Paul the Deacon and the Franks

Early Medieval Europe

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 319-339

  McKitterick, Rosamond ^a  

^a NEWNHAM COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 0012162538     PISSN: 09639462     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1468-0254.00051     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. See the admirable survey by Lidia Capo, 'Paolo Diacono e il problema della cultura dell'Iralia Longobarda', in S. Gasparri and P. Commarosano (eds.), Langobardia (Udine, 1990), pp. 169-235.
2. R. Hodges, Light in the Dark Ages. The Rise and Full of San Vincenzo al Volturno (London, 1997). Compare my review in The Times Literary Supplement, 5 September 1997, p. 12.
3. R. Hodges, Light in the Dark Ages. The Rise and Full of San Vincenzo al Volturno (London, 1997). Compare my review in The Times Literary Supplement, 5 September 1997, p. 12.
4. P. Delogu, 'Lombard and Carolingian Italy', in R. McKitterick (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History II [, c.700-c.900] (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 290-319 at p. 301.
5. Annales regni Francorum, ed. F. Kurze, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores rerum Germanicarum [hereafter MGH, SRG] 6 (Hanover, 1895), s.a. 773 and 774, pp. 34-40.
6. J.L. Nelson, 'Making a Difference in Eighth-Century Politics: the Daughters of Desiderius', in A.C. Murray (ed.), After Rome's Fall. Narrators and Sources of Early Medieval History. Essays presented to Walter Goffart (Toronto, 1998), pp. 171-90.
7. Paul the Deacon, Historia Romana, ed. A. Crivellucci, Fonti per la Storia d'Italia 51 (Rome, 1913) and A. Crivellucci, 'Per l'edizione della Historia romana di Paolo Diacono', Buttettino dell'Istituto Storico 40 (1921), pp. 7-103 and see the useful discussion by W. Goffart, [The] Narrators of Barbarian History[. Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede, and Paul the Deacon] (Princeton, NJ, 1988), pp. 347-56 esp. p. 356.
8. Paul the Deacon, Historia Romana, ed. A. Crivellucci, Fonti per la Storia d'Italia 51 (Rome, 1913) and A. Crivellucci, 'Per l'edizione della Historia romana di Paolo Diacono', Buttettino dell'Istituto Storico 40 (1921), pp. 7-103 and see the useful discussion by W. Goffart, [The] Narrators of Barbarian History[. Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede, and Paul the Deacon] (Princeton, NJ, 1988), pp. 347-56 esp. p. 356.
9. Paul the Deacon, Historia Romana, ed. A. Crivellucci, Fonti per la Storia d'Italia 51 (Rome, 1913) and A. Crivellucci, 'Per l'edizione della Historia romana di Paolo Diacono', Buttettino dell'Istituto Storico 40 (1921), pp. 7-103 and see the useful discussion by W. Goffart, [The] Narrators of Barbarian History[. Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede, and Paul the Deacon] (Princeton, NJ, 1988), pp. 347-56 esp. p. 356.
10. MGH, Concilia II.i, ed. A. Werminghoff (Hanover, 1906), no. 21 pp. 179-95.
11. Ibid., no. 19G, pp. 165-71.
12. Paulinus, ed. D. Norberg, Paulini Aquileiensis Opera Omnia Pars I: Contra felicem libri tres, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio medievalis 95 (Turnhout, 1990) and see also MGH, Epistolae IV, ed. E. Dümmler (Hanover, 1895), pp. 512-5. On Adoptionism see the excellent study by J. Cavadini, The Last Christology of the West. Adoptionism in Spain and Gaul, 785-820 (Philadelphia, 1993) and Helmut Nagel, Karl der Grosse und die theologischen Herausforderungen seiner Zeit, Freiburger Beiträge zur mittelalterliche Geschichte. Studien und Texte 12 (Bern, 1998), pp. 75-85. MGH, Concilia II.i., ed. Werminghoff, no. 19D, pp. 130-42.
13. Paulinus, ed. D. Norberg, Paulini Aquileiensis Opera Omnia Pars I: Contra felicem libri tres, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio medievalis 95 (Turnhout, 1990) and see also MGH, Epistolae IV, ed. E. Dümmler (Hanover, 1895), pp. 512-5. On Adoptionism see the excellent study by J. Cavadini, The Last Christology of the West. Adoptionism in Spain and Gaul, 785-820 (Philadelphia, 1993) and Helmut Nagel, Karl der Grosse und die theologischen Herausforderungen seiner Zeit, Freiburger Beiträge zur mittelalterliche Geschichte. Studien und Texte 12 (Bern, 1998), pp. 75-85. MGH, Concilia II.i., ed. Werminghoff, no. 19D, pp. 130-42.
14. Paulinus, ed. D. Norberg, Paulini Aquileiensis Opera Omnia Pars I: Contra felicem libri tres, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio medievalis 95 (Turnhout, 1990) and see also MGH, Epistolae IV, ed. E. Dümmler (Hanover, 1895), pp. 512-5. On Adoptionism see the excellent study by J. Cavadini, The Last Christology of the West. Adoptionism in Spain and Gaul, 785-820 (Philadelphia, 1993) and Helmut Nagel, Karl der Grosse und die theologischen Herausforderungen seiner Zeit, Freiburger Beiträge zur mittelalterliche Geschichte. Studien und Texte 12 (Bern, 1998), pp. 75-85. MGH, Concilia II.i., ed. Werminghoff, no. 19D, pp. 130-42.
15. Paulinus, ed. D. Norberg, Paulini Aquileiensis Opera Omnia Pars I: Contra felicem libri tres, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio medievalis 95 (Turnhout, 1990) and see also MGH, Epistolae IV, ed. E. Dümmler (Hanover, 1895), pp. 512-5. On Adoptionism see the excellent study by J. Cavadini, The Last Christology of the West. Adoptionism in Spain and Gaul, 785-820 (Philadelphia, 1993) and Helmut Nagel, Karl der Grosse und die theologischen Herausforderungen seiner Zeit, Freiburger Beiträge zur mittelalterliche Geschichte. Studien und Texte 12 (Bern, 1998), pp. 75-85. MGH, Concilia II.i., ed. Werminghoff, no. 19D, pp. 130-42.
16. Paulinus, ed. D. Norberg, Paulini Aquileiensis Opera Omnia Pars I: Contra felicem libri tres, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio medievalis 95 (Turnhout, 1990) and see also MGH, Epistolae IV, ed. E. Dümmler (Hanover, 1895), pp. 512-5. On Adoptionism see the excellent study by J. Cavadini, The Last Christology of the West. Adoptionism in Spain and Gaul, 785-820 (Philadelphia, 1993) and Helmut Nagel, Karl der Grosse und die theologischen Herausforderungen seiner Zeit, Freiburger Beiträge zur mittelalterliche Geschichte. Studien und Texte 12 (Bern, 1998), pp. 75-85. MGH, Concilia II.i., ed. Werminghoff, no. 19D, pp. 130-42.
17. MGH, Epistolae IV, ed. K. Dümmler (Hanover, 1895), pp. 517-20.
18. See G. Brown, 'Introduction: the Carolingian Renaissance', in R. McKitterick (ed.), Carolingian Culture: Emulation and Innovation (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 1-51, J. Contreni, 'The Carolingian Renaissance: Education and Literary Culture', in McKitterick (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History II, pp. 709-57 and R. McKitterick, 'Das Konzil im Kontext der karolingischen Renaissance', in R. Berndt (ed.), Das frankfurter Konzil [von 794. Kristallisationspuntkt karalingischer Kiltur], 2 vols, Quellen und Abhandlungen zur mittelrheinischen Kirchengeschichte 80 (Mainz, 1997), II, pp. 635-70.
19. See G. Brown, 'Introduction: the Carolingian Renaissance', in R. McKitterick (ed.), Carolingian Culture: Emulation and Innovation (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 1-51, J. Contreni, 'The Carolingian Renaissance: Education and Literary Culture', in McKitterick (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History II, pp. 709-57 and R. McKitterick, 'Das Konzil im Kontext der karolingischen Renaissance', in R. Berndt (ed.), Das frankfurter Konzil [von 794. Kristallisationspuntkt karalingischer Kiltur], 2 vols, Quellen und Abhandlungen zur mittelrheinischen Kirchengeschichte 80 (Mainz, 1997), II, pp. 635-70.
20. See G. Brown, 'Introduction: the Carolingian Renaissance', in R. McKitterick (ed.), Carolingian Culture: Emulation and Innovation (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 1-51, J. Contreni, 'The Carolingian Renaissance: Education and Literary Culture', in McKitterick (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History II, pp. 709-57 and R. McKitterick, 'Das Konzil im Kontext der karolingischen Renaissance', in R. Berndt (ed.), Das frankfurter Konzil [von 794. Kristallisationspuntkt karalingischer Kiltur], 2 vols, Quellen und Abhandlungen zur mittelrheinischen Kirchengeschichte 80 (Mainz, 1997), II, pp. 635-70.
21. See the essays in Berndt, Das frankfurter Konzil, and W. Hartmann, Die Synoden der Karolingerzeit im Frankenreich und in Italien (Paderborn, 1989), pp. 105-15, and, for discussion of important reflections of the Synod of Frankfurt, including the council of Cividale, pp. 116-27.
22. See the essays in Berndt, Das frankfurter Konzil, and W. Hartmann, Die Synoden der Karolingerzeit im Frankenreich und in Italien (Paderborn, 1989), pp. 105-15, and, for discussion of important reflections of the Synod of Frankfurt, including the council of Cividale, pp. 116-27.
23. Walter Pohl discusses this fully in: 'Paolo Diacono e la costruzeiune dell'identità longobarda', in P. Chiesa (ed.), Paolo Diacono [, uno scrittore fra tradizione longobarda e rinnovamento carolingia] (Udine, forthcoming).
24. See also L.D. Reynolds (ed.), Texts and Transmission. A Survey of the Latin Classics (Oxford, 1983), pp. 163-4
25. See MGH, Capitularia I (Hanover, 1883), ed. A. Boretius, no. 30, pp. 80-1, trans. P.D. King, Charlemagne, Translated Sources (Kendal, 1988), pp. 208-9. This appears, pace The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, ed. E. Livingstone, 3rd edn (Oxford, 1997), p. 1241, to be a reference to the Homiliary rather than to any additional work. See also R. Grégoire, Homéliaires liturgiques médiévaux. Analyse des manuscrits (Spoleto, 1980), pp. 423-86. Ed. and trans. P. Godman, Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance (London, 1983), p. 89.
26. See MGH, Capitularia I (Hanover, 1883), ed. A. Boretius, no. 30, pp. 80-1, trans. P.D. King, Charlemagne, Translated Sources (Kendal, 1988), pp. 208-9. This appears, pace The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, ed. E. Livingstone, 3rd edn (Oxford, 1997), p. 1241, to be a reference to the Homiliary rather than to any additional work. See also R. Grégoire, Homéliaires liturgiques médiévaux. Analyse des manuscrits (Spoleto, 1980), pp. 423-86. Ed. and trans. P. Godman, Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance (London, 1983), p. 89.
27. See MGH, Capitularia I (Hanover, 1883), ed. A. Boretius, no. 30, pp. 80-1, trans. P.D. King, Charlemagne, Translated Sources (Kendal, 1988), pp. 208-9. This appears, pace The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, ed. E. Livingstone, 3rd edn (Oxford, 1997), p. 1241, to be a reference to the Homiliary rather than to any additional work. See also R. Grégoire, Homéliaires liturgiques médiévaux. Analyse des manuscrits (Spoleto, 1980), pp. 423-86. Ed. and trans. P. Godman, Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance (London, 1983), p. 89.
28. See MGH, Capitularia I (Hanover, 1883), ed. A. Boretius, no. 30, pp. 80-1, trans. P.D. King, Charlemagne, Translated Sources (Kendal, 1988), pp. 208-9. This appears, pace The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, ed. E. Livingstone, 3rd edn (Oxford, 1997), p. 1241, to be a reference to the Homiliary rather than to any additional work. See also R. Grégoire, Homéliaires liturgiques médiévaux. Analyse des manuscrits (Spoleto, 1980), pp. 423-86. Ed. and trans. P. Godman, Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance (London, 1983), p. 89.
29. See MGH, Capitularia I (Hanover, 1883), ed. A. Boretius, no. 30, pp. 80-1, trans. P.D. King, Charlemagne, Translated Sources (Kendal, 1988), pp. 208-9. This appears, pace The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, ed. E. Livingstone, 3rd edn (Oxford, 1997), p. 1241, to be a reference to the Homiliary rather than to any additional work. See also R. Grégoire, Homéliaires liturgiques médiévaux. Analyse des manuscrits (Spoleto, 1980), pp. 423-86. Ed. and trans. P. Godman, Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance (London, 1983), p. 89.
30. Historia Romana, ed. Crivellucci, p. 3, and compare Goffart, Narrators of Barbarian History, p. 332. Goffart rehearses the evidence, with reference to the earlier literature (pp. 333-47). For slightly different emphases but similar hypotheses and assumptions concerning the pattern of Paul's career see D. Bullough, 'Ethnic History and the Carolingians: an Alternative Reading of Paul the Deacon's Historia Langobardorum', in C. Holdsworth and T. Wiseman (eds.), The Inheritance of Historiography 350-900 (Exeter, 1986), pp. 85-106.
31. Historia Romana, ed. Crivellucci, p. 3, and compare Goffart, Narrators of Barbarian History, p. 332. Goffart rehearses the evidence, with reference to the earlier literature (pp. 333-47). For slightly different emphases but similar hypotheses and assumptions concerning the pattern of Paul's career see D. Bullough, 'Ethnic History and the Carolingians: an Alternative Reading of Paul the Deacon's Historia Langobardorum', in C. Holdsworth and T. Wiseman (eds.), The Inheritance of Historiography 350-900 (Exeter, 1986), pp. 85-106.
32. Historia Romana, ed. Crivellucci, p. 3, and compare Goffart, Narrators of Barbarian History, p. 332. Goffart rehearses the evidence, with reference to the earlier literature (pp. 333-47). For slightly different emphases but similar hypotheses and assumptions concerning the pattern of Paul's career see D. Bullough, 'Ethnic History and the Carolingians: an Alternative Reading of Paul the Deacon's Historia Langobardorum', in C. Holdsworth and T. Wiseman (eds.), The Inheritance of Historiography 350-900 (Exeter, 1986), pp. 85-106.
33. MGH, Capitularia I, ed. Boretius, p. 81, and compare H. Mordek, Bibliotheca capitularium regum francorum manuscripta. Überlieferung und Traditionszusammenhang der fränkischen Herrschererlasse, MGH, Hilfsmittel 15 (Munich, 1995), pp. 185-6.
34. MGH, Capitularia I, ed. Boretius, p. 81, and compare H. Mordek, Bibliotheca capitularium regum francorum manuscripta. Überlieferung und Traditionszusammenhang der fränkischen Herrschererlasse, MGH, Hilfsmittel 15 (Munich, 1995), pp. 185-6.
35. Hilderic, Epytaphium Pauli diaconi, ed. G. Waitz, Pauli Historia Langobardorum, MGH, SRG 48 (Hanover, 1878), pp. 15-16, MGH, Scriptores rerum Langobardicarum et Italicarum saec. VI-IX (Hanover, 1878) [hereafter MGH, SRL], pp. 23-4, and compare L. Bethmann, 'Paulus Diaconus Leben und Schriften', Archiv der Gesellschaft für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde 10 (1851), pp. 247-334 at p. 259. When citing Paul's Historia Langobardorum I have used, for the sake of convenience, the MGH, SRG edition.
36. Hilderic, Epytaphium Pauli diaconi, ed. G. Waitz, Pauli Historia Langobardorum, MGH, SRG 48 (Hanover, 1878), pp. 15-16, MGH, Scriptores rerum Langobardicarum et Italicarum saec. VI-IX (Hanover, 1878) [hereafter MGH, SRL], pp. 23-4, and compare L. Bethmann, 'Paulus Diaconus Leben und Schriften', Archiv der Gesellschaft für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde 10 (1851), pp. 247-334 at p. 259. When citing Paul's Historia Langobardorum I have used, for the sake of convenience, the MGH, SRG edition.
37. Hilderic, Epytaphium Pauli diaconi, ed. G. Waitz, Pauli Historia Langobardorum, MGH, SRG 48 (Hanover, 1878), pp. 15-16, MGH, Scriptores rerum Langobardicarum et Italicarum saec. VI-IX (Hanover, 1878) [hereafter MGH, SRL], pp. 23-4, and compare L. Bethmann, 'Paulus Diaconus Leben und Schriften', Archiv der Gesellschaft für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde 10 (1851), pp. 247-334 at p. 259. When citing Paul's Historia Langobardorum I have used, for the sake of convenience, the MGH, SRG edition.
38. Goffart, Narrators of Barbarian History, p. 335, n. 25, states baldly that Hilderic was wrong, without giving any reasons.
39. MGH, Epistolae IV, ed. Dümmler, pp. 506-8, and K. Neff, Die Gedichte Paulus Diaconus, Quellen und Untersuchungen zur lateinischen Philologie des Mittelalters 3.4 (Munich, 1908), pp. 69-73. The letter is less explicit than many commentators have thought. Compare, however, M. Costambeys, "The Monastic Environment of Paul the Deacon', in Chiesa (ed.), Paolo Diacono, for interesting counter arguments. It should be noted nevertheless that only two of the poems in Paul's entire corpus have directly to do with monasticism, namely nos. VI and VII. The greater proportion of the poems and epitaphs are for lay members of the Carolingian and Lombard royal houses and most of these are for the Carolingians. Incidentally, moreover, the earliest phase of the manuscript tradition of the poems documented by Neff is largely north Italian and Frankish.
40. MGH, Epistolae IV, ed. Dümmler, pp. 506-8, and K. Neff, Die Gedichte Paulus Diaconus, Quellen und Untersuchungen zur lateinischen Philologie des Mittelalters 3.4 (Munich, 1908), pp. 69-73. The letter is less explicit than many commentators have thought. Compare, however, M. Costambeys, "The Monastic Environment of Paul the Deacon', in Chiesa (ed.), Paolo Diacono, for interesting counter arguments. It should be noted nevertheless that only two of the poems in Paul's entire corpus have directly to do with monasticism, namely nos. VI and VII. The greater proportion of the poems and epitaphs are for lay members of the Carolingian and Lombard royal houses and most of these are for the Carolingians. Incidentally, moreover, the earliest phase of the manuscript tradition of the poems documented by Neff is largely north Italian and Frankish.
41. MGH, Epistolae IV, ed. Dümmler, pp. 506-8, and K. Neff, Die Gedichte Paulus Diaconus, Quellen und Untersuchungen zur lateinischen Philologie des Mittelalters 3.4 (Munich, 1908), pp. 69-73. The letter is less explicit than many commentators have thought. Compare, however, M. Costambeys, "The Monastic Environment of Paul the Deacon', in Chiesa (ed.), Paolo Diacono, for interesting counter arguments. It should be noted nevertheless that only two of the poems in Paul's entire corpus have directly to do with monasticism, namely nos. VI and VII. The greater proportion of the poems and epitaphs are for lay members of the Carolingian and Lombard royal houses and most of these are for the Carolingians. Incidentally, moreover, the earliest phase of the manuscript tradition of the poems documented by Neff is largely north Italian and Frankish.
42. On Wala, see L. Weinrich, Wala, Graf, Mönch und Rebell. Die Biographie eines Karolingers (Lübeck, 1963). D. Ganz, 'The Epitaphium Arsenii and Opposition to Louis the Pious', in R. Collins and P. Godman (eds.), Charlemagne's Heir, New Perspectives on the Reign of Louis the Pious (Oxford, 1990), pp. 537-50, and M. de Jong, In Samuel's Image. Child Oblation in the Early Medieval West (Leiden, New York and Cologne, 1996), pp. 252-66, idem 'Political Coercion and the Cloister in the Frankish Kingdoms: Some Questions', in M. de Jong and F. Theuws (eds.), Topographies of Power in the early Middle Ages (Leiden, New York and Cologne, forthcoming).
43. On Wala, see L. Weinrich, Wala, Graf, Mönch und Rebell. Die Biographie eines Karolingers (Lübeck, 1963). D. Ganz, 'The Epitaphium Arsenii and Opposition to Louis the Pious', in R. Collins and P. Godman (eds.), Charlemagne's Heir, New Perspectives on the Reign of Louis the Pious (Oxford, 1990), pp. 537-50, and M. de Jong, In Samuel's Image. Child Oblation in the Early Medieval West (Leiden, New York and Cologne, 1996), pp. 252-66, and idem 'Political Coercion and the Cloister in the Frankish Kingdoms: Some Questions', in M. de Jong and F. Theuws (eds.), Topographies of Power in the early Middle Ages (Leiden, New York and Cologne, forthcoming).
44. On Wala, see L. Weinrich, Wala, Graf, Mönch und Rebell. Die Biographie eines Karolingers (Lübeck, 1963). D. Ganz, 'The Epitaphium Arsenii and Opposition to Louis the Pious', in R. Collins and P. Godman (eds.), Charlemagne's Heir, New Perspectives on the Reign of Louis the Pious (Oxford, 1990), pp. 537-50, and M. de Jong, In Samuel's Image. Child Oblation in the Early Medieval West (Leiden, New York and Cologne, 1996), pp. 252-66, and idem 'Political Coercion and the Cloister in the Frankish Kingdoms: Some Questions', in M. de Jong and F. Theuws (eds.), Topographies of Power in the early Middle Ages (Leiden, New York and Cologne, forthcoming).
45. On Wala, see L. Weinrich, Wala, Graf, Mönch und Rebell. Die Biographie eines Karolingers (Lübeck, 1963). D. Ganz, 'The Epitaphium Arsenii and Opposition to Louis the Pious', in R. Collins and P. Godman (eds.), Charlemagne's Heir, New Perspectives on the Reign of Louis the Pious (Oxford, 1990), pp. 537-50, and M. de Jong, In Samuel's Image. Child Oblation in the Early Medieval West (Leiden, New York and Cologne, 1996), pp. 252-66, and idem 'Political Coercion and the Cloister in the Frankish Kingdoms: Some Questions', in M. de Jong and F. Theuws (eds.), Topographies of Power in the early Middle Ages (Leiden, New York and Cologne, forthcoming).
46. Goffart, Narrators of Barbarian History, pp. 343-7.
47. Historia Langobardorum Benaventanorum, ed. G. Waitz, MGH, SRL (Hanover, 1978), p. 234. Much has been made of Paul's brief reference to Baodilinus the holy man and a certain miracle Baodilinus performed, Historia Langobardorum, VI, 58, ed. G. Waitz, MGH, SRG 48 (Hanover, 1878) [hereafter HL], p. 241. Paul says he will give an account of this at a later time in its proper place. It has been assumed by most historians of Paul the Deacon that this is a reference to an intended later portion of the Historia Langobardorum. It could equally well be, however, that Paul had it in mind to write a Miracula collection or Vita of Baodilinus.
48. Historia Langobardorum Benaventanorum, ed. G. Waitz, MGH, SRL (Hanover, 1978), p. 234. Much has been made of Paul's brief reference to Baodilinus the holy man and a certain miracle Baodilinus performed, Historia Langobardorum, VI, 58, ed. G. Waitz, MGH, SRG 48 (Hanover, 1878) [hereafter HL], p. 241. Paul says he will give an account of this at a later time in its proper place. It has been assumed by most historians of Paul the Deacon that this is a reference to an intended later portion of the Historia Langobardorum. It could equally well be, however, that Paul had it in mind to write a Miracula collection or Vita of Baodilinus.
49. Historia Langobardorum Benaventanorum, ed. G. Waitz, MGH, SRL (Hanover, 1978), p. 234. Much has been made of Paul's brief reference to Baodilinus the holy man and a certain miracle Baodilinus performed, Historia Langobardorum, VI, 58, ed. G. Waitz, MGH, SRG 48 (Hanover, 1878) [hereafter HL], p. 241. Paul says he will give an account of this at a later time in its proper place. It has been assumed by most historians of Paul the Deacon that this is a reference to an intended later portion of the Historia Langobardorum. It could equally well be, however, that Paul had it in mind to write a Miracula collection or Vita of Baodilinus.
50. I am grateful to my 1999 first-year undergraduates in a class on Paul the Deacon and the Lombards, especially Laura Diener, for discussion of this point.
51. As Paolo Delogu has kindly pointed out to me, however, Paul's presentation could also mirror an independent Lombard model of Christian kingship. The kings are nevertheless found wanting.
52. HL, IV.42.
53. Ibid., VI.58.
54. Compare also Paul's presentation of Theodorie the Ostrogoth in the Historia Romana, 16.3-4 and 8-10 and Goffart, Narrators of Barbarian History, pp. 365-7.
55. HL, VI.58, trans. W.D. Foulke, Paul the Deacon. [History of the Lombards] (Philadelphia, 1907), p. 306.
56. HL, VI.58, trans. W.D. Foulke, Paul the Deacon. [History of the Lombards] (Philadelphia, 1907), p. 306.
57. HL, VI.16, trans. Foulke, Paul the Deacon, p. 262.
58. Goffart, Narrators of Barbarian History, p. 412.
59. Compare, for example, Einhard, Vita Karoli, cc. 1 and 2, ed. R. Rau after G. Waitz, Quellen zur karolingischen Reichsgeschichte I (Darmstadt, 1974), pp. 166-8, and the Annales regni Francorum, s.a. 749, ed. F. Kurze, MGH, SRG 6 (Hanover, 1895), p. 8.
60. Compare, for example, Einhard, Vita Karoli, cc. 1 and 2, ed. R. Rau after G. Waitz, Quellen zur karolingischen Reichsgeschichte I (Darmstadt, 1974), pp. 166-8, and the Annales regni Francorum, s.a. 749, ed. F. Kurze, MGH, SRG 6 (Hanover, 1895), p. 8.
61. HI., VI.53.
62. Y. Hen, Culture and Religion in Merovingian Gaul, AD 481-751 (Leiden, New York and Cologne, 1995), pp. 137-43, and R. Bartlett, 'Symbolic Meanings of Hair in the Middle Ages', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser., 4 (1994) pp. 43-60.
63. Y. Hen, Culture and Religion in Merovingian Gaul, AD 481-751 (Leiden, New York and Cologne, 1995), pp. 137-43, and R. Bartlett, 'Symbolic Meanings of Hair in the Middle Ages', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser., 4 (1994) pp. 43-60.
64. In 791 it is the arming of the young Louis the Pious rather than a barbatoria which is the ceremony used to mark his entry into adult life.
65. This is analagous to the spiritual kinship created by godparenthood: see A. Angenendt, 'Das geistliche Bündnis der Päpste mit den Karolingern (754-796)', Historisches Jahrbuch 100 (1980), pp. 1-94, and J.H. Lynch, Godparents and Kinship in early medieval Europe (Princeton, NJ, 1986).
66. This is analagous to the spiritual kinship created by godparenthood: see A. Angenendt, 'Das geistliche Bündnis der Päpste mit den Karolingern (754-796)', Historisches Jahrbuch 100 (1980), pp. 1-94, and J.H. Lynch, Godparents and Kinship in early medieval Europe (Princeton, NJ, 1986).
67. HL, VI.54.
68. For the context of Carolingian relations with Byzantium and the Venetians, see J.M.H. Smith, 'Fines imperii: the Marches' and M. McCormick, 'Byzantium and the West, 700-900', in McKitterick (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History II pp. 169-89 and 349-80, and J. Sassel, 'L' organizzazione del confine orientale d'Italia nell'alto medioevo', in Aquileia e le Venezie nell'alto Medioevo, Antichità Altoadriatiche 32 (Udine, 1988), pp. 107-14.
69. For the context of Carolingian relations with Byzantium and the Venetians, see J.M.H. Smith, 'Fines imperii: the Marches' and M. McCormick, 'Byzantium and the West, 700-900', in McKitterick (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History II pp. 169-89 and 349-80, and J. Sassel, 'L' organizzazione del confine orientale d'Italia nell'alto medioevo', in Aquileia e le Venezie nell'alto Medioevo, Antichità Altoadriatiche 32 (Udine, 1988), pp. 107-14.
70. For the context of Carolingian relations with Byzantium and the Venetians, see J.M.H. Smith, 'Fines imperii: the Marches' and M. McCormick, 'Byzantium and the West, 700-900', in McKitterick (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History II pp. 169-89 and 349-80, and J. Sassel, 'L' organizzazione del confine orientale d'Italia nell'alto medioevo', in Aquileia e le Venezie nell'alto Medioevo, Antichità Altoadriatiche 32 (Udine, 1988), pp. 107-14.
71. HL, III. 20 and 26.
72. See M. Herren, 'Theological Aspects of the Writings of Paul the Deacon', in Chiesn (ed.), Paolo Diacono, and above p. 322. The matter would merit further study.
73. Annales regni Francorum, s.a. 774, ed. Kurze, p. 38; trans. B. Scholz, Carolingian Chronicles (Ann Arbor, MI, 1970), p. 50. It should be noted that the revised version of the Annals makes more of the oppression of the Romans by the Lombards and Charlemagne's strenuous exertion in dealing with Desiderius: see Annales q.d. Einhardi, s.a. 773, ed. Kurze, ibid., p. 37.
74. Annales regni Francorum, s.a. 774, ed. Kurze, p. 38; trans. B. Scholz, Carolingian Chronicles (Ann Arbor, MI, 1970), p. 50. It should be noted that the revised version of the Annals makes more of the oppression of the Romans by the Lombards and Charlemagne's strenuous exertion in dealing with Desiderius: see Annales q.d. Einhardi, s.a. 773, ed. Kurze, ibid., p. 37.
75. Annales regni Francorum, s.a. 774, ed. Kurze, p. 38; trans. B. Scholz, Carolingian Chronicles (Ann Arbor, MI, 1970), p. 50. It should be noted that the revised version of the Annals makes more of the oppression of the Romans by the Lombards and Charlemagne's strenuous exertion in dealing with Desiderius: see Annales q.d. Einhardi, s.a. 773, ed. Kurze, ibid., p. 37.
76. Annales regni Francorum, s.a. 775-6, ed. Kurze, pp. 42 and 44; trans. Scholz, Carolingian Chronicles, p. 53. Again the revised version supplies far more detail and alleges that Rotgaud aspired to the kingship, Annales q.d. Einhardi, s.a. 776, ed. Kurze, ibid., pp. 43 and 45.
77. Annales regni Francorum, s.a. 775-6, ed. Kurze, pp. 42 and 44; trans. Scholz, Carolingian Chronicles, p. 53. Again the revised version supplies far more detail and alleges that Rotgaud aspired to the kingship, Annales q.d. Einhardi, s.a. 776, ed. Kurze, ibid., pp. 43 and 45.
78. Annales regni Francorum, s.a. 775-6, ed. Kurze, pp. 42 and 44; trans. Scholz, Carolingian Chronicles, p. 53. Again the revised version supplies far more detail and alleges that Rotgaud aspired to the kingship, Annales q.d. Einhardi, s.a. 776, ed. Kurze, ibid., pp. 43 and 45.
79. Annales regni Francorum, s.a. 779 and 780, ed. Kurze, pp. 52, 54 and 56.
80. Ibid., s.a. 781, ed. Kurze, p. 56.
81. On Paul's working practices see P. Delogu, 'Longobardi e Romani: altre congetture', in P. Cammarosano and S. Gasparri, Langobardia (Udine, 1990) and see L. Capo, 'Paolo Diacono e il mondo franco. L'incontro di due esperienze storiografiche', in Chiesa (ed.), Paolo Diacono.
82. On Paul's working practices see P. Delogu, 'Longobardi e Romani: altre congetture', in P. Cammarosano and S. Gasparri, Langobardia (Udine, 1990) and see L. Capo, 'Paolo Diacono e il mondo franco. L'incontro di due esperienze storiografiche', in Chiesa (ed.), Paolo Diacono.
83. Cambridge University Library, MS Kk.5.16: published in facsimile, ed. P. Hunter-Blair, The Moore Bede. Early English Manuscripts in Facsimile 9 (Copenhagen, London and Baltimore, MD, 1959). See B. Bischoff, 'Die Hofbibliothek Karls des Grossen', in Mittelalterliche Studien 3 (Stuttgart, 1981), pp. 149-69 at pp. 160-1; trans. M. Gorman in B. Bischoff, [Manuscripts and Libraries] in the Age of Charlemagne, Cambridge Studies in Palaeography and Codicology 1 (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 56-75 at pp. 67-8. I do not follow Bullough, '[Ethnic History] and the Carolingians', pp. 98 and 105, n. 47, in his rejection of this possibility on the grounds that the spelling, with one consonant different, of one word in a quotation in Paul's HL taken from Bede is not that of the Moore Bede. With no extant autograph original of Paul's HL this can hardly be taken as a compelling argument.
84. Cambridge University Library, MS Kk.5.16: published in facsimile, ed. P. Hunter-Blair, The Moore Bede. Early English Manuscripts in Facsimile 9 (Copenhagen, London and Baltimore, MD, 1959). See B. Bischoff, 'Die Hofbibliothek Karls des Grossen', in Mittelalterliche Studien 3 (Stuttgart, 1981), pp. 149-69 at pp. 160-1; trans. M. Gorman in B. Bischoff, [Manuscripts and Libraries] in the Age of Charlemagne, Cambridge Studies in Palaeography and Codicology 1 (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 56-75 at pp. 67-8. I do not follow Bullough, '[Ethnic History] and the Carolingians', pp. 98 and 105, n. 47, in his rejection of this possibility on the grounds that the spelling, with one consonant different, of one word in a quotation in Paul's HL taken from Bede is not that of the Moore Bede. With no extant autograph original of Paul's HL this can hardly be taken as a compelling argument.
85. Cambridge University Library, MS Kk.5.16: published in facsimile, ed. P. Hunter-Blair, The Moore Bede. Early English Manuscripts in Facsimile 9 (Copenhagen, London and Baltimore, MD, 1959). See B. Bischoff, 'Die Hofbibliothek Karls des Grossen', in Mittelalterliche Studien 3 (Stuttgart, 1981), pp. 149-69 at pp. 160-1; trans. M. Gorman in B. Bischoff, [Manuscripts and Libraries] in the Age of Charlemagne, Cambridge Studies in Palaeography and Codicology 1 (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 56-75 at pp. 67-8. I do not follow Bullough, '[Ethnic History] and the Carolingians', pp. 98 and 105, n. 47, in his rejection of this possibility on the grounds that the spelling, with one consonant different, of one word in a quotation in Paul's HL taken from Bede is not that of the Moore Bede. With no extant autograph original of Paul's HL this can hardly be taken as a compelling argument.
86. Cambridge University Library, MS Kk.5.16: published in facsimile, ed. P. Hunter-Blair, The Moore Bede. Early English Manuscripts in Facsimile 9 (Copenhagen, London and Baltimore, MD, 1959). See B. Bischoff, 'Die Hofbibliothek Karls des Grossen', in Mittelalterliche Studien 3 (Stuttgart, 1981), pp. 149-69 at pp. 160-1; trans. M. Gorman in B. Bischoff, [Manuscripts and Libraries] in the Age of Charlemagne, Cambridge Studies in Palaeography and Codicology 1 (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 56-75 at pp. 67-8. I do not follow Bullough, '[Ethnic History] and the Carolingians', pp. 98 and 105, n. 47, in his rejection of this possibility on the grounds that the spelling, with one consonant different, of one word in a quotation in Paul's HL taken from Bede is not that of the Moore Bede. With no extant autograph original of Paul's HL this can hardly be taken as a compelling argument.
87. The Frankish manuscript (Leiden, Bibliotheck der Rijksuniversiteit, Vossianus 60) of the late eighth century, probably from Rheims, for example, has the 'Lombard version' of Life 94 and goes no further. For the Frankish transmission of the Liber pontificalis and its implications, see my The Migration of Ideas in the Early Middle Ages (Cambridge, 2001).
88. For discussion of Paul's sources, see, for example, Goffart, Narrators of Barbarian History, esp. pp. 370-3, 396 and 402 (Gregory and Fredegar) and Bullough, 'Ethnic History'.
89. I have learnt much from Andrew Merrill's Cambridge PhD research in progress on 'The Uses of Geography in Early Christian Historiography from Eusebius to Isidore of Seville'.
90. W. Pohl, 'Paolo Diacono e la costruzione dell'identità longobarda', in Chiesa (ed.), Paolo Diacono, and see A. Bracciotti, Origo gentis langobardorum. Introduzione, testo critico, commento. Biblioteca di Cultura Romanobarbarica 2 (Rome, 1998).
91. W. Pohl, 'Paolo Diacono e la costruzione dell'identità longobarda', in Chiesa (ed.), Paolo Diacono, and see A. Bracciotti, Origo gentis langobardorum. Introduzione, testo critico, commento. Biblioteca di Cultura Romanobarbarica 2 (Rome, 1998).
92. R. McKitterick, 'Constructing the Past in the Early Middle Ages: the Case of the Royal Frankish annals', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser., 7 (1997), pp. 101-30.
93. Gesta episcoporum Mettensium ed. G. Pertz, Liber de episcopis Mettensibus, MGH, Scriptores 2 (Berlin, 1829), pp. 260-8, and W. Goffart, 'Paul the Deacon's Gesta episcoporum Mettensium and the early design of Charlemagne's succession', Traditio 42 (1986), pp. 59-94.
94. Gesta episcoporum Mettensium ed. G. Pertz, Liber de episcopis Mettensibus, MGH, Scriptores 2 (Berlin, 1829), pp. 260-8, and W. Goffart, 'Paul the Deacon's Gesta episcoporum Mettensium and the early design of Charlemagne's succession', Traditio 42 (1986), pp. 59-94.
95. G. Waitz, 'Ucher die handschriftliche Ueberlieferung und die Sprache der Historia Langobardorum des Paulus', Neues Archiv 1 (1876), pp. 533-66, and see also Waitz (ed.), Historia Langobardorum, MGH, SRG (Hanover, 1878), pp. 15-48; L. Bethmann and G. Waitz, MGH, SRI. (Hanover, 1878), pp. 28-45.
96. G. Waitz, 'Ucher die handschriftliche Ueberlieferung und die Sprache der Historia Langobardorum des Paulus', Neues Archiv 1 (1876), pp. 533-66, and see also Waitz (ed.), Historia Langobardorum, MGH, SRG (Hanover, 1878), pp. 15-48; L. Bethmann and G. Waitz, MGH, SRI. (Hanover, 1878), pp. 28-45.
97. G. Waitz, 'Ucher die handschriftliche Ueberlieferung und die Sprache der Historia Langobardorum des Paulus', Neues Archiv 1 (1876), pp. 533-66, and see also Waitz (ed.), Historia Langobardorum, MGH, SRG (Hanover, 1878), pp. 15-48; L. Bethmann and G. Waitz, MGH, SRI. (Hanover, 1878), pp. 28-45.
98. See B. Bischoff, Katalog [der festländischen Handschriften des neunten Jahrhunderts (mit Ausnahme der wisigotischen), Teil I: Aachen-Lambach] (Stuttgart, 1998), who revises a few of Waitz's dates and attributions, most notably Waitz's G5, s'Gravenhage Ms 74.J.19, is not late ninth century hut late tenth or early eleventh century and Copenhagen Gl. kgl. 2158 4 is a French tenth-century codex not late ninth or early tenth century: Bischoff, Katalog I, pp. 299 and 412. For useful comments on current dating and location of some of the manuscripts, see L. Pani, 'Aspetti della tradizione manoscritta dell'Historia Langobardorum', in Chiesa (ed.), Paolo Diacono. have not seen P. Chiesa, 'Carratteristiche della trasmissione dell'Historia Langobardorum', in Paola Diacono e il Friuli altomedievale (secc. VI-X), XIV Congresso Internazionale di Studi sull'alto medioevo 24-29 settembre 1999 (forthcoming).
99. See B. Bischoff, Katalog [der festländischen Handschriften des neunten Jahrhunderts (mit Ausnahme der wisigotischen), Teil I: Aachen-Lambach] (Stuttgart, 1998), who revises a few of Waitz's dates and attributions, most notably Waitz's G5, s'Gravenhage Ms 74.J.19, is not late ninth century hut late tenth or early eleventh century and Copenhagen Gl. kgl. 2158 4 is a French tenth-century codex not late ninth or early tenth century: Bischoff, Katalog I, pp. 299 and 412. For useful comments on current dating and location of some of the manuscripts, see L. Pani, 'Aspetti della tradizione manoscritta dell'Historia Langobardorum', in Chiesa (ed.), Paolo Diacono. have not seen P. Chiesa, 'Carratteristiche della trasmissione dell'Historia Langobardorum', in Paola Diacono e il Friuli altomedievale (secc. VI-X), XIV Congresso Internazionale di Studi sull'alto medioevo 24-29 settembre 1999 (forthcoming).
100. See B. Bischoff, Katalog [der festländischen Handschriften des neunten Jahrhunderts (mit Ausnahme der wisigotischen), Teil I: Aachen-Lambach] (Stuttgart, 1998), who revises a few of Waitz's dates and attributions, most notably Waitz's G5, s'Gravenhage Ms 74.J.19, is not late ninth century hut late tenth or early eleventh century and Copenhagen Gl. kgl. 2158 4 is a French tenth-century codex not late ninth or early tenth century: Bischoff, Katalog I, pp. 299 and 412. For useful comments on current dating and location of some of the manuscripts, see L. Pani, 'Aspetti della tradizione manoscritta dell'Historia Langobardorum', in Chiesa (ed.), Paolo Diacono. have not seen P. Chiesa, 'Carratteristiche della trasmissione dell'Historia Langobardorum', in Paola Diacono e il Friuli altomedievale (secc. VI-X), XIV Congresso Internazionale di Studi sull'alto medioevo 24-29 settembre 1999 (forthcoming).
101. See B. Bischoff, Katalog [der festländischen Handschriften des neunten Jahrhunderts (mit Ausnahme der wisigotischen), Teil I: Aachen-Lambach] (Stuttgart, 1998), who revises a few of Waitz's dates and attributions, most notably Waitz's G5, s'Gravenhage Ms 74.J.19, is not late ninth century hut late tenth or early eleventh century and Copenhagen Gl. kgl. 2158 4 is a French tenth-century codex not late ninth or early tenth century: Bischoff, Katalog I, pp. 299 and 412. For useful comments on current dating and location of some of the manuscripts, see L. Pani, 'Aspetti della tradizione manoscritta dell'Historia Langobardorum', in Chiesa (ed.), Paolo Diacono. have not seen P. Chiesa, 'Carratteristiche della trasmissione dell'Historia Langobardorum', in Paola Diacono e il Friuli altomedievale (secc. VI-X), XIV Congresso Internazionale di Studi sull'alto medioevo 24-29 settembre 1999 (forthcoming).
102. Leo of Ostia and Peter the Deacon, Chronica monasterii Casinensis, II, 53 and II, 63, ed. H. Hoffman, MGH, Scriptores 34 (Hanover, 1980) and see W. Pohl, 'Paulus Diaconus und die "Historia Langobardorum": Text und Tradition', in A. Scharer and G. Scheibelreiter (eds.), Historiographie [im frühen Mittelalter], Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung 32 (Vienna and Munich, 1994), pp. 375-405.
103. Leo of Ostia and Peter the Deacon, Chronica monasterii Casinensis, II, 53 and II, 63, ed. H. Hoffman, MGH, Scriptores 34 (Hanover, 1980) and see W. Pohl, 'Paulus Diaconus und die "Historia Langobardorum": Text und Tradition', in A. Scharer and G. Scheibelreiter (eds.), Historiographie [im frühen Mittelalter], Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung 32 (Vienna and Munich, 1994), pp. 375-405.
104. Leo of Ostia and Peter the Deacon, Chronica monasterii Casinensis, II, 53 and II, 63, ed. H. Hoffman, MGH, Scriptores 34 (Hanover, 1980) and see W. Pohl, 'Paulus Diaconus und die "Historia Langobardorum": Text und Tradition', in A. Scharer and G. Scheibelreiter (eds.), Historiographie [im frühen Mittelalter], Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung 32 (Vienna and Munich, 1994), pp. 375-405.
105. Erchempert, Historia Langobardorum Beneventana, c. 1, commends Paul's History in his introductory chapter, ed. G. Waitz, MGH, SRL (Hanover, 1878), pp. 234-64, and see U. Westerbergh, Beneventan Ninth-Century Poetry, Studia Latina Stockholmensia 4 (Stockholm, 1957).
106. Erchempert, Historia Langobardorum Beneventana, c. 1, commends Paul's History in his introductory chapter, ed. G. Waitz, MGH, SRL (Hanover, 1878), pp. 234-64, and see U. Westerbergh, Beneventan Ninth-Century Poetry, Studia Latina Stockholmensia 4 (Stockholm, 1957).
107. Erchempert, Historia Langobardorum Beneventana, c. 1, commends Paul's History in his introductory chapter, ed. G. Waitz, MGH, SRL (Hanover, 1878), pp. 234-64, and see U. Westerbergh, Beneventan Ninth-Century Poetry, Studia Latina Stockholmensia 4 (Stockholm, 1957).
108. U. Westerbergh, Chronicon Salernitanum. A Critical Edition with Studies on Literary and Historical Sources and on Language, Studia Latina Stockholmensia 3 (Stockholm, 1956) at pp. 199-202. W. Pohl's forthcoming work on the monastic texts in Monte Cassino MS 175, moreover, indicates a tenth-century stress at Monte Cassino on the link with Paul the Deacon.
109. E.A. Lowe, C[odices] L[atini] A[ntiquiores] III (Oxford, 1938), no. 279, and R. Morghen, 'Il palinsesto Assisiense della Historia Langobardorum di Paolo Diacono', Bullettino dell'Istituto Storico Italiano 38 (1918), pp. 7-13 and plates I-XXVI.
110. E.A. Lowe, C[odices] L[atini] A[ntiquiores] III (Oxford, 1938), no. 279, and R. Morghen, 'Il palinsesto Assisiense della Historia Langobardorum di Paolo Diacono', Bullettino dell'Istituto Storico Italiano 38 (1918), pp. 7-13 and plates I-XXVI.
111. See B. Bischoff, 'Panorama der Handschriftenüberlieferung aus der Zeit Karls des Grossen', in B. Bischoff, Mittelalterliche Studien 3 (Stuttgart, 1981), pp. 5-38 at pp. 28-38, and 'Frühkarolingische Handschriften und ihre Heimat', Scriptorium 22 (1968), pp. 306-14, which includes the Assisi fragment in its list of 'late uncial MSS written in Italy'. For an English translation of 'Panorama' and the list of uncial manuscripts, see, 'Manuscripts in the Age of Charlemagne', in Bischoff, trans. M. Gorman, Manuscripts and Libraries, pp. 20-55 at pp. 44-55.
112. See B. Bischoff, 'Panorama der Handschriftenüberlieferung aus der Zeit Karls des Grossen', in B. Bischoff, Mittelalterliche Studien 3 (Stuttgart, 1981), pp. 5-38 at pp. 28-38, and 'Frühkarolingische Handschriften und ihre Heimat', Scriptorium 22 (1968), pp. 306-14, which includes the Assisi fragment in its list of 'late uncial MSS written in Italy'. For an English translation of 'Panorama' and the list of uncial manuscripts, see, 'Manuscripts in the Age of Charlemagne', in Bischoff, trans. M. Gorman, Manuscripts and Libraries, pp. 20-55 at pp. 44-55.
113. See B. Bischoff, 'Panorama der Handschriftenüberlieferung aus der Zeit Karls des Grossen', in B. Bischoff, Mittelalterliche Studien 3 (Stuttgart, 1981), pp. 5-38 at pp. 28-38, and 'Frühkarolingische Handschriften und ihre Heimat', Scriptorium 22 (1968), pp. 306-14, which includes the Assisi fragment in its list of 'late uncial MSS written in Italy'. For an English translation of 'Panorama' and the list of uncial manuscripts, see, 'Manuscripts in the Age of Charlemagne', in Bischoff, trans. M. Gorman, Manuscripts and Libraries, pp. 20-55 at pp. 44-55.
114. CLA VII (Oxford, 1956), no. 945.
115. Cividale del Friuli, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, XXVIII: Bischoff, 'Panorama', p. 30, 'Manuscripts in the Age of Charlemagne', trans. Gorman, p. 45.
116. Cividale del Friuli, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, XXVIII: Bischoff, 'Panorama', p. 30, 'Manuscripts in the Age of Charlemagne', trans. Gorman, p. 45.
117. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Phillipps 1885 + Phillipps 1896 + St Petersburg Public Library, MS Class. Lat. Q.v.9 + lat. Q.v.IV.5: see R. McKitterick, 'The Audience for Latin Historiography in the Early Middle Ages: Text Transmission and Manuscript Dissemination', in Scharer and Scheibelreiter (eds.), Historiographie, pp. 96-114 at pp. 107-8.
118. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, lat. 9451, CLA V (Oxford, 1950), no. 580.
119. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, lat. 653, CLA V (Oxford, 1950), no. 527.
120. CLA VII (Oxford, 1956), nos. 905 and 930.
121. Wolfenbüttel, Herzog-August Bibliothek, Helmsted. 513, CLA IX (Oxford, 1959), no. 1382. See also R. Kottje, 'Zum Geltungsbereich der Lex Alamannorum', in H. Beumann and W. Schröder (eds.), Die Transalpinen Verbindungen der Bayern, Alemannen und Franken bis zum 10. Jahrhundert, Nationes. Historische und philologische Untersuchungen zur Entstehung der europäischen Nationen im Mittelalrer 6 (Sigmaringen, 1987), pp. 359-78 at p. 373, who dates the book 'c.800'.
122. Wolfenbüttel, Herzog-August Bibliothek, Helmsted. 513, CLA IX (Oxford, 1959), no. 1382. See also R. Kottje, 'Zum Geltungsbereich der Lex Alamannorum', in H. Beumann and W. Schröder (eds.), Die Transalpinen Verbindungen der Bayern, Alemannen und Franken bis zum 10. Jahrhundert, Nationes. Historische und philologische Untersuchungen zur Entstehung der europäischen Nationen im Mittelalrer 6 (Sigmaringen, 1987), pp. 359-78 at p. 373, who dates the book 'c.800'.
123. Karlsruhe Landesbibliothek, Aug. CCLXI, CLA VIII (Oxford, 1959), no. 1111.
124. Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, lat. 1616, CLA X (Oxford, 1963), no. 1563.
125. Heidelberg, Universitätsbibliothek, Ms Pal. Lat. 912, Corbie, third quarter of the ninth century: Bischoff, Katalog I, no. 1515; Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Phillipps 1887, Auxerre, third quarter of the ninth century and at Metz by the twelfth century: Bischoff, Katalog I, no. 442; Kassel, Gesamthochschulbibliothek, MS hist 72a-c (2 leaves), Fulda, second third of the ninth century: Bischoff, Katalog I, no. 1792, Giessen 688 of the third quarter of the ninth century is from St Bertin: Bischoff, Katalog I, no. 1391 and the eleventh century copy in the later portion of Bern, Burgerbibliothek, MS 83, from fol. 104 is from Rheims.
126. Heidelberg, Universitätsbibliothek, Ms Pal. Lat. 912, Corbie, third quarter of the ninth century: Bischoff, Katalog I, no. 1515; Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Phillipps 1887, Auxerre, third quarter of the ninth century and at Metz by the twelfth century: Bischoff, Katalog I, no. 442; Kassel, Gesamthochschulbibliothek, MS hist 72a-c (2 leaves), Fulda, second third of the ninth century: Bischoff, Katalog I, no. 1792, Giessen 688 of the third quarter of the ninth century is from St Bertin: Bischoff, Katalog I, no. 1391 and the eleventh century copy in the later portion of Bern, Burgerbibliothek, MS 83, from fol. 104 is from Rheims.
127. Heidelberg, Universitätsbibliothek, Ms Pal. Lat. 912, Corbie, third quarter of the ninth century: Bischoff, Katalog I, no. 1515; Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Phillipps 1887, Auxerre, third quarter of the ninth century and at Metz by the twelfth century: Bischoff, Katalog I, no. 442; Kassel, Gesamthochschulbibliothek, MS hist 72a-c (2 leaves), Fulda, second third of the ninth century: Bischoff, Katalog I, no. 1792, Giessen 688 of the third quarter of the ninth century is from St Bertin: Bischoff, Katalog I, no. 1391 and the eleventh century copy in the later portion of Bern, Burgerbibliothek, MS 83, from fol. 104 is from Rheims.
128. Heidelberg, Universitätsbibliothek, Ms Pal. Lat. 912, Corbie, third quarter of the ninth century: Bischoff, Katalog I, no. 1515; Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Phillipps 1887, Auxerre, third quarter of the ninth century and at Metz by the twelfth century: Bischoff, Katalog I, no. 442; Kassel, Gesamthochschulbibliothek, MS hist 72a-c (2 leaves), Fulda, second third of the ninth century: Bischoff, Katalog I, no. 1792, Giessen 688 of the third quarter of the ninth century is from St Bertin: Bischoff, Katalog I, no. 1391 and the eleventh century copy in the later portion of Bern, Burgerbibliothek, MS 83, from fol. 104 is from Rheims.
129. See J. Davis, 'Conceptions of Kingship under Charlemagne', unpublished M. Litt. thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999.
130. See, for example, F. Bougard, 'La justice dans le royaume d'Italie aux IX-Xe siècles' and R. McKitterick, 'Perceptions of Justice in Western Europe in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries', in La Giustizia nell'alto medioevo (secoli IX-XI), Settimane di Studio dell'Centro Italiano di studi sull'alto medioevo 44 (Spoleto, 1997), pp. 133-76 and 1075-1102, and F. Bougard, La Justice dans le royaume d'Italie de la fin du VIIIe siècle au début du XIe siècle, Ecole Française de Rome (Paris, 1995). Newnham College, Cambridge
131. See, for example, F. Bougard, 'La justice dans le royaume d'Italie aux IX-Xe siècles' and R. McKitterick, 'Perceptions of Justice in Western Europe in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries', in La Giustizia nell'alto medioevo (secoli IX-XI), Settimane di Studio dell'Centro Italiano di studi sull'alto medioevo 44 (Spoleto, 1997), pp. 133-76 and 1075-1102, and F. Bougard, La Justice dans le royaume d'Italie de la fin du VIIIe siècle au début du XIe siècle, Ecole Française de Rome (Paris, 1995). Newnham College, Cambridge
132. See, for example, F. Bougard, 'La justice dans le royaume d'Italie aux IX-Xe siècles' and R. McKitterick, 'Perceptions of Justice in Western Europe in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries', in La Giustizia nell'alto medioevo (secoli IX-XI), Settimane di Studio dell'Centro Italiano di studi sull'alto medioevo 44 (Spoleto, 1997), pp. 133-76 and 1075-1102, and F. Bougard, La Justice dans le royaume d'Italie de la fin du VIIIe siècle au début du XIe siècle, Ecole Française de Rome (Paris, 1995). Newnham College, Cambridge
133. This article is a revised and expanded English version of a paper first presented at the international conference to celebrate the 1200 anniversary of Paul the Deacon's death, 'Paolo Diacono e le origini dell'Europa medievale: uno scrittore fra tradizione longobarda e rinnovamento carolingio' in Cividale and Udine, Italy, 6-9 May 1999, to be published in Italian in the conference proceedings edited by Paolo Chiesa. I am grateful to my audience at the conference, especially Paolo Chiesa, Jörg Jarnut, Marios Costambeys and Yitzhak Hen, to the editors of EME, to Chris Wickham and Mayke de Jong, and