, 'The Role of Governmental and Nongovernmental Organizations in Hungarian Refugee Policy', in Adelman et al., Genesis of A Domestic Regime, 65, 66 (hereafter Sik & Tóth). Nonetheless, many illegally crossed the 'green' (areas away from authorized border crossing stations) border. Boldizsár Nagy, 'The Refugee Situation in Hungary: Where Now?1 32 AWR Bulletin 125, 127 (1994).
13. Citizenship Act, para. 6(1); Judit Tóth, 'Who Are the Desirable Immigrants in Hungary Under the Newly Adopted Laws?' in Fullerton, et al., Refugees and Migrants, 57, 60.
14. For a short description of Nagyatád Refugee Camp, see Eva V. Huseby-Darvas, 'Puzzling Voices, Pleading Words: Refugee Issues, Refugee Camps and Refugee Women in Hungary", in Fullerton et al., eds., Refusgees and Migrants, 153, 159.
15. For example, Chris Hedges, 'Conflict in the Balkans: The Fighting', New York Times, 26 Jul. 1995, at A-9 (ethnic cleansing in Zepa); Kinzer, above note 2 (UN High Commissioner for Refugees says Srebrenica most blatant example yet of ethnic cleansing).