Globalisation and nationalism: Squaring the circle in Chinese international relations theory

Millenium

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 103-124

  Hughes, Christopher ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0012234177     PISSN: 03058298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/03058298970260010901     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. On the 'ti-yong' debate, see Joseph R. Levenson, Confucian China and Its Modern Fate: A Trilogy (California: University of California Press, 1965), pp. 59-98.
2. On Mao's sinification of Marxism, see Stuart Schram, The Thought of Mao Tse-tung (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), especially pp. 49-50.
3. On the genesis of 'socialist spiritual civilisation', see Stuart R. Schram, "'Economics in Command?" Ideology and Policy Since the Third Plenum, 1978-84', The China Quarterly (Vol. 99, 1984), pp. 417-61.
4. Deng Xiaoping wenxuan: di san juan [Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping: Volume Three] (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1993). Hereafter, the volume will be referred to as SW3. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from Chinese that follow are the author's own.
5. Wang Jisi (ed.), Wenming yu guoji zhengzhi: Zhongguo xuezhe ping Hengtingdun de wenming chongtu lun [Civilisation and International Politics: Chinese Scholars Criticise Huntington's Theory of the Clash of Civilisations] (Shanghai: Renmin chubanshe, 1995). Hereafter, this work will be referred to as Civilisation.
6. Song Qiang, Zhang Zangzang, Qiao Bian, Gu Qingsheng, and Tang Zhengyu, Zhongguo keyi shuo bu: leng zhan hou shidai de zhengzhi yu qinggan jueze [The China That Can Say No: Political and Emotional Choices in the Post-Cold War Period] (Beijing: Zhonghua gongshang lienhe chubanshe, 1996). Hereafter, the book is referred to as Say No.
7. Deng Xiaoping, 'Zhongguo gongchan dang di shi er ci quan guo daibiao da hui kaimu ci' [Opening Speech to the Twelfth National Congress of the CCP'], SW3, pp. 1-4.
8. This point was clearly made following the 1979 'Beijing Spring' democracy movement. It is enshrined, for example, in the preamble to Deng's version of the PRC constitution. See Fifth Session of the National People's Congress, November-December 1982 (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1983), pp. 5-9. The point is also clearly outlined in the historical verdict on the past made by the party under Deng. See Resolution on CCP History. 1949-81 (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1981), especially p. 74.
9. This point was clearly made following the 1979 'Beijing Spring' democracy movement. It is enshrined, for example, in the preamble to Deng's version of the PRC constitution. See Fifth Session of the National People's Congress, November-December 1982 (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1983), pp. 5-9. The point is also clearly outlined in the historical verdict on the past made by the party under Deng. See Resolution on CCP History. 1949-81 (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1981), especially p. 74.
10. Deng Xiaoping, 'Zengjin Zhong Yin youyi, jiaqiang nan nan hezuo' ['Enhancing Sino-Indian Friendship - Strengthening South-South Cooperation'], originally delivered in October 1982, SW3, p. 19.
11. Deng Xiaoping, 'Wending shijie jushi de xin banfa' ['A New Method for Stabilising the World Situation'], SW3, pp. 49-50.
12. Deng Xiaoping, 'Heping gongchu yuanze juyou qiangda shenming li' ['The Principles of Peaceful Co-existence Certainly Have Great Vitality'], SW3, pp. 96-97.
13. Deng Xiaoping, 'Women dui Xianggang wenti de jiben lichang' ['Our Basic Position on the Hong Kong Problem'], SW3, pp. 12-13.
14. Deng Xiaoping, 'Zhongguo dalu he Taiwan heping tongyi de shexiang' ['A Proposal for the Unification of Mainland China and Taiwan'], SW3, p. 31.
15. Deng Xiaoping, 'Jianshe shehui zhuyi de wuzhi wenming he jingshen wenming' ['Build Socialism's Material Civilisation and Spiritual Civilisation'], SW3, pp. 27-28.
16. On the intra-party struggles over 'spiritual pollution' during this period, see Schram, op. cit., in note 3.
17. Deng Xiaoping, 'Dang zai zuzhi zhanxian he sixiang zhanxian shang de poqie remvu' ['Pressing Matters for the Party's Organisational Line and Thought Line'], SW3, p. 45.
18. Deng Xiaoping, 'Gao zichan jieji ziyouhua jiushi zou ziben zhuyi daolu' ['Practising Bourgeois Liberalisation is Taking the Capitalist Road'], SW3, p. 124.
19. Ibid., p. 125.
20. Deng Xiaoping, 'Qizhi xianming de fandui zichan jieji ziyouhua' [Take a Clear Stand Opposing Bourgeois Liberalisation'], SW3, p. 195.
21. Sun Yatsen, Sanmin zhuyi [Three Principles of the People] (Taipei: Da Zhongguo tushu, 1969), p. 1.
22. Deng Xiaoping, 'The Present Situation and the Tasks Before Us', Selected Works (1975-1982), (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1984), p. 252.
23. Deng Xiaoping, op. cit., in note 19, pp. 197.
24. Deng Xiaoping, 'Wo guo fangzhen zhengce de liangge jiben dian' ['Two Basic Points on the Strategic Policy of Our Country'], SW3, pp. 248-50, and Deng Xiaoping, 'Yiqie cong shehui zhuyi chuji jieduan de shiji chufa' ['Everything Starts from the Primary Stage of Socialism'], SW3, pp. 251-52.
25. Deng Xiaoping, 'Wo guo fangzhen zhengce de liangge jiben dian' ['Two Basic Points on the Strategic Policy of Our Country'], SW3, pp. 248-50, and Deng Xiaoping, 'Yiqie cong shehui zhuyi chuji jieduan de shiji chufa' ['Everything Starts from the Primary Stage of Socialism'], SW3, pp. 251-52.
26. Deng Xiaoping, 'Sixiang geng jiefang yixie, gaige de buzi geng kuai yixie' ['Thought Needs to be a Little More Open, Reform Steps a Little Quicker'], SW3, pp. 264-65.
27. Deng Xiaoping, 'Geng xishou guoji de jingyan' ['Absorb International Experience More'], SW3, pp. 266-67, and Deng Xiaoping, 'Zucheng yi ge shixing gaige de you xiwang de lingdao jiti' [Organise a Reforming Optimistic Collective Leadership'], SW3, pp. 296-308.
28. Deng Xiaoping, 'Geng xishou guoji de jingyan' ['Absorb International Experience More'], SW3, pp. 266-67, and Deng Xiaoping, 'Zucheng yi ge shixing gaige de you xiwang de lingdao jiti' [Organise a Reforming Optimistic Collective Leadership'], SW3, pp. 296-308.
29. Deng Xiaoping, 'Jianchi shehui zhuyi, fangzhi heping yanbian' ['Build Socialism, Oppose Peaceful Evolution'], SW3, pp. 344-46.
30. Deng Xiaoping, 'Women you xinxin ba zhongguo de shiqing zuo geng hao' ['We Have Confidence in Handling China's Affairs Even Better'], SW3, p. 325.
31. Deng Xiaoping, 'Jieshu yanjun de Zhong Mei guanxi yao you Meiguo caizhu zhudong' ['Ending Strained Sino-Us Relations Must Come from US Actions'], SW3, pp. 330-33.
32. Deng Xiaoping, op. cit., in note 26, pp. 344-46.
33. Deng Xiaoping, 'Zhongguo yongyuan bu yunxu bie guo ganshe nei zheng' ['China Will Never Agree to Other Countries Interfering in Internal Politics'], SW3, pp. 359-61.
34. Deng Xiaoping, op. cit., in note 24, pp. 330-33.
35. Deng Xiaoping, 'Guoji xingshi he jingji wenti' ['The International Situation and Economic Problems'], SW3, pp. 353-56.
36. Ibid., pp. 324-27, and Deng Xiaoping, 'Gaige kaifang zhengce wending, Zhongguo da you xiwang' ['The Policy of Reform and Opening is Stable, China Has Great Hope'], SW3, pp. 315-21.
37. Ibid., pp. 324-27, and Deng Xiaoping, 'Gaige kaifang zhengce wending, Zhongguo da you xiwang' ['The Policy of Reform and Opening is Stable, China Has Great Hope'], SW3, pp. 315-21.
38. Deng Xiaoping, 'Zongjie jingyan, shiyong rencai' ['Sum Up Experience, Use Personnel'], SW3, pp. 368-69.
39. Deng Xiaoping, 'Zai Wuhan, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shanghai deng di de tanhua yaodian' ['Essential Points of Talk in Wuhan, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shangai Areas'], SW3, pp. 370-83.
40. Ibid., p. 378.
41. Ibid. p. 379.
42. Samuel P. Huntington, 'The Clash of Civilizations?', Foreign Affairs (Vol. 72, No. 3, 1993), pp. 22-49.
43. Chen Lemin, 'Tuokuan guoji zhengzhi yanjiu de lingyu' ['Expand the Territory of Research in International Politics'], in Wang Jisi (ed.), op. cit., in note 5, pp. 2-11.
44. Liu Qinghua, 'Leng zhan hou shijie chongtu wenti' ['Problems of Conflict in the Post-Cold War World'], Civilisation, p. 98, and Shi Zhong, 'Weilai de chongtu' ['Future Conflict'], Civilisation, p. 136.
45. Liu Qinghua, 'Leng zhan hou shijie chongtu wenti' ['Problems of Conflict in the Post-Cold War World'], Civilisation, p. 98, and Shi Zhong, 'Weilai de chongtu' ['Future Conflict'], Civilisation, p. 136.
46. Wang Yizhou, 'Guoji zhengzhi de you yi zhong toushi' ['Another Perspective on International Politics'], Civilisation, pp. 57-70. The quote is from p. 62.
47. Ibid., p. 67.
48. Ibid., p. 65.
49. Wang Jisi, "'Wenming chongtu lun" lun zhan pingshu' ['An Assessment of the Debate Over the "Clash of Civilizations Theory"'], Civilisation, pp. 18-56, and Wang Jisi, 'Wenming chongtu lun de lilun jichu yu xianshi yiyi' ['The Theoretical Foundation and Practical Significance of the Theory of the Clash of Civilisations'], Civilisation, pp. 178-211.
50. Wang Jisi, "'Wenming chongtu lun" lun zhan pingshu' ['An Assessment of the Debate Over the "Clash of Civilizations Theory"'], Civilisation, pp. 18-56, and Wang Jisi, 'Wenming chongtu lun de lilun jichu yu xianshi yiyi' ['The Theoretical Foundation and Practical Significance of the Theory of the Clash of Civilisations'], Civilisation, pp. 178-211.
51. Wang Jisi, 'An Assessment of the Debate Over the "Clash of Civilizations Theory"', op. cit., in note 44, pp. 23-34.
52. Wang Jisi, 'The Theoretical Foundation and Practical Significance of the Theory of the Clash of Civilisations', op. cit., in note 44, pp. 187-90.
53. Zhu Wenli, 'Essentials of Huntington's Theory of the Clash of Civilisations', Civilisation, pp. 6-8.
54. Tang Yijie, 'Ping Hengtingdun de "wenming de chongtu?"' ['A Critique of Huntington's "The Clash of Civilizations?"'], Civilisation, pp. 251-52.
55. The 'May 4 movement' was a wave of nationalist outrage that swept through China after the decision of the World War I Allies to hand German territorial concessions in China (which was aligned with the Allies) over to Japan. In fact, The 'New Culture' movement began in 1915 when the Chinese government gave in to extreme demands from Japan that amounted to a process of semi-colonisation. In this movement, 'Mr Science' and 'Mr Democracy' personified the answers to the problems of China, as seen by Chen Duxiu, who later became a CCP founding father. For more information on the 'May 4 movement', see Chow Tse-tung, The May 4 Movement: Intellectual Revolution in Modern China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960).
56. Shi Zhong, 'Weilai de chongtu' ['Future Conflict'], Civilisation, pp. 135-36, and 142; Ni Shixiong, 'Wo suo liaojie de "wenming chongtu lun"' ['The "Clash of Civilizations" as I Understand It'], Civilisation, p. 390; Kuang Yang, 'Biandong zhong de shijie tujing' ['The Changing World Scene'], Civilisation, p. 244; Tang Yijie, op. cit., in note 48, p. 253; and Feng Tianyu, "'Wenming chongtu jueding lun" bianxi' ['Refutation of the Theory of the Determinism of Civilisational Conflict"'], Civilisation, p. 306.
57. Shi Zhong, 'Weilai de chongtu' ['Future Conflict'], Civilisation, pp. 135-36, and 142; Ni Shixiong, 'Wo suo liaojie de "wenming chongtu lun"' ['The "Clash of Civilizations" as I Understand It'], Civilisation, p. 390; Kuang Yang, 'Biandong zhong de shijie tujing' ['The Changing World Scene'], Civilisation, p. 244; Tang Yijie, op. cit., in note 48, p. 253; and Feng Tianyu, "'Wenming chongtu jueding lun" bianxi' ['Refutation of the Theory of the Determinism of Civilisational Conflict"'], Civilisation, p. 306.
58. Shi Zhong, 'Weilai de chongtu' ['Future Conflict'], Civilisation, pp. 135-36, and 142; Ni Shixiong, 'Wo suo liaojie de "wenming chongtu lun"' ['The "Clash of Civilizations" as I Understand It'], Civilisation, p. 390; Kuang Yang, 'Biandong zhong de shijie tujing' ['The Changing World Scene'], Civilisation, p. 244; Tang Yijie, op. cit., in note 48, p. 253; and Feng Tianyu, "'Wenming chongtu jueding lun" bianxi' ['Refutation of the Theory of the Determinism of Civilisational Conflict"'], Civilisation, p. 306.
59. Shi Zhong, 'Weilai de chongtu' ['Future Conflict'], Civilisation, pp. 135-36, and 142; Ni Shixiong, 'Wo suo liaojie de "wenming chongtu lun"' ['The "Clash of Civilizations" as I Understand It'], Civilisation, p. 390; Kuang Yang, 'Biandong zhong de shijie tujing' ['The Changing World Scene'], Civilisation, p. 244; Tang Yijie, op. cit., in note 48, p. 253; and Feng Tianyu, "'Wenming chongtu jueding lun" bianxi' ['Refutation of the Theory of the Determinism of Civilisational Conflict"'], Civilisation, p. 306.
60. Shi Zhong, 'Weilai de chongtu' ['Future Conflict'], Civilisation, pp. 135-36, and 142; Ni Shixiong, 'Wo suo liaojie de "wenming chongtu lun"' ['The "Clash of Civilizations" as I Understand It'], Civilisation, p. 390; Kuang Yang, 'Biandong zhong de shijie tujing' ['The Changing World Scene'], Civilisation, p. 244; Tang Yijie, op. cit., in note 48, p. 253; and Feng Tianyu, "'Wenming chongtu jueding lun" bianxi' ['Refutation of the Theory of the Determinism of Civilisational Conflict"'], Civilisation, p. 306.
61. Wang Jisi, 'An Assessment of the Debate Over the "Clash of Civilizations Theory"', op. cit., in note 44, p. 33.
62. Zhang Rulun, 'Wenhua de chongtu haishi wenhua kunjing' ['Cultural Conflict or Cultural Difficulty?'], Civilisation, pp. 317-18.
63. Feng Tianyu, op. cit., in note 50, p. 307.
64. Wang Yong, "'Shi fan" de guoji guanxi yu wenming jian chongtu de benzhi' ['The Fundamental Value of the "Lost Paradigm" of International Relations and Conflict Between Civilisations'], Civilisation, p. 126.
65. Zhang Rulun, op. cit., in note 52, p. 318; Wang Jisi, 'An Assessment of the Debate Over the "Clash of Civilizations Theory"', op. cit., in note 44, p. 43; and Liu Qinghua, op. cit., in note 40, pp. 99-100.
66. Zhang Rulun, op. cit., in note 52, p. 318; Wang Jisi, 'An Assessment of the Debate Over the "Clash of Civilizations Theory"', op. cit., in note 44, p. 43; and Liu Qinghua, op. cit., in note 40, pp. 99-100.
67. Zhang Rulun, op. cit., in note 52, p. 318; Wang Jisi, 'An Assessment of the Debate Over the "Clash of Civilizations Theory"', op. cit., in note 44, p. 43; and Liu Qinghua, op. cit., in note 40, pp. 99-100.
68. Wang Jisi, 'The Theoretical Foundation and Practical Significance of the Theory of the Clash of Civilisations', op cit., in note 44, p. 205, and Zhu Wenli, op cit., in note 47, pp. 5-6.
69. Wang Jisi, 'The Theoretical Foundation and Practical Significance of the Theory of the Clash of Civilisations', op cit., in note 44, p. 205, and Zhu Wenli, op cit., in note 47, pp. 5-6.
70. Feng Tianyu, op cit., in note 50, p. 306.
71. Wang Yizhou, op. cit., in note 41, p. 61.
72. Jiang Yihua, 'Lun dongya xiandai hua jincheng zhong de xin lixing zhuyi wenhua' ['On the Culture of Neo-Rationalism in the Process of East Asian Modernisation'], Civilisation, pp. 260-74.
73. Wang Yong, op. cit., in note 54, p. 120.
74. See, for example, Christopher Coker, 'What's Left of the West?', The Spectator (7 September 1996), pp. 8-10.
75. Zhang Rulun, op. cit., in note 52, pp. 317-20.
76. The theory of these types of rationality can be found in Jürgen Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action, trans. T. McCarthy, Volumes 1-2 (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987). A concise summary can be found in Thomas McCarthy, The Critical Theory of Jürgen Habermas (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1978), pp. 28-40. See also Max Weber, The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism, trans. H.H. Gerth (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1951).
77. The theory of these types of rationality can be found in Jürgen Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action, trans. T. McCarthy, Volumes 1-2 (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987). A concise summary can be found in Thomas McCarthy, The Critical Theory of Jürgen Habermas (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1978), pp. 28-40. See also Max Weber, The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism, trans. H.H. Gerth (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1951).
78. The theory of these types of rationality can be found in Jürgen Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action, trans. T. McCarthy, Volumes 1-2 (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987). A concise summary can be found in Thomas McCarthy, The Critical Theory of Jürgen Habermas (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1978), pp. 28-40. See also Max Weber, The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism, trans. H.H. Gerth (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1951).
79. Jiang Yihua, op. cit., in note 59, p. 263, and Zhang Rulun, op. cit., in note 52, p. 319.
80. Jiang Yihua, op. cit., in note 59, p. 263, and Zhang Rulun, op. cit., in note 52, p. 319.
81. Jiang Yihua, op. cit., in note 59, pp. 262-68. The author refers here to Weber, The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism, without any page number. The reader may assume it means Weber's conclusion that Confucianism is 'a rational ethic which reduced tension with the world to an absolute minimum'. See Weber, op. cit., in note 63, p. 227.
82. Jiang Yihua, op. cit., in note 59, pp. 262-68. The author refers here to Weber, The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism, without any page number. The reader may assume it means Weber's conclusion that Confucianism is 'a rational ethic which reduced tension with the world to an absolute minimum'. See Weber, op. cit., in note 63, p. 227.
83. Jiang Yihua, op. cit., in note 59, pp. 262-68. The author refers here to Weber, The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism, without any page number. The reader may assume it means Weber's conclusion that Confucianism is 'a rational ethic which reduced tension with the world to an absolute minimum'. See Weber, op. cit., in note 63, p. 227.
84. Wang Jisi, 'An Assessment of the Debate Over the "Clash of Civilizations Theory"', op. cit., in note 44, p. 32.
85. For an example of thinking on the 'Asian century' in Singapore, see Kishore Mahbubani, 'The Pacific Way', Foreign Affairs (Vol. 74, No. 1, 1995).
86. Jiang Yihua, op. cit., in note 59, pp. 265-66, and Tang Yijie, op. cit., in note 48, pp. 254-57.
87. Jiang Yihua, op. cit., in note 59, pp. 265-66, and Tang Yijie, op. cit., in note 48, pp. 254-57.
88. Chen Shaoming, 'Liyi rentong de moshi zhuanbian' ['The Paradigm Shift of Interest Identification'], Civilisation, p. 326.
89. Wang Jisi, 'The Theoretical Foundation and Practical Significance of the Theory of the Clash of Civilisations', op. cit., in note 44, p. 186.
90. Ibid., p. 52. For the patriotic education policy, see 'Outline on Implementing Patriotic Education', Guangming ribao (6 September 1994).
91. Ibid., p. 52. For the patriotic education policy, see 'Outline on Implementing Patriotic Education', Guangming ribao (6 September 1994).
92. Wang Huning, 'Wenhua tuozhan yu wenhua zhuquan: dui zhuquan guannian de tiaozhan' ['Cultural Expansion and Cultural Sovereignty: The Challenge to the Concept of Sovereignty'], Civilisation, pp. 340-56.
93. Ibid., p. 344. Wang refers to James Mayall, Nationalism and International Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
94. Ibid., p. 344. Wang refers to James Mayall, Nationalism and International Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
95. Ibid., p. 352.
96. Ibid., p. 354.
97. On domestic society as a metaphor for international society in Chinese international relations, see Christopher Hughes, 'China and Liberalism Globalised', Millennium: Journal of International Studies (Vol. 24, No. 3, 1995), pp. 425-45.
98. Wang Huning, op. cit., in note 72, pp. 355-56.
99. Liu Qinghua, op. cit., in note 40, pp. 108-109.
100. Wang Yong, op. cit., in note 54, pp. 121-24.
101. Kuang Yang, op. cit., in note 50, p. 247.
102. Shi Zhong, op. cit., in note 50, pp. 140-41.
103. Wang Hui and Zhang Tianwei, 'Wenhua pipan lilun wu dangdai zhongguo minzu zhuyi wenti' ['Cultural Criticism and the Problem of Nationalism in Contemporary China'], Zhanlue yu guanli [Strategy and Management] (No. 4, 1994), pp. 54-58, quoted by Wang Jisi, 'An Assessment of the Debate Over the "Clash of Civilizations Theory"', op. cit., in note 44, p. 36.
104. Wang Hui and Zhang Tianwei, 'Wenhua pipan lilun wu dangdai zhongguo minzu zhuyi wenti' ['Cultural Criticism and the Problem of Nationalism in Contemporary China'], Zhanlue yu guanli [Strategy and Management] (No. 4, 1994), pp. 54-58, quoted by Wang Jisi, 'An Assessment of the Debate Over the "Clash of Civilizations Theory"', op. cit., in note 44, p. 36.
105. The same point is made in Feng Lin (ed.), Zhongguo dayuce [China Macro-Forecast] (Beijing: Gaige Chubanshe, Second Volume, 1996), p. 658.
106. Wang Jisi, 'An Assessment of the Debate Over the "Clash of Civilizations Theory"', op. cit., in note 44, p. 36; Wang Jisi, 'The Theoretical Foundation and Practical Significance of the Theory of the Clash of Civilisations', op. cit., in note 44, pp. 196-97; and Xu Guoqi, 'Hengtingdun ji qi "vyenming chongtu" lun' ['Huntington and His Theory of the "Clash of Civilizations"'], Civilisation, p. 93.
107. Wang Jisi, 'An Assessment of the Debate Over the "Clash of Civilizations Theory"', op. cit., in note 44, p. 36; Wang Jisi, 'The Theoretical Foundation and Practical Significance of the Theory of the Clash of Civilisations', op. cit., in note 44, pp. 196-97; and Xu Guoqi, 'Hengtingdun ji qi "vyenming chongtu" lun' ['Huntington and His Theory of the "Clash of Civilizations"'], Civilisation, p. 93.
108. Wang Jisi, 'An Assessment of the Debate Over the "Clash of Civilizations Theory"', op. cit., in note 44, p. 36; Wang Jisi, 'The Theoretical Foundation and Practical Significance of the Theory of the Clash of Civilisations', op. cit., in note 44, pp. 196-97; and Xu Guoqi, 'Hengtingdun ji qi "vyenming chongtu" lun' ['Huntington and His Theory of the "Clash of Civilizations"'], Civilisation, p. 93.
109. He Beilin, 'Qianyan' ['Foreword'], Say No, p. 1.
110. Zhang Zangzang, 'Wo tuoqi na zhong zhongguo ren' ['I Spurn That Kind Of Chinese Person'], Say No, pp. 55-60.
111. He Beilin, op. cit., in note 84, p. 3.
112. See Shintaro Ishihara, The Japan That Can Say No: Why Japan Will Be First Among Equals, trans. F. Baldwin (London: Simon and Schuster, 1991), and Datuk Seri Mahathir bin Mohamad and Shintaro Ishihara, The Voice of Asia: Two Leaders Discuss the Coming Century, trans. F. Baldwin (Tokyo and New York, NY: Kodansha International, 1995).
113. See Shintaro Ishihara, The Japan That Can Say No: Why Japan Will Be First Among Equals, trans. F. Baldwin (London: Simon and Schuster, 1991), and Datuk Seri Mahathir bin Mohamad and Shintaro Ishihara, The Voice of Asia: Two Leaders Discuss the Coming Century, trans. F. Baldwin (Tokyo and New York, NY: Kodansha International, 1995).
114. Song Qiang, 'Cang tian dang si, huang tian dang li' ['The Blue World is Dead, the Yellow World Stands Up'], Say No, pp. 3-51.
115. Yu Quanyu, 'Fang mei guilai geng you xinxin' ['More Confidence After Returning from America'], Say No, p. 427.
116. Gu Qingsheng, 'Bie ba ziji gaode hen zi bei' ['Do Not Put Ourselves Down'], Say No, p. 278.
117. Song Qiang, 'Women ji rongyi biancheng null, biancheng yihou, hai hen xihuan' ['We Very Easily Become Slaves, and After Changing, We Like It a Lot'], Say No, p. 20.
118. Tang Zhengyu, 'Er zhi fan er jiang zhongguo daoru le geng da de guoji hezuo huanjing' ['Containment Will Only Lead China To a Situation of More International Cooperation'], Say No, p. 200.
119. Sun Yatsen, op. cit., in note 20, p. 1.
120. Ibid., p. 1.
121. Tang, op. cit., in note 92, pp. 198-99.
122. See Wang Hui and Zhang Tianwei, op. cit., in note 82. See also Geremie R. Barmé, 'China's Avantgarde Nationalists', in Jonathan Unger (ed.), Chinese Nationalism (Armonk, NY and London: M.E. Sharpe, 1996), pp. 189-93. It is somewhat ironic that Western post-modern writing, including Edward Said's Orientalism, has been conflated with the debate on Huntington to provoke nationalistic responses in China.
123. See Wang Hui and Zhang Tianwei, op. cit., in note 82. See also Geremie R. Barmé, 'China's Avantgarde Nationalists', in Jonathan Unger (ed.), Chinese Nationalism (Armonk, NY and London: M.E. Sharpe, 1996), pp. 189-93. It is somewhat ironic that Western post-modern writing, including Edward Said's Orientalism, has been conflated with the debate on Huntington to provoke nationalistic responses in China.
124. Gu Qingsheng, op. cit., in note 90, p. 279-80.
125. Gu Qingsheng, 'Wo jue bu dacheng bo yin 777' ['I Will Certainly Not Travel by Boeing 777'], Say No, pp. 273-277.
126. Anthony D. Smith, Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996), p. 27. This is also the view advocated by Habermas. See Habermas, op. cit., in note 63.
127. Anthony D. Smith, Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996), p. 27. This is also the view advocated by Habermas. See Habermas, op. cit., in note 63.
128. Barry Buzan, People States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era, Second Edition (New York, NY: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991), p. 169.
129. See, for example, Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990), p. 64; Roland Robertson, 'Glocalization: Time-Space and Homogeneity-Heterogeneity', in Mike Featherstone, Scott Lash, and Roland Robertson (eds.), Global Modernities (London and Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995), pp. 25-44; and Jan Nederveen Pieterse, 'Globalization as Hybridization', in Featherstone et al., Global Modernities, pp. 45-68.
130. See, for example, Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990), p. 64; Roland Robertson, 'Glocalization: Time-Space and Homogeneity-Heterogeneity', in Mike Featherstone, Scott Lash, and Roland Robertson (eds.), Global Modernities (London and Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995), pp. 25-44; and Jan Nederveen Pieterse, 'Globalization as Hybridization', in Featherstone et al., Global Modernities, pp. 45-68.
131. See, for example, Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990), p. 64; Roland Robertson, 'Glocalization: Time-Space and Homogeneity-Heterogeneity', in Mike Featherstone, Scott Lash, and Roland Robertson (eds.), Global Modernities (London and Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995), pp. 25-44; and Jan Nederveen Pieterse, 'Globalization as Hybridization', in Featherstone et al., Global Modernities, pp. 45-68.
132. Martin Walker and Andrew Higgins, 'Here Comes Mickey Mao', The Guardian ('The Week' section, 30 November 1996), p. 2.
133. Buzan, op. cit., in note 100, p. 50.
134. See the following news accounts, Xin bao (Hong Kong, 27 September 1996) and Lianhe bao (Taipei, 28 September 1996).
135. See the following news accounts, Xin bao (Hong Kong, 27 September 1996) and Lianhe bao (Taipei, 28 September 1996).