Opposition to the Entry of the Foreign Press in India, 1991-7995: The Hidden Agenda

Modern Asian Studies

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 743-763

  Sonwalkar, Prasun ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0012042648     PISSN: 0026749X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0026749X01003092     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. I am grateful to Annabelle Sreberny, Roger Dickinson and Chris Paterson for comments on an earlier draft.
2. See O. Yanal, 'Rise and Fall of the Wealth of Nations', B. Debroy (ed.), Challenges of Globalisation (Delhi: Konark, 1999).
3. *The London-based Financial Times which sought a joint venture with the Calcuttabased Ananda Bazar Patrika Group to start an edition from New Delhi;
4. *Reuters, which until then had a marginal presence in India as it had to channelize its services to subscribers through the Press Trust of India, sought permission to open a full-fledged office, and offer services directly to subscribers. In addition to its financial services, the new company, proposed to be called Reuters India, sought to explore fresh areas like computer software, systems integration, computer-aided training etc.
5. *Publication of Time magazine in partnership with the Living Media Group, publishers of India Today, in English and other Indian languages;
6. *Publication of an edition of the International Herald Tribune from Mumbai;
7. *Expansion of the hitherto low-key operations in India of the Hamburg-based German news agency, Deutsche Press Agency;
8. *Publication of Elle and TV Guide, a US television magazine formerly owned by News Corporation owned by Rupert Murdoch. (Source: 'Entry of Foreign Media', UNI Backgrounder, Vol. XIX, No. 16, 21 April 1994).
9. There has, however, never been a bar on importing foreign newspapers and magazines and circulating them in the country. Reader's Digest is the only foreign publication allowed to publish in India, since it applied and received the permission before the 1955 ban.
10. See J. W. Anderson, 'India Media Back Open Market - Except When it Comes to Them', Washington Post, 24 Dec. 1994.
11. See P. Chopra, 'We Can Take Them On', The Hindu, 6 Sept. 1994.
12. See L. Kuipers, 'India-Media: Murdoch's Plans Leave Some Indians Cold', Inter Press, 8 March 1994.
13. See V. R. K. Iyer, 'The Paradigm Shift: Foreign Menace to Indian Media', Frontline, 11 March 1994.
14. Quoted in A. Nicoll, 'Organs of Democracy', Financial Times, 8 Nov. 1994.
15. Quoted in 'For and Against Entry of Foreign Print Media', The Hindu, 14 Sept. 1994.
16. For an account of the nature of the state's dependency on elites and their role in policy formulation, see D. L. Sheth, 'Movements, Intellectuals and the State Policy in Nation-Building', Economic and Political Weekly, 22 Feb. 1992, 425-9.
17. See S. H. Steinberg, Five Hundred Years of Printing (London: Penguin, 1993).
18. See B. Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983).
19. See A. Giddens, A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism: Power. Property and the State, Vol. 1 (London: Macmillan, 1981).
20. See A. Smith, The Geopolitics of Information: How Western Culture Dominates the World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980).
21. For a detailed account of the origins of the Indian press see G. N. S. Raghavan, PTI Story: Origin and Growth of the Indian Press and the News Agency (Bombay: PTI, 1987).
22. See Smith, The Geopolitics of Information.
23. See Robin Jeffrey, 'Indian Language Newspapers and Why They Grow', in Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XXVIII, No. 38, 18 Sept. 1993, 2004-11.
24. See J. W. Anderson, 'India Media Back Open Market'.
25. See B. Sarkar, 'Passing the Buck: The Issue of Foreign-Owned Newspapers', Frontline, 21 Oct. 1994, 79-81.
26. See D. S. Mehta, Mass Communication and Journalism in India (London: Sage, 1979).
27. See D. Selbourne, An Eye to India (London: Penguin, 1977).
28. See P. Sonwalkar, 'An Indian Newsman's Critical View of the British Press', Cambridge, Number 38, Summer 1996.
29. See N. Chomsky and E. Herman, Manufacturing Consent (New York: Pantheon, 1988).
30. See N. Ram, 'Foreign Media Entry into the Press: Issues and Implications', Economic and Political Weekly, 22 Oct. 1994, 2787-90.
31. See A. G. Noorani, 'Dangers Ahead: The Foreigner in the Fourth Estate', Frontline, 8 April 1994, 104-8.
32. See V. R. K. Iyer, 'Foreign Print Media Incarnating as Indian Fourth Estate?' in Economic and Political Weekly, 18 Sept. 1994, 3082-5.
33. See R. Greenslade, 'National Newspaper Circulation', The Guardian, 14 March 1994.
34. See N. Chakravartty, 'A Dangerous Foothold', The Hindu, 7 Sept. 1994.
35. Quoted in 'For and Against Entry of Foreign Print Media', The Hindu, 13 Sept. 1994.
36. Quoted in 'Entry of Foreign Media', UNI Backgrounder, Vol. XIX, No. 16, 21 April 1994.
37. Some prominent references are: *Herbert I. Schiller Communication and Cultural Domination (New York: International Arts and Sciences Press, 1976); 'Not Yet the Post-Imperialist Era', in Critical Studies in Mass Communication, Vol. 8, No. 1, March 1991, 13-28; Mass Communication and American Empire, 2nd edition (Colorado: Westview Press, 1992).
38. Some prominent references are: *Herbert I. Schiller Communication and Cultural Domination (New York: International Arts and Sciences Press, 1976); 'Not Yet the Post-Imperialist Era', in Critical Studies in Mass Communication, Vol. 8, No. 1, March 1991, 13-28; Mass Communication and American Empire, 2nd edition (Colorado: Westview Press, 1992).
39. Some prominent references are: *Herbert I. Schiller Communication and Cultural Domination (New York: International Arts and Sciences Press, 1976); 'Not Yet the Post-Imperialist Era', in Critical Studies in Mass Communication, Vol. 8, No. 1, March 1991, 13-28; Mass Communication and American Empire, 2nd edition (Colorado: Westview Press, 1992).
40. *Jeremy Tunstall, The Media are American (London: Constable, 1977); with M. Palmer, Media Moghuls (London: Routledge, 1991); 'Europe as a World News Leader in Journal of Communication, Vol. 42, No. 3, 84-99, 1992.
41. *Jeremy Tunstall, The Media are American (London: Constable, 1977); with M. Palmer, Media Moghuls (London: Routledge, 1991); 'Europe as a World News Leader in Journal of Communication, Vol. 42, No. 3, 84-99, 1992.
42. *Jeremy Tunstall, The Media are American (London: Constable, 1977); with M. Palmer, Media Moghuls (London: Routledge, 1991); 'Europe as a World News Leader in Journal of Communication, Vol. 42, No. 3, 84-99, 1992.
43. *Oliver Boyd-Barrett, The International News Agencies (London: Constable 1980); 'Media Imperialism: Towards an International Framework for the Analysis of Media Systems', J. Curran et al. (eds), Mass Communication and Society (London: Edward Arnold, 1977).
44. *Oliver Boyd-Barrett, The International News Agencies (London: Constable 1980); 'Media Imperialism: Towards an International Framework for the Analysis of Media Systems', J. Curran et al. (eds), Mass Communication and Society (London: Edward Arnold, 1977).
45. *Ben Bagdikian, The Media Monopoly (Boston: Beacon Press, 1983); 'The US Media: Supermarket or Assembly Line?', Journal of Communication, Vol. 35, No. 3 97-109,
46. *Ben Bagdikian, The Media Monopoly (Boston: Beacon Press, 1983); 'The US Media: Supermarket or Assembly Line?', Journal of Communication, Vol. 35, No. 3 97-109,
47. From J. S. Nye and W. A. Owens, 'America's Information Age', Foreign Affairs, March-April 1996, Vol. 75, No. 2, 20-36.
48. See A. Sreberny-Mohammadi, 'The Global and the Local in International Communications', J. Curran et al. (eds), Mass Media and Society (London: Edward Arnold, 1996).
49. For a comprehensive account of the 1990s media situation see E. S. Herman and R. W. McChesney, The Global Media: The New Missionaries of Corporate Capitalism (London: Cassell, 1997).
50. See J. Thompson, The Media and Modernity: A Social Theory of the Media (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995).
51. See C. McNeely and Y. N. Soysal, 'International Flows of Television Programming: A Revisionist Research Orientation', Public Culture, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1989, 136-44.
52. For an account of various press laws, see P. Lahav, 'Comparative Press Laws', World Press Encyclopaedia (London: Mansell, 1982). Also see F. S. Siebert, Four Theories of the Press (New York: Freeport).
53. For an account of various press laws, see P. Lahav, 'Comparative Press Laws', World Press Encyclopaedia (London: Mansell, 1982). Also see F. S. Siebert, Four Theories of the Press (New York: Freeport).
54. Bell's interview in Frontline, 5 May 1995.
55. See V. R. K. Iyer, 'The Mendacity Trend: Foreign Menace to Indian Media', Frontline, 25 February 1994, 91-3.
56. See Ram, 'Foreign Media Entry into the Press'.
57. Quoted in A. Srinivas, 'Pressing Problems: Two Titans Lock Horns Over a Newspaper's Name', India Today, 31 Jan. 1994.
58. The judgement was reported in T. S. Subramaniam, 'Before the Court: Foreign Newspapers Entry', Frontline, 25 March 1994, 28-9.
59. See J. Tunstall and M. Palmer, Media Moghuls (London: Routledge, 1991).
60. See J. W. Anderson, 'Indian Media Back Open Market'.
61. See M. Chopra, 'India Simmers: Indian Cable TV Industry', Multichannel News, 18 April 1994.
62. See M. Reddy, 'Indian Business Booms as Economy Liberalises', Reuters Business Report, 9 Feb. 1994.
63. See Jeffrey, 'Indian Language Newspapers and Why They Grow'.
64. See E. Pilkington, 'Price War by Murdoch of India Sparks Boycott and Bloodshed', The Guardian, 12 July 1994.
65. Quoted in Srinivas, 'Pressing Problems'.
66. Retrieved from the Internet: www.timesofindia.com
67. See Amrita Shah, Hype, Hypocrisy and Television in Urban India (Delhi: Vikas, 1997).
68. Coleridge credits Samir Jain with 'Americanising' The Times of India and practising Harvard Business School techniques he learnt during a brief internship at the New York Times, in The Paper Tigers (London: Heinemann, 1993).
69. See Sreberny-Mohammadi, 'The Global and the Local in International Communications'.
70. See R. Rusbridger, 'The Moghul Invasion', The Guardian, 9 April 1994.
71. See D. Kadva, 'India Watch: Baffling Beeline by World Media', Times of Oman, 19 Feb. 1994.
72. See Bell's interview, Frontline, 5 May 1995.
73. Debashish Munshi, Indian journalist, personal communication, 15 Jan. 1995.
74. See Rusbridger, 'The Moghul Invasion'.
75. See D. Malcolm, 'Dangerous Liaisons in Bollywood', The Guardian, 9 Feb. 1995.
76. From 'Response of News Corporation Ltd on the Comprehensive Study of the Globalisation of Mass Media Firms', National Telecommunications & Information Administration, Washington, 1990.
77. From 'Response of Time-Warner Inc. on the Comprehensive Study of the Globalisation of Mass Media Firms', National Telecommunications & Information Administration, Washington, 1990.
78. Personal communication, 10 Jan. 1995.
79. See 'Who's Afraid of Foreign Media?', Business Standard, 18 December 1999.
80. Y. N. Chaturvedi, Information and Broadcasting secretary, quoted in 'Fresh Look at FDI in Print Media', The Hindu, 8 Dec. 1999; and in 'Foreign Investment Under Review', The HindustanTimes, 8 Dec. 1999.
81. Y. N. Chaturvedi, Information and Broadcasting secretary, quoted in 'Fresh Look at FDI in Print Media', The Hindu, 8 Dec. 1999; and in 'Foreign Investment Under Review', The HindustanTimes, 8 Dec. 1999.
82. Arun Jaitley, Minister for Information and Broadcasting, quoted in 'No Entry of Foreign Media, says Jaitley', The Tunes of India, 2 Feb. 2000.