Race from power: U.S. foreign policy and the general crisis of "white supremacy"

Diplomatic History

Volumn 23, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 437-461

  Horne, Gerald ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0011914076     PISSN: 01452096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/0145-2096.00176     Document Type: Article

References (263)

1. Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, eds., Critical White Studies: Looking Behind the Mirror (Philadelphia, 1997); Michelle Fine, Lois Weis, Linda C. Powell, and L. Mun Wong, eds., Off White: Readings on Race, Power, and Society (New York, 1997); Susan Gubar, Racechanges: White Skin, Black Face in American Culture (New York, 1997); Toni Morrison, Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (Cambridge, 1992); Ruth Krankenberg, White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness (Minneapolis, 1993); Joe L. Kincheloe, Shirley R. Steinberg, Nelson M. Rodriguez, and Ronald E. Chennault, eds., White Reign: Deploying Whiteness in America (New York, 1998); Mike Hill, ed., Whiteness: A Critical Reader (New York, 1997); Ian F. Haney Lopez, White By Law: The Legal Construction of Race (New York, 1996); Eric Lott, Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class (New York, 1993); David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York, 1991); Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White (New York, 1996); Grace Elizabeth Hale, Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1800-1940 (New York, 1998); Theodore Allen, The Invention of the White Race: Volume One: Racial Oppression and Social Control (New York, 1994); Elvi Whittaker, The Mainland Haole: The White Experience in Hawaii (New York, 1986).
2. Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, eds., Critical White Studies: Looking Behind the Mirror (Philadelphia, 1997); Michelle Fine, Lois Weis, Linda C. Powell, and L. Mun Wong, eds., Off White: Readings on Race, Power, and Society (New York, 1997); Susan Gubar, Racechanges: White Skin, Black Face in American Culture (New York, 1997); Toni Morrison, Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (Cambridge, 1992); Ruth Krankenberg, White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness (Minneapolis, 1993); Joe L. Kincheloe, Shirley R. Steinberg, Nelson M. Rodriguez, and Ronald E. Chennault, eds., White Reign: Deploying Whiteness in America (New York, 1998); Mike Hill, ed., Whiteness: A Critical Reader (New York, 1997); Ian F. Haney Lopez, White By Law: The Legal Construction of Race (New York, 1996); Eric Lott, Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class (New York, 1993); David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York, 1991); Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White (New York, 1996); Grace Elizabeth Hale, Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1800-1940 (New York, 1998); Theodore Allen, The Invention of the White Race: Volume One: Racial Oppression and Social Control (New York, 1994); Elvi Whittaker, The Mainland Haole: The White Experience in Hawaii (New York, 1986).
3. Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, eds., Critical White Studies: Looking Behind the Mirror (Philadelphia, 1997); Michelle Fine, Lois Weis, Linda C. Powell, and L. Mun Wong, eds., Off White: Readings on Race, Power, and Society (New York, 1997); Susan Gubar, Racechanges: White Skin, Black Face in American Culture (New York, 1997); Toni Morrison, Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (Cambridge, 1992); Ruth Krankenberg, White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness (Minneapolis, 1993); Joe L. Kincheloe, Shirley R. Steinberg, Nelson M. Rodriguez, and Ronald E. Chennault, eds., White Reign: Deploying Whiteness in America (New York, 1998); Mike Hill, ed., Whiteness: A Critical Reader (New York, 1997); Ian F. Haney Lopez, White By Law: The Legal Construction of Race (New York, 1996); Eric Lott, Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class (New York, 1993); David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York, 1991); Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White (New York, 1996); Grace Elizabeth Hale, Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1800-1940 (New York, 1998); Theodore Allen, The Invention of the White Race: Volume One: Racial Oppression and Social Control (New York, 1994); Elvi Whittaker, The Mainland Haole: The White Experience in Hawaii (New York, 1986).
4. Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, eds., Critical White Studies: Looking Behind the Mirror (Philadelphia, 1997); Michelle Fine, Lois Weis, Linda C. Powell, and L. Mun Wong, eds., Off White: Readings on Race, Power, and Society (New York, 1997); Susan Gubar, Racechanges: White Skin, Black Face in American Culture (New York, 1997); Toni Morrison, Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (Cambridge, 1992); Ruth Krankenberg, White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness (Minneapolis, 1993); Joe L. Kincheloe, Shirley R. Steinberg, Nelson M. Rodriguez, and Ronald E. Chennault, eds., White Reign: Deploying Whiteness in America (New York, 1998); Mike Hill, ed., Whiteness: A Critical Reader (New York, 1997); Ian F. Haney Lopez, White By Law: The Legal Construction of Race (New York, 1996); Eric Lott, Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class (New York, 1993); David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York, 1991); Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White (New York, 1996); Grace Elizabeth Hale, Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1800-1940 (New York, 1998); Theodore Allen, The Invention of the White Race: Volume One: Racial Oppression and Social Control (New York, 1994); Elvi Whittaker, The Mainland Haole: The White Experience in Hawaii (New York, 1986).
5. Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, eds., Critical White Studies: Looking Behind the Mirror (Philadelphia, 1997); Michelle Fine, Lois Weis, Linda C. Powell, and L. Mun Wong, eds., Off White: Readings on Race, Power, and Society (New York, 1997); Susan Gubar, Racechanges: White Skin, Black Face in American Culture (New York, 1997); Toni Morrison, Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (Cambridge, 1992); Ruth Krankenberg, White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness (Minneapolis, 1993); Joe L. Kincheloe, Shirley R. Steinberg, Nelson M. Rodriguez, and Ronald E. Chennault, eds., White Reign: Deploying Whiteness in America (New York, 1998); Mike Hill, ed., Whiteness: A Critical Reader (New York, 1997); Ian F. Haney Lopez, White By Law: The Legal Construction of Race (New York, 1996); Eric Lott, Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class (New York, 1993); David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York, 1991); Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White (New York, 1996); Grace Elizabeth Hale, Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1800-1940 (New York, 1998); Theodore Allen, The Invention of the White Race: Volume One: Racial Oppression and Social Control (New York, 1994); Elvi Whittaker, The Mainland Haole: The White Experience in Hawaii (New York, 1986).
6. Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, eds., Critical White Studies: Looking Behind the Mirror (Philadelphia, 1997); Michelle Fine, Lois Weis, Linda C. Powell, and L. Mun Wong, eds., Off White: Readings on Race, Power, and Society (New York, 1997); Susan Gubar, Racechanges: White Skin, Black Face in American Culture (New York, 1997); Toni Morrison, Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (Cambridge, 1992); Ruth Krankenberg, White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness (Minneapolis, 1993); Joe L. Kincheloe, Shirley R. Steinberg, Nelson M. Rodriguez, and Ronald E. Chennault, eds., White Reign: Deploying Whiteness in America (New York, 1998); Mike Hill, ed., Whiteness: A Critical Reader (New York, 1997); Ian F. Haney Lopez, White By Law: The Legal Construction of Race (New York, 1996); Eric Lott, Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class (New York, 1993); David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York, 1991); Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White (New York, 1996); Grace Elizabeth Hale, Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1800-1940 (New York, 1998); Theodore Allen, The Invention of the White Race: Volume One: Racial Oppression and Social Control (New York, 1994); Elvi Whittaker, The Mainland Haole: The White Experience in Hawaii (New York, 1986).
7. Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, eds., Critical White Studies: Looking Behind the Mirror (Philadelphia, 1997); Michelle Fine, Lois Weis, Linda C. Powell, and L. Mun Wong, eds., Off White: Readings on Race, Power, and Society (New York, 1997); Susan Gubar, Racechanges: White Skin, Black Face in American Culture (New York, 1997); Toni Morrison, Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (Cambridge, 1992); Ruth Krankenberg, White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness (Minneapolis, 1993); Joe L. Kincheloe, Shirley R. Steinberg, Nelson M. Rodriguez, and Ronald E. Chennault, eds., White Reign: Deploying Whiteness in America (New York, 1998); Mike Hill, ed., Whiteness: A Critical Reader (New York, 1997); Ian F. Haney Lopez, White By Law: The Legal Construction of Race (New York, 1996); Eric Lott, Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class (New York, 1993); David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York, 1991); Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White (New York, 1996); Grace Elizabeth Hale, Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1800-1940 (New York, 1998); Theodore Allen, The Invention of the White Race: Volume One: Racial Oppression and Social Control (New York, 1994); Elvi Whittaker, The Mainland Haole: The White Experience in Hawaii (New York, 1986).
8. Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, eds., Critical White Studies: Looking Behind the Mirror (Philadelphia, 1997); Michelle Fine, Lois Weis, Linda C. Powell, and L. Mun Wong, eds., Off White: Readings on Race, Power, and Society (New York, 1997); Susan Gubar, Racechanges: White Skin, Black Face in American Culture (New York, 1997); Toni Morrison, Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (Cambridge, 1992); Ruth Krankenberg, White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness (Minneapolis, 1993); Joe L. Kincheloe, Shirley R. Steinberg, Nelson M. Rodriguez, and Ronald E. Chennault, eds., White Reign: Deploying Whiteness in America (New York, 1998); Mike Hill, ed., Whiteness: A Critical Reader (New York, 1997); Ian F. Haney Lopez, White By Law: The Legal Construction of Race (New York, 1996); Eric Lott, Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class (New York, 1993); David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York, 1991); Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White (New York, 1996); Grace Elizabeth Hale, Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1800-1940 (New York, 1998); Theodore Allen, The Invention of the White Race: Volume One: Racial Oppression and Social Control (New York, 1994); Elvi Whittaker, The Mainland Haole: The White Experience in Hawaii (New York, 1986).
9. Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, eds., Critical White Studies: Looking Behind the Mirror (Philadelphia, 1997); Michelle Fine, Lois Weis, Linda C. Powell, and L. Mun Wong, eds., Off White: Readings on Race, Power, and Society (New York, 1997); Susan Gubar, Racechanges: White Skin, Black Face in American Culture (New York, 1997); Toni Morrison, Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (Cambridge, 1992); Ruth Krankenberg, White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness (Minneapolis, 1993); Joe L. Kincheloe, Shirley R. Steinberg, Nelson M. Rodriguez, and Ronald E. Chennault, eds., White Reign: Deploying Whiteness in America (New York, 1998); Mike Hill, ed., Whiteness: A Critical Reader (New York, 1997); Ian F. Haney Lopez, White By Law: The Legal Construction of Race (New York, 1996); Eric Lott, Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class (New York, 1993); David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York, 1991); Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White (New York, 1996); Grace Elizabeth Hale, Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1800-1940 (New York, 1998); Theodore Allen, The Invention of the White Race: Volume One: Racial Oppression and Social Control (New York, 1994); Elvi Whittaker, The Mainland Haole: The White Experience in Hawaii (New York, 1986).
10. Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, eds., Critical White Studies: Looking Behind the Mirror (Philadelphia, 1997); Michelle Fine, Lois Weis, Linda C. Powell, and L. Mun Wong, eds., Off White: Readings on Race, Power, and Society (New York, 1997); Susan Gubar, Racechanges: White Skin, Black Face in American Culture (New York, 1997); Toni Morrison, Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (Cambridge, 1992); Ruth Krankenberg, White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness (Minneapolis, 1993); Joe L. Kincheloe, Shirley R. Steinberg, Nelson M. Rodriguez, and Ronald E. Chennault, eds., White Reign: Deploying Whiteness in America (New York, 1998); Mike Hill, ed., Whiteness: A Critical Reader (New York, 1997); Ian F. Haney Lopez, White By Law: The Legal Construction of Race (New York, 1996); Eric Lott, Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class (New York, 1993); David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York, 1991); Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White (New York, 1996); Grace Elizabeth Hale, Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1800-1940 (New York, 1998); Theodore Allen, The Invention of the White Race: Volume One: Racial Oppression and Social Control (New York, 1994); Elvi Whittaker, The Mainland Haole: The White Experience in Hawaii (New York, 1986).
11. Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, eds., Critical White Studies: Looking Behind the Mirror (Philadelphia, 1997); Michelle Fine, Lois Weis, Linda C. Powell, and L. Mun Wong, eds., Off White: Readings on Race, Power, and Society (New York, 1997); Susan Gubar, Racechanges: White Skin, Black Face in American Culture (New York, 1997); Toni Morrison, Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (Cambridge, 1992); Ruth Krankenberg, White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness (Minneapolis, 1993); Joe L. Kincheloe, Shirley R. Steinberg, Nelson M. Rodriguez, and Ronald E. Chennault, eds., White Reign: Deploying Whiteness in America (New York, 1998); Mike Hill, ed., Whiteness: A Critical Reader (New York, 1997); Ian F. Haney Lopez, White By Law: The Legal Construction of Race (New York, 1996); Eric Lott, Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class (New York, 1993); David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York, 1991); Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White (New York, 1996); Grace Elizabeth Hale, Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1800-1940 (New York, 1998); Theodore Allen, The Invention of the White Race: Volume One: Racial Oppression and Social Control (New York, 1994); Elvi Whittaker, The Mainland Haole: The White Experience in Hawaii (New York, 1986).
12. Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, eds., Critical White Studies: Looking Behind the Mirror (Philadelphia, 1997); Michelle Fine, Lois Weis, Linda C. Powell, and L. Mun Wong, eds., Off White: Readings on Race, Power, and Society (New York, 1997); Susan Gubar, Racechanges: White Skin, Black Face in American Culture (New York, 1997); Toni Morrison, Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (Cambridge, 1992); Ruth Krankenberg, White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness (Minneapolis, 1993); Joe L. Kincheloe, Shirley R. Steinberg, Nelson M. Rodriguez, and Ronald E. Chennault, eds., White Reign: Deploying Whiteness in America (New York, 1998); Mike Hill, ed., Whiteness: A Critical Reader (New York, 1997); Ian F. Haney Lopez, White By Law: The Legal Construction of Race (New York, 1996); Eric Lott, Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class (New York, 1993); David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York, 1991); Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White (New York, 1996); Grace Elizabeth Hale, Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1800-1940 (New York, 1998); Theodore Allen, The Invention of the White Race: Volume One: Racial Oppression and Social Control (New York, 1994); Elvi Whittaker, The Mainland Haole: The White Experience in Hawaii (New York, 1986).
13. Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, eds., Critical White Studies: Looking Behind the Mirror (Philadelphia, 1997); Michelle Fine, Lois Weis, Linda C. Powell, and L. Mun Wong, eds., Off White: Readings on Race, Power, and Society (New York, 1997); Susan Gubar, Racechanges: White Skin, Black Face in American Culture (New York, 1997); Toni Morrison, Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (Cambridge, 1992); Ruth Krankenberg, White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness (Minneapolis, 1993); Joe L. Kincheloe, Shirley R. Steinberg, Nelson M. Rodriguez, and Ronald E. Chennault, eds., White Reign: Deploying Whiteness in America (New York, 1998); Mike Hill, ed., Whiteness: A Critical Reader (New York, 1997); Ian F. Haney Lopez, White By Law: The Legal Construction of Race (New York, 1996); Eric Lott, Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class (New York, 1993); David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York, 1991); Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White (New York, 1996); Grace Elizabeth Hale, Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1800-1940 (New York, 1998); Theodore Allen, The Invention of the White Race: Volume One: Racial Oppression and Social Control (New York, 1994); Elvi Whittaker, The Mainland Haole: The White Experience in Hawaii (New York, 1986).
14. Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, eds., Critical White Studies: Looking Behind the Mirror (Philadelphia, 1997); Michelle Fine, Lois Weis, Linda C. Powell, and L. Mun Wong, eds., Off White: Readings on Race, Power, and Society (New York, 1997); Susan Gubar, Racechanges: White Skin, Black Face in American Culture (New York, 1997); Toni Morrison, Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (Cambridge, 1992); Ruth Krankenberg, White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness (Minneapolis, 1993); Joe L. Kincheloe, Shirley R. Steinberg, Nelson M. Rodriguez, and Ronald E. Chennault, eds., White Reign: Deploying Whiteness in America (New York, 1998); Mike Hill, ed., Whiteness: A Critical Reader (New York, 1997); Ian F. Haney Lopez, White By Law: The Legal Construction of Race (New York, 1996); Eric Lott, Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class (New York, 1993); David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York, 1991); Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White (New York, 1996); Grace Elizabeth Hale, Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1800-1940 (New York, 1998); Theodore Allen, The Invention of the White Race: Volume One: Racial Oppression and Social Control (New York, 1994); Elvi Whittaker, The Mainland Haole: The White Experience in Hawaii (New York, 1986).
15. Of course, "white supremacy" is far from being an exclusively U.S. phenomenon. See, for example, Alice L. Conklin, A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1995-1930 (Stanford, 1997); Allison Blakely, Blacks in the Dutch World: The Evolution of Racial Imagery in a Modern Society (Bloomington, 1993); Frances Twine Winddance, Racism in a Racial Democracy: The Maintenance of White Supremacy in Brazil (New Brunswick, 1998); Gretchen Fitzgerald, Repulsing Racism: Reflections on Racism and the Irish (Dublin, 1992); Panikos Panayi, ed., Racial Violence in Britain, 1840-1950 (Leicester, 1993); and Jay Kinsbrunner, Not of Pure Blood: The Free People of Color and Racial Prejudice in Nineteenth-Century Puerto Rico (Durham, 1996).
16. Of course, "white supremacy" is far from being an exclusively U.S. phenomenon. See, for example, Alice L. Conklin, A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1995-1930 (Stanford, 1997); Allison Blakely, Blacks in the Dutch World: The Evolution of Racial Imagery in a Modern Society (Bloomington, 1993); Frances Twine Winddance, Racism in a Racial Democracy: The Maintenance of White Supremacy in Brazil (New Brunswick, 1998); Gretchen Fitzgerald, Repulsing Racism: Reflections on Racism and the Irish (Dublin, 1992); Panikos Panayi, ed., Racial Violence in Britain, 1840-1950 (Leicester, 1993); and Jay Kinsbrunner, Not of Pure Blood: The Free People of Color and Racial Prejudice in Nineteenth-Century Puerto Rico (Durham, 1996).
17. Of course, "white supremacy" is far from being an exclusively U.S. phenomenon. See, for example, Alice L. Conklin, A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1995-1930 (Stanford, 1997); Allison Blakely, Blacks in the Dutch World: The Evolution of Racial Imagery in a Modern Society (Bloomington, 1993); Frances Twine Winddance, Racism in a Racial Democracy: The Maintenance of White Supremacy in Brazil (New Brunswick, 1998); Gretchen Fitzgerald, Repulsing Racism: Reflections on Racism and the Irish (Dublin, 1992); Panikos Panayi, ed., Racial Violence in Britain, 1840-1950 (Leicester, 1993); and Jay Kinsbrunner, Not of Pure Blood: The Free People of Color and Racial Prejudice in Nineteenth-Century Puerto Rico (Durham, 1996).
18. Of course, "white supremacy" is far from being an exclusively U.S. phenomenon. See, for example, Alice L. Conklin, A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1995-1930 (Stanford, 1997); Allison Blakely, Blacks in the Dutch World: The Evolution of Racial Imagery in a Modern Society (Bloomington, 1993); Frances Twine Winddance, Racism in a Racial Democracy: The Maintenance of White Supremacy in Brazil (New Brunswick, 1998); Gretchen Fitzgerald, Repulsing Racism: Reflections on Racism and the Irish (Dublin, 1992); Panikos Panayi, ed., Racial Violence in Britain, 1840-1950 (Leicester, 1993); and Jay Kinsbrunner, Not of Pure Blood: The Free People of Color and Racial Prejudice in Nineteenth-Century Puerto Rico (Durham, 1996).
19. Of course, "white supremacy" is far from being an exclusively U.S. phenomenon. See, for example, Alice L. Conklin, A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1995-1930 (Stanford, 1997); Allison Blakely, Blacks in the Dutch World: The Evolution of Racial Imagery in a Modern Society (Bloomington, 1993); Frances Twine Winddance, Racism in a Racial Democracy: The Maintenance of White Supremacy in Brazil (New Brunswick, 1998); Gretchen Fitzgerald, Repulsing Racism: Reflections on Racism and the Irish (Dublin, 1992); Panikos Panayi, ed., Racial Violence in Britain, 1840-1950 (Leicester, 1993); and Jay Kinsbrunner, Not of Pure Blood: The Free People of Color and Racial Prejudice in Nineteenth-Century Puerto Rico (Durham, 1996).
20. Of course, "white supremacy" is far from being an exclusively U.S. phenomenon. See, for example, Alice L. Conklin, A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1995-1930 (Stanford, 1997); Allison Blakely, Blacks in the Dutch World: The Evolution of Racial Imagery in a Modern Society (Bloomington, 1993); Frances Twine Winddance, Racism in a Racial Democracy: The Maintenance of White Supremacy in Brazil (New Brunswick, 1998); Gretchen Fitzgerald, Repulsing Racism: Reflections on Racism and the Irish (Dublin, 1992); Panikos Panayi, ed., Racial Violence in Britain, 1840-1950 (Leicester, 1993); and Jay Kinsbrunner, Not of Pure Blood: The Free People of Color and Racial Prejudice in Nineteenth-Century Puerto Rico (Durham, 1996).
21. See, for example, George Fredrickson, White Supremacy: A Comparative Study in American and South African History (New York, 1981); John Cell, The Highest Stage of White Supremacy: The Origins of Segregation in South Africa and the American South (New York, 1982); and Clifton C. Crais, White Supremacy and Black Resistance in Pre-Industrial South Africa: The Making of the Colonial Order in the Eastern Cape, 1770-1865 (New York, 1992).
22. See, for example, George Fredrickson, White Supremacy: A Comparative Study in American and South African History (New York, 1981); John Cell, The Highest Stage of White Supremacy: The Origins of Segregation in South Africa and the American South (New York, 1982); and Clifton C. Crais, White Supremacy and Black Resistance in Pre-Industrial South Africa: The Making of the Colonial Order in the Eastern Cape, 1770-1865 (New York, 1992).
23. See, for example, George Fredrickson, White Supremacy: A Comparative Study in American and South African History (New York, 1981); John Cell, The Highest Stage of White Supremacy: The Origins of Segregation in South Africa and the American South (New York, 1982); and Clifton C. Crais, White Supremacy and Black Resistance in Pre-Industrial South Africa: The Making of the Colonial Order in the Eastern Cape, 1770-1865 (New York, 1992).
24. Winthrop Jordan, White over Black: American Attitudes toward the Negro, 1550-1812 (Chapel Hill, 1968); Audrey Smedley, Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview (Boulder, 1993); Vron Ware, Beyond the Pale: White Women, Racism, and History (New York, 1992); Milford Wolpoff and Rachel Caspari, Race and Human Evolution (New York, 1997); Pat Shipman, The Evolution of Racism: Human Differences and the Use and Abuse of Science (New York, 1994); Michael N. Pearson, Port Cities and Intruders: The Swahili Coast, India, and Portugal in the Early Modern Era ( Baltimore, 1997); and Gert Oostindie, ed., Fifty Years Later: Antislavery, Capitalism, and Modernity in the Dutch Orbit (Pittsburgh, 1996).
25. Winthrop Jordan, White over Black: American Attitudes toward the Negro, 1550-1812 (Chapel Hill, 1968); Audrey Smedley, Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview (Boulder, 1993); Vron Ware, Beyond the Pale: White Women, Racism, and History (New York, 1992); Milford Wolpoff and Rachel Caspari, Race and Human Evolution (New York, 1997); Pat Shipman, The Evolution of Racism: Human Differences and the Use and Abuse of Science (New York, 1994); Michael N. Pearson, Port Cities and Intruders: The Swahili Coast, India, and Portugal in the Early Modern Era ( Baltimore, 1997); and Gert Oostindie, ed., Fifty Years Later: Antislavery, Capitalism, and Modernity in the Dutch Orbit (Pittsburgh, 1996).
26. Winthrop Jordan, White over Black: American Attitudes toward the Negro, 1550-1812 (Chapel Hill, 1968); Audrey Smedley, Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview (Boulder, 1993); Vron Ware, Beyond the Pale: White Women, Racism, and History (New York, 1992); Milford Wolpoff and Rachel Caspari, Race and Human Evolution (New York, 1997); Pat Shipman, The Evolution of Racism: Human Differences and the Use and Abuse of Science (New York, 1994); Michael N. Pearson, Port Cities and Intruders: The Swahili Coast, India, and Portugal in the Early Modern Era ( Baltimore, 1997); and Gert Oostindie, ed., Fifty Years Later: Antislavery, Capitalism, and Modernity in the Dutch Orbit (Pittsburgh, 1996).
27. Winthrop Jordan, White over Black: American Attitudes toward the Negro, 1550-1812 (Chapel Hill, 1968); Audrey Smedley, Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview (Boulder, 1993); Vron Ware, Beyond the Pale: White Women, Racism, and History (New York, 1992); Milford Wolpoff and Rachel Caspari, Race and Human Evolution (New York, 1997); Pat Shipman, The Evolution of Racism: Human Differences and the Use and Abuse of Science (New York, 1994); Michael N. Pearson, Port Cities and Intruders: The Swahili Coast, India, and Portugal in the Early Modern Era ( Baltimore, 1997); and Gert Oostindie, ed., Fifty Years Later: Antislavery, Capitalism, and Modernity in the Dutch Orbit (Pittsburgh, 1996).
28. Winthrop Jordan, White over Black: American Attitudes toward the Negro, 1550-1812 (Chapel Hill, 1968); Audrey Smedley, Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview (Boulder, 1993); Vron Ware, Beyond the Pale: White Women, Racism, and History (New York, 1992); Milford Wolpoff and Rachel Caspari, Race and Human Evolution (New York, 1997); Pat Shipman, The Evolution of Racism: Human Differences and the Use and Abuse of Science (New York, 1994); Michael N. Pearson, Port Cities and Intruders: The Swahili Coast, India, and Portugal in the Early Modern Era ( Baltimore, 1997); and Gert Oostindie, ed., Fifty Years Later: Antislavery, Capitalism, and Modernity in the Dutch Orbit (Pittsburgh, 1996).
29. Winthrop Jordan, White over Black: American Attitudes toward the Negro, 1550-1812 (Chapel Hill, 1968); Audrey Smedley, Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview (Boulder, 1993); Vron Ware, Beyond the Pale: White Women, Racism, and History (New York, 1992); Milford Wolpoff and Rachel Caspari, Race and Human Evolution (New York, 1997); Pat Shipman, The Evolution of Racism: Human Differences and the Use and Abuse of Science (New York, 1994); Michael N. Pearson, Port Cities and Intruders: The Swahili Coast, India, and Portugal in the Early Modern Era ( Baltimore, 1997); and Gert Oostindie, ed., Fifty Years Later: Antislavery, Capitalism, and Modernity in the Dutch Orbit (Pittsburgh, 1996).
30. Winthrop Jordan, White over Black: American Attitudes toward the Negro, 1550-1812 (Chapel Hill, 1968); Audrey Smedley, Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview (Boulder, 1993); Vron Ware, Beyond the Pale: White Women, Racism, and History (New York, 1992); Milford Wolpoff and Rachel Caspari, Race and Human Evolution (New York, 1997); Pat Shipman, The Evolution of Racism: Human Differences and the Use and Abuse of Science (New York, 1994); Michael N. Pearson, Port Cities and Intruders: The Swahili Coast, India, and Portugal in the Early Modern Era ( Baltimore, 1997); and Gert Oostindie, ed., Fifty Years Later: Antislavery, Capitalism, and Modernity in the Dutch Orbit (Pittsburgh, 1996).
31. Charles Mills, The Racial Contract (Ithace, 1997); Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze, Race and the Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1997); William B. Cohen, The French Encounter with Africans: White Response to Blacks, 1530-1880 (Bloomington, 1980); David Goldberg, Racist Culture: Philosophy and the Politics of Meaning (Cambridge, 1995).
32. Charles Mills, The Racial Contract (Ithace, 1997); Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze, Race and the Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1997); William B. Cohen, The French Encounter with Africans: White Response to Blacks, 1530-1880 (Bloomington, 1980); David Goldberg, Racist Culture: Philosophy and the Politics of Meaning (Cambridge, 1995).
33. Charles Mills, The Racial Contract (Ithace, 1997); Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze, Race and the Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1997); William B. Cohen, The French Encounter with Africans: White Response to Blacks, 1530-1880 (Bloomington, 1980); David Goldberg, Racist Culture: Philosophy and the Politics of Meaning (Cambridge, 1995).
34. Charles Mills, The Racial Contract (Ithace, 1997); Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze, Race and the Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1997); William B. Cohen, The French Encounter with Africans: White Response to Blacks, 1530-1880 (Bloomington, 1980); David Goldberg, Racist Culture: Philosophy and the Politics of Meaning (Cambridge, 1995).
35. Robert Marshall, Storm from the East: From Genghis Khan to Khubilai Khan (Berkeley, 1995), 118, 133, 134. See also Leo de Hartog, Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World (New York, 1989); Roxann Prazniak, Dialogues across Civilizations: Sketches in World History from the Chinese and European Experiences (Boulder, 1996); and Jack Goody, The East in the West (New York, 1996). More than half a millenium later, Genghis Khan was still roiling relations between Asia and Europe. When Deng Xiaoping of China met with Ho Chi Minh in 1960, the Vietnamese leader informed him that the USSR's Nikita Khrushchev was concerned about the campaign in China to restore the gravesite of Genghis Khan; this "smelled of 'yellow peril,'" it was said. One Soviet comrade was reported to have said, "Why do they celebrate him as a progressive figure? Many nations had to suffer under his attack." More work needs to be done to ascertain the extent to which "white supremacy" - and fear of the "yellow peril" - impacted the central development that extended the continuation of the American Century, that is the so-called Sino-Soviet dispute. See "The Short Version of the Negotiations between CPSU and CCP Delegations (September 1960)," Cold War International History Project Bulletin 10 (March 1998): 172-73. See also Gordon Chang, Friends and Enemies: The U.S., China, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1972 (Stanford, 1990); and David Allan Mayers, Cracking the Monolith: U.S. Policy against the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1949-1955 (Baton Rouge, 1986).
36. Robert Marshall, Storm from the East: From Genghis Khan to Khubilai Khan (Berkeley, 1995), 118, 133, 134. See also Leo de Hartog, Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World (New York, 1989); Roxann Prazniak, Dialogues across Civilizations: Sketches in World History from the Chinese and European Experiences (Boulder, 1996); and Jack Goody, The East in the West (New York, 1996). More than half a millenium later, Genghis Khan was still roiling relations between Asia and Europe. When Deng Xiaoping of China met with Ho Chi Minh in 1960, the Vietnamese leader informed him that the USSR's Nikita Khrushchev was concerned about the campaign in China to restore the gravesite of Genghis Khan; this "smelled of 'yellow peril,'" it was said. One Soviet comrade was reported to have said, "Why do they celebrate him as a progressive figure? Many nations had to suffer under his attack." More work needs to be done to ascertain the extent to which "white supremacy" - and fear of the "yellow peril" - impacted the central development that extended the continuation of the American Century, that is the so-called Sino-Soviet dispute. See "The Short Version of the Negotiations between CPSU and CCP Delegations (September 1960)," Cold War International History Project Bulletin 10 (March 1998): 172-73. See also Gordon Chang, Friends and Enemies: The U.S., China, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1972 (Stanford, 1990); and David Allan Mayers, Cracking the Monolith: U.S. Policy against the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1949-1955 (Baton Rouge, 1986).
37. Robert Marshall, Storm from the East: From Genghis Khan to Khubilai Khan (Berkeley, 1995), 118, 133, 134. See also Leo de Hartog, Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World (New York, 1989); Roxann Prazniak, Dialogues across Civilizations: Sketches in World History from the Chinese and European Experiences (Boulder, 1996); and Jack Goody, The East in the West (New York, 1996). More than half a millenium later, Genghis Khan was still roiling relations between Asia and Europe. When Deng Xiaoping of China met with Ho Chi Minh in 1960, the Vietnamese leader informed him that the USSR's Nikita Khrushchev was concerned about the campaign in China to restore the gravesite of Genghis Khan; this "smelled of 'yellow peril,'" it was said. One Soviet comrade was reported to have said, "Why do they celebrate him as a progressive figure? Many nations had to suffer under his attack." More work needs to be done to ascertain the extent to which "white supremacy" - and fear of the "yellow peril" - impacted the central development that extended the continuation of the American Century, that is the so-called Sino-Soviet dispute. See "The Short Version of the Negotiations between CPSU and CCP Delegations (September 1960)," Cold War International History Project Bulletin 10 (March 1998): 172-73. See also Gordon Chang, Friends and Enemies: The U.S., China, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1972 (Stanford, 1990); and David Allan Mayers, Cracking the Monolith: U.S. Policy against the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1949-1955 (Baton Rouge, 1986).
38. Robert Marshall, Storm from the East: From Genghis Khan to Khubilai Khan (Berkeley, 1995), 118, 133, 134. See also Leo de Hartog, Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World (New York, 1989); Roxann Prazniak, Dialogues across Civilizations: Sketches in World History from the Chinese and European Experiences (Boulder, 1996); and Jack Goody, The East in the West (New York, 1996). More than half a millenium later, Genghis Khan was still roiling relations between Asia and Europe. When Deng Xiaoping of China met with Ho Chi Minh in 1960, the Vietnamese leader informed him that the USSR's Nikita Khrushchev was concerned about the campaign in China to restore the gravesite of Genghis Khan; this "smelled of 'yellow peril,'" it was said. One Soviet comrade was reported to have said, "Why do they celebrate him as a progressive figure? Many nations had to suffer under his attack." More work needs to be done to ascertain the extent to which "white supremacy" - and fear of the "yellow peril" - impacted the central development that extended the continuation of the American Century, that is the so-called Sino-Soviet dispute. See "The Short Version of the Negotiations between CPSU and CCP Delegations (September 1960)," Cold War International History Project Bulletin 10 (March 1998): 172-73. See also Gordon Chang, Friends and Enemies: The U.S., China, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1972 (Stanford, 1990); and David Allan Mayers, Cracking the Monolith: U.S. Policy against the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1949-1955 (Baton Rouge, 1986).
39. Robert Marshall, Storm from the East: From Genghis Khan to Khubilai Khan (Berkeley, 1995), 118, 133, 134. See also Leo de Hartog, Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World (New York, 1989); Roxann Prazniak, Dialogues across Civilizations: Sketches in World History from the Chinese and European Experiences (Boulder, 1996); and Jack Goody, The East in the West (New York, 1996). More than half a millenium later, Genghis Khan was still roiling relations between Asia and Europe. When Deng Xiaoping of China met with Ho Chi Minh in 1960, the Vietnamese leader informed him that the USSR's Nikita Khrushchev was concerned about the campaign in China to restore the gravesite of Genghis Khan; this "smelled of 'yellow peril,'" it was said. One Soviet comrade was reported to have said, "Why do they celebrate him as a progressive figure? Many nations had to suffer under his attack." More work needs to be done to ascertain the extent to which "white supremacy" - and fear of the "yellow peril" - impacted the central development that extended the continuation of the American Century, that is the so-called Sino-Soviet dispute. See "The Short Version of the Negotiations between CPSU and CCP Delegations (September 1960)," Cold War International History Project Bulletin 10 (March 1998): 172-73. See also Gordon Chang, Friends and Enemies: The U.S., China, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1972 (Stanford, 1990); and David Allan Mayers, Cracking the Monolith: U.S. Policy against the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1949-1955 (Baton Rouge, 1986).
40. Robert Marshall, Storm from the East: From Genghis Khan to Khubilai Khan (Berkeley, 1995), 118, 133, 134. See also Leo de Hartog, Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World (New York, 1989); Roxann Prazniak, Dialogues across Civilizations: Sketches in World History from the Chinese and European Experiences (Boulder, 1996); and Jack Goody, The East in the West (New York, 1996). More than half a millenium later, Genghis Khan was still roiling relations between Asia and Europe. When Deng Xiaoping of China met with Ho Chi Minh in 1960, the Vietnamese leader informed him that the USSR's Nikita Khrushchev was concerned about the campaign in China to restore the gravesite of Genghis Khan; this "smelled of 'yellow peril,'" it was said. One Soviet comrade was reported to have said, "Why do they celebrate him as a progressive figure? Many nations had to suffer under his attack." More work needs to be done to ascertain the extent to which "white supremacy" - and fear of the "yellow peril" - impacted the central development that extended the continuation of the American Century, that is the so-called Sino-Soviet dispute. See "The Short Version of the Negotiations between CPSU and CCP Delegations (September 1960)," Cold War International History Project Bulletin 10 (March 1998): 172-73. See also Gordon Chang, Friends and Enemies: The U.S., China, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1972 (Stanford, 1990); and David Allan Mayers, Cracking the Monolith: U.S. Policy against the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1949-1955 (Baton Rouge, 1986).
41. Robert Marshall, Storm from the East: From Genghis Khan to Khubilai Khan (Berkeley, 1995), 118, 133, 134. See also Leo de Hartog, Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World (New York, 1989); Roxann Prazniak, Dialogues across Civilizations: Sketches in World History from the Chinese and European Experiences (Boulder, 1996); and Jack Goody, The East in the West (New York, 1996). More than half a millenium later, Genghis Khan was still roiling relations between Asia and Europe. When Deng Xiaoping of China met with Ho Chi Minh in 1960, the Vietnamese leader informed him that the USSR's Nikita Khrushchev was concerned about the campaign in China to restore the gravesite of Genghis Khan; this "smelled of 'yellow peril,'" it was said. One Soviet comrade was reported to have said, "Why do they celebrate him as a progressive figure? Many nations had to suffer under his attack." More work needs to be done to ascertain the extent to which "white supremacy" - and fear of the "yellow peril" - impacted the central development that extended the continuation of the American Century, that is the so-called Sino-Soviet dispute. See "The Short Version of the Negotiations between CPSU and CCP Delegations (September 1960)," Cold War International History Project Bulletin 10 (March 1998): 172-73. See also Gordon Chang, Friends and Enemies: The U.S., China, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1972 (Stanford, 1990); and David Allan Mayers, Cracking the Monolith: U.S. Policy against the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1949-1955 (Baton Rouge, 1986).
42. Josep Fontana, The Distorted Past: A Reinterpretation of Europe (Cambridge, 1995); Bryce Harland, Collision Course: America and East Asia in the Past and the Future (New York, 1996).
43. Josep Fontana, The Distorted Past: A Reinterpretation of Europe (Cambridge, 1995); Bryce Harland, Collision Course: America and East Asia in the Past and the Future (New York, 1996).
44. W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk (Boston, 1997), 45.
45. Clemens Dutt, ed., Fundamentals of Marxism-Leninism (Moscow, n.d.), 317. See also Fenner Brockway, The Colonial Revolution (New York, 1973); Fedor Mikhailovich Leonidov, Racism - An Ideological Weapon of Imperialism (Moscow, 1965); and H. R. Cowie, ed., Imperialism and Race Relations (Melbourne, 1986).
46. Clemens Dutt, ed., Fundamentals of Marxism-Leninism (Moscow, n.d.), 317. See also Fenner Brockway, The Colonial Revolution (New York, 1973); Fedor Mikhailovich Leonidov, Racism - An Ideological Weapon of Imperialism (Moscow, 1965); and H. R. Cowie, ed., Imperialism and Race Relations (Melbourne, 1986).
47. Clemens Dutt, ed., Fundamentals of Marxism-Leninism (Moscow, n.d.), 317. See also Fenner Brockway, The Colonial Revolution (New York, 1973); Fedor Mikhailovich Leonidov, Racism - An Ideological Weapon of Imperialism (Moscow, 1965); and H. R. Cowie, ed., Imperialism and Race Relations (Melbourne, 1986).
48. Clemens Dutt, ed., Fundamentals of Marxism-Leninism (Moscow, n.d.), 317. See also Fenner Brockway, The Colonial Revolution (New York, 1973); Fedor Mikhailovich Leonidov, Racism - An Ideological Weapon of Imperialism (Moscow, 1965); and H. R. Cowie, ed., Imperialism and Race Relations (Melbourne, 1986).
49. Steven Radelet and Jeffrey Sachs, "Asia's Reemergence," Foreign Affairs 76 (November/ December 1997): 44-59. See also Janet Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony: The World System, A.D. 1250-1350 (New York, 1989).
50. Steven Radelet and Jeffrey Sachs, "Asia's Reemergence," Foreign Affairs 76 (November/ December 1997): 44-59. See also Janet Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony: The World System, A.D. 1250-1350 (New York, 1989).
51. Thomas Osborne, "Empire Can Wait": American Opposition to Hawaiian Annexation, 1893-1898 (Kent, 1981); Joseph A. Fry, John Tyler Morgan and the Search for Southern Autonomy (Knoxville, 1992); Richard H. Miller, ed., American Imperialism in 1898: The Quest for National Fulfillment (New York, 1970); Christopher Lasch, "The Anti-Imperialists, the Philippines and the Inequality of Man," Journal of Southern History 24(August 1954): 319-31; David Healy, U.S. Expansionism: The Imperialist Urge in the 1890s (Madison, 1970); Julius Pratt, Expansionists of 1898: The Acquisition of Hawaii and the Spanish Islands (Baltimore, 1936); Sylvester K. Stevens, American Expansion in Hawaii, 1842-1898 (Harrisburg, 1945). I am grateful to Eric Love for helping to shape my thinking on this period.
52. Thomas Osborne, "Empire Can Wait": American Opposition to Hawaiian Annexation, 1893-1898 (Kent, 1981); Joseph A. Fry, John Tyler Morgan and the Search for Southern Autonomy (Knoxville, 1992); Richard H. Miller, ed., American Imperialism in 1898: The Quest for National Fulfillment (New York, 1970); Christopher Lasch, "The Anti-Imperialists, the Philippines and the Inequality of Man," Journal of Southern History 24(August 1954): 319-31; David Healy, U.S. Expansionism: The Imperialist Urge in the 1890s (Madison, 1970); Julius Pratt, Expansionists of 1898: The Acquisition of Hawaii and the Spanish Islands (Baltimore, 1936); Sylvester K. Stevens, American Expansion in Hawaii, 1842-1898 (Harrisburg, 1945). I am grateful to Eric Love for helping to shape my thinking on this period.
53. Thomas Osborne, "Empire Can Wait": American Opposition to Hawaiian Annexation, 1893-1898 (Kent, 1981); Joseph A. Fry, John Tyler Morgan and the Search for Southern Autonomy (Knoxville, 1992); Richard H. Miller, ed., American Imperialism in 1898: The Quest for National Fulfillment (New York, 1970); Christopher Lasch, "The Anti-Imperialists, the Philippines and the Inequality of Man," Journal of Southern History 24(August 1954): 319-31; David Healy, U.S. Expansionism: The Imperialist Urge in the 1890s (Madison, 1970); Julius Pratt, Expansionists of 1898: The Acquisition of Hawaii and the Spanish Islands (Baltimore, 1936); Sylvester K. Stevens, American Expansion in Hawaii, 1842-1898 (Harrisburg, 1945). I am grateful to Eric Love for helping to shape my thinking on this period.
54. Thomas Osborne, "Empire Can Wait": American Opposition to Hawaiian Annexation, 1893-1898 (Kent, 1981); Joseph A. Fry, John Tyler Morgan and the Search for Southern Autonomy (Knoxville, 1992); Richard H. Miller, ed., American Imperialism in 1898: The Quest for National Fulfillment (New York, 1970); Christopher Lasch, "The Anti-Imperialists, the Philippines and the Inequality of Man," Journal of Southern History 24(August 1954): 319-31; David Healy, U.S. Expansionism: The Imperialist Urge in the 1890s (Madison, 1970); Julius Pratt, Expansionists of 1898: The Acquisition of Hawaii and the Spanish Islands (Baltimore, 1936); Sylvester K. Stevens, American Expansion in Hawaii, 1842-1898 (Harrisburg, 1945). I am grateful to Eric Love for helping to shape my thinking on this period.
55. Thomas Osborne, "Empire Can Wait": American Opposition to Hawaiian Annexation, 1893-1898 (Kent, 1981); Joseph A. Fry, John Tyler Morgan and the Search for Southern Autonomy (Knoxville, 1992); Richard H. Miller, ed., American Imperialism in 1898: The Quest for National Fulfillment (New York, 1970); Christopher Lasch, "The Anti-Imperialists, the Philippines and the Inequality of Man," Journal of Southern History 24(August 1954): 319-31; David Healy, U.S. Expansionism: The Imperialist Urge in the 1890s (Madison, 1970); Julius Pratt, Expansionists of 1898: The Acquisition of Hawaii and the Spanish Islands (Baltimore, 1936); Sylvester K. Stevens, American Expansion in Hawaii, 1842-1898 (Harrisburg, 1945). I am grateful to Eric Love for helping to shape my thinking on this period.
56. Thomas Osborne, "Empire Can Wait": American Opposition to Hawaiian Annexation, 1893-1898 (Kent, 1981); Joseph A. Fry, John Tyler Morgan and the Search for Southern Autonomy (Knoxville, 1992); Richard H. Miller, ed., American Imperialism in 1898: The Quest for National Fulfillment (New York, 1970); Christopher Lasch, "The Anti-Imperialists, the Philippines and the Inequality of Man," Journal of Southern History 24(August 1954): 319-31; David Healy, U.S. Expansionism: The Imperialist Urge in the 1890s (Madison, 1970); Julius Pratt, Expansionists of 1898: The Acquisition of Hawaii and the Spanish Islands (Baltimore, 1936); Sylvester K. Stevens, American Expansion in Hawaii, 1842-1898 (Harrisburg, 1945). I am grateful to Eric Love for helping to shape my thinking on this period.
57. Thomas Osborne, "Empire Can Wait": American Opposition to Hawaiian Annexation, 1893-1898 (Kent, 1981); Joseph A. Fry, John Tyler Morgan and the Search for Southern Autonomy (Knoxville, 1992); Richard H. Miller, ed., American Imperialism in 1898: The Quest for National Fulfillment (New York, 1970); Christopher Lasch, "The Anti-Imperialists, the Philippines and the Inequality of Man," Journal of Southern History 24(August 1954): 319-31; David Healy, U.S. Expansionism: The Imperialist Urge in the 1890s (Madison, 1970); Julius Pratt, Expansionists of 1898: The Acquisition of Hawaii and the Spanish Islands (Baltimore, 1936); Sylvester K. Stevens, American Expansion in Hawaii, 1842-1898 (Harrisburg, 1945). I am grateful to Eric Love for helping to shape my thinking on this period.
58. Marie-Jeanne Rossignol, Nationalist Ferment: Origins of the Foreign Policy of the United States, 1789-1812 (Paris, 1994).
59. Stanley G. Payne, A History of Fascism, 1914-1945 (Madison, 1995); Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann, The Racial State: Germany, 1033-1045 (New York, 1991).
60. Stanley G. Payne, A History of Fascism, 1914-1945 (Madison, 1995); Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann, The Racial State: Germany, 1033-1045 (New York, 1991).
61. Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War, 1944-1963 (Albany, 1986); Gerald Horne, Black Liberation/Red Scare: Ben Davis and the Communist Party (London, 1994).
62. Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War, 1944-1963 (Albany, 1986); Gerald Horne, Black Liberation/Red Scare: Ben Davis and the Communist Party (London, 1994).
63. Thomas G. Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Ba ton Rouge, 1980), 165, 17. See also George Sinkler, The Racial Attitudes of American Presidents from Abraham Lincoln to Theodore Roosevelt (Garden City, 1972); Fritz Hirschfield, George Washington and Slavery: A Documentary Record (Columbia, 1997). The connection between race and gender supremacy has not gone unexplored. See, for example, Jessie Daniels, White Lies: Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality in White Supremacist Discourse (New York, 1997); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago, 1995); Glenda Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (Chapel Hill, 1996); Ann Laura Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things (Durham, 1995); Zillah R. Eisenstein, Hatreds: Racialized and Sexualized Conflicts in the 21st Century (New York, 1996); and Jacinth Samuels, The Sound of Silence: Racism in Contemporary Feminist Theory (Ottawa, 1991).
64. Thomas G. Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Ba ton Rouge, 1980), 165, 17. See also George Sinkler, The Racial Attitudes of American Presidents from Abraham Lincoln to Theodore Roosevelt (Garden City, 1972); Fritz Hirschfield, George Washington and Slavery: A Documentary Record (Columbia, 1997). The connection between race and gender supremacy has not gone unexplored. See, for example, Jessie Daniels, White Lies: Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality in White Supremacist Discourse (New York, 1997); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago, 1995); Glenda Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (Chapel Hill, 1996); Ann Laura Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things (Durham, 1995); Zillah R. Eisenstein, Hatreds: Racialized and Sexualized Conflicts in the 21st Century (New York, 1996); and Jacinth Samuels, The Sound of Silence: Racism in Contemporary Feminist Theory (Ottawa, 1991).
65. Thomas G. Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Ba ton Rouge, 1980), 165, 17. See also George Sinkler, The Racial Attitudes of American Presidents from Abraham Lincoln to Theodore Roosevelt (Garden City, 1972); Fritz Hirschfield, George Washington and Slavery: A Documentary Record (Columbia, 1997). The connection between race and gender supremacy has not gone unexplored. See, for example, Jessie Daniels, White Lies: Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality in White Supremacist Discourse (New York, 1997); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago, 1995); Glenda Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (Chapel Hill, 1996); Ann Laura Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things (Durham, 1995); Zillah R. Eisenstein, Hatreds: Racialized and Sexualized Conflicts in the 21st Century (New York, 1996); and Jacinth Samuels, The Sound of Silence: Racism in Contemporary Feminist Theory (Ottawa, 1991).
66. Thomas G. Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Ba ton Rouge, 1980), 165, 17. See also George Sinkler, The Racial Attitudes of American Presidents from Abraham Lincoln to Theodore Roosevelt (Garden City, 1972); Fritz Hirschfield, George Washington and Slavery: A Documentary Record (Columbia, 1997). The connection between race and gender supremacy has not gone unexplored. See, for example, Jessie Daniels, White Lies: Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality in White Supremacist Discourse (New York, 1997); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago, 1995); Glenda Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (Chapel Hill, 1996); Ann Laura Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things (Durham, 1995); Zillah R. Eisenstein, Hatreds: Racialized and Sexualized Conflicts in the 21st Century (New York, 1996); and Jacinth Samuels, The Sound of Silence: Racism in Contemporary Feminist Theory (Ottawa, 1991).
67. Thomas G. Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Ba ton Rouge, 1980), 165, 17. See also George Sinkler, The Racial Attitudes of American Presidents from Abraham Lincoln to Theodore Roosevelt (Garden City, 1972); Fritz Hirschfield, George Washington and Slavery: A Documentary Record (Columbia, 1997). The connection between race and gender supremacy has not gone unexplored. See, for example, Jessie Daniels, White Lies: Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality in White Supremacist Discourse (New York, 1997); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago, 1995); Glenda Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (Chapel Hill, 1996); Ann Laura Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things (Durham, 1995); Zillah R. Eisenstein, Hatreds: Racialized and Sexualized Conflicts in the 21st Century (New York, 1996); and Jacinth Samuels, The Sound of Silence: Racism in Contemporary Feminist Theory (Ottawa, 1991).
68. Thomas G. Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Ba ton Rouge, 1980), 165, 17. See also George Sinkler, The Racial Attitudes of American Presidents from Abraham Lincoln to Theodore Roosevelt (Garden City, 1972); Fritz Hirschfield, George Washington and Slavery: A Documentary Record (Columbia, 1997). The connection between race and gender supremacy has not gone unexplored. See, for example, Jessie Daniels, White Lies: Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality in White Supremacist Discourse (New York, 1997); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago, 1995); Glenda Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (Chapel Hill, 1996); Ann Laura Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things (Durham, 1995); Zillah R. Eisenstein, Hatreds: Racialized and Sexualized Conflicts in the 21st Century (New York, 1996); and Jacinth Samuels, The Sound of Silence: Racism in Contemporary Feminist Theory (Ottawa, 1991).
69. Thomas G. Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Ba ton Rouge, 1980), 165, 17. See also George Sinkler, The Racial Attitudes of American Presidents from Abraham Lincoln to Theodore Roosevelt (Garden City, 1972); Fritz Hirschfield, George Washington and Slavery: A Documentary Record (Columbia, 1997). The connection between race and gender supremacy has not gone unexplored. See, for example, Jessie Daniels, White Lies: Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality in White Supremacist Discourse (New York, 1997); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago, 1995); Glenda Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (Chapel Hill, 1996);
70. Thomas G. Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Ba ton Rouge, 1980), 165, 17. See also George Sinkler, The Racial Attitudes of American Presidents from Abraham Lincoln to Theodore Roosevelt (Garden City, 1972); Fritz Hirschfield, George Washington and Slavery: A Documentary Record (Columbia, 1997). The connection between race and gender supremacy has not gone unexplored. See, for example, Jessie Daniels, White Lies: Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality in White Supremacist Discourse (New York, 1997); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago, 1995); Glenda Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (Chapel Hill, 1996); Ann Laura Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things (Durham, 1995); Zillah R. Eisenstein, Hatreds: Racialized and Sexualized Conflicts in the 21st Century (New York, 1996); and Jacinth Samuels, The Sound of Silence: Racism in Contemporary Feminist Theory (Ottawa, 1991).
71. Thomas G. Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Ba ton Rouge, 1980), 165, 17. See also George Sinkler, The Racial Attitudes of American Presidents from Abraham Lincoln to Theodore Roosevelt (Garden City, 1972); Fritz Hirschfield, George Washington and Slavery: A Documentary Record (Columbia, 1997). The connection between race and gender supremacy has not gone unexplored. See, for example, Jessie Daniels, White Lies: Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality in White Supremacist Discourse (New York, 1997); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago, 1995); Glenda Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (Chapel Hill, 1996); Ann Laura Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things (Durham, 1995); Zillah R. Eisenstein, Hatreds: Racialized and Sexualized Conflicts in the 21st Century (New York, 1996); and Jacinth Samuels, The Sound of Silence: Racism in Contemporary Feminist Theory (Ottawa, 1991).
72. See Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great White Race or the Racial Basis of European History (New York, 1916).
73. Lothrop Stoddard, Clashing Tides of Color (New York, 1935), 9, 54.
74. Lothrop Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color against White Supremacy (New York, 1920), v, vi, xxiii, 301.
75. Ibid., 153.
76. W. E. B. Du Bois, Dusk of Dawn: An Essay toward An Autobiography of a Race Concept (New York, 1968), 232.
77. R. P. Dua, The Impact of the Russo-Japanese (1905) War on Indian Politics (New Dehli, 1966), vii, viii.
78. Lothrop Stoddard, Racial Realities in Europe (New York, 1924), 5.
79. American Society of African Culture, ed., Pan Africanism Reconsidered (Berkeley, 1962); Abdul Aziz Said ed., Ethnicity and U.S. Foreign Policy (New York, 1981); Tony Martin, The Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond (Dover, 1985); Immanuel Geiss, The Pan-African Movement: A History of Pan-Africanism in America, Europe, and Africa (New York, 1974); Adelaide Cromwell Hill and Martin Kilson, eds., Apropos of Africa: Sentiments of Negro American Leaders on Africa from the 1800s to the 1950s (London, 1969); Sylvia M. Jacobs, The African Nexus: Black American Perspectives on the European Partitioning of Africa, 1880-1920 (Westport, 1981); Owen Charles Mathurin, Henry Sylvester Williams and the Origins of the Pan-African Movement, 1869-1911 (Westport, 1976); Floyd J. Miller, The Search for a Black Nationality: Black Emigration and Colonization, 1789-1863 (Urbana, 1975); Sterling Sruckey, The Ideological Origins of Black Nationalism (Boston, 1972); Elliott P. Skinner, African-Americans and U.S. Foreign Policy toward Africa, 1850-1924 (Washington, 1992).
80. American Society of African Culture, ed., Pan Africanism Reconsidered (Berkeley, 1962); Abdul Aziz Said ed., Ethnicity and U.S. Foreign Policy (New York, 1981); Tony Martin, The Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond (Dover, 1985); Immanuel Geiss, The Pan-African Movement: A History of Pan-Africanism in America, Europe, and Africa (New York, 1974); Adelaide Cromwell Hill and Martin Kilson, eds., Apropos of Africa: Sentiments of Negro American Leaders on Africa from the 1800s to the 1950s (London, 1969); Sylvia M. Jacobs, The African Nexus: Black American Perspectives on the European Partitioning of Africa, 1880-1920 (Westport, 1981); Owen Charles Mathurin, Henry Sylvester Williams and the Origins of the Pan-African Movement, 1869-1911 (Westport, 1976); Floyd J. Miller, The Search for a Black Nationality: Black Emigration and Colonization, 1789-1863 (Urbana, 1975); Sterling Sruckey, The Ideological Origins of Black Nationalism (Boston, 1972); Elliott P. Skinner, African-Americans and U.S. Foreign Policy toward Africa, 1850-1924 (Washington, 1992).
81. American Society of African Culture, ed., Pan Africanism Reconsidered (Berkeley, 1962); Abdul Aziz Said ed., Ethnicity and U.S. Foreign Policy (New York, 1981); Tony Martin, The Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond (Dover, 1985); Immanuel Geiss, The Pan-African Movement: A History of Pan-Africanism in America, Europe, and Africa (New York, 1974); Adelaide Cromwell Hill and Martin Kilson, eds., Apropos of Africa: Sentiments of Negro American Leaders on Africa from the 1800s to the 1950s (London, 1969); Sylvia M. Jacobs, The African Nexus: Black American Perspectives on the European Partitioning of Africa, 1880-1920 (Westport, 1981); Owen Charles Mathurin, Henry Sylvester Williams and the Origins of the Pan-African Movement, 1869-1911 (Westport, 1976); Floyd J. Miller, The Search for a Black Nationality: Black Emigration and Colonization, 1789-1863 (Urbana, 1975); Sterling Sruckey, The Ideological Origins of Black Nationalism (Boston, 1972); Elliott P. Skinner, African-Americans and U.S. Foreign Policy toward Africa, 1850-1924 (Washington, 1992).
82. American Society of African Culture, ed., Pan Africanism Reconsidered (Berkeley, 1962); Abdul Aziz Said ed., Ethnicity and U.S. Foreign Policy (New York, 1981); Tony Martin, The Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond (Dover, 1985); Immanuel Geiss, The Pan-African Movement: A History of Pan-Africanism in America, Europe, and Africa (New York, 1974); Adelaide Cromwell Hill and Martin Kilson, eds., Apropos of Africa: Sentiments of Negro American Leaders on Africa from the 1800s to the 1950s (London, 1969); Sylvia M. Jacobs, The African Nexus: Black American Perspectives on the European Partitioning of Africa, 1880-1920 (Westport, 1981); Owen Charles Mathurin, Henry Sylvester Williams and the Origins of the Pan-African Movement, 1869-1911 (Westport, 1976); Floyd J. Miller, The Search for a Black Nationality: Black Emigration and Colonization, 1789-1863 (Urbana, 1975); Sterling Sruckey, The Ideological Origins of Black Nationalism (Boston, 1972); Elliott P. Skinner, African-Americans and U.S. Foreign Policy toward Africa, 1850-1924 (Washington, 1992).
83. American Society of African Culture, ed., Pan Africanism Reconsidered (Berkeley, 1962); Abdul Aziz Said ed., Ethnicity and U.S. Foreign Policy (New York, 1981); Tony Martin, The Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond (Dover, 1985); Immanuel Geiss, The Pan-African Movement: A History of Pan-Africanism in America, Europe, and Africa (New York, 1974); Adelaide Cromwell Hill and Martin Kilson, eds., Apropos of Africa: Sentiments of Negro American Leaders on Africa from the 1800s to the 1950s (London, 1969); Sylvia M. Jacobs, The African Nexus: Black American Perspectives on the European Partitioning of Africa, 1880-1920 (Westport, 1981); Owen Charles Mathurin, Henry Sylvester Williams and the Origins of the Pan-African Movement, 1869-1911 (Westport, 1976); Floyd J. Miller, The Search for a Black Nationality: Black Emigration and Colonization, 1789-1863 (Urbana, 1975); Sterling Sruckey, The Ideological Origins of Black Nationalism (Boston, 1972); Elliott P. Skinner, African-Americans and U.S. Foreign Policy toward Africa, 1850-1924 (Washington, 1992).
84. American Society of African Culture, ed., Pan Africanism Reconsidered (Berkeley, 1962); Abdul Aziz Said ed., Ethnicity and U.S. Foreign Policy (New York, 1981); Tony Martin, The Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond (Dover, 1985); Immanuel Geiss, The Pan-African Movement: A History of Pan-Africanism in America, Europe, and Africa (New York, 1974); Adelaide Cromwell Hill and Martin Kilson, eds., Apropos of Africa: Sentiments of Negro American Leaders on Africa from the 1800s to the 1950s (London, 1969); Sylvia M. Jacobs, The African Nexus: Black American Perspectives on the European Partitioning of Africa, 1880-1920 (Westport, 1981); Owen Charles Mathurin, Henry Sylvester Williams and the Origins of the Pan-African Movement, 1869-1911 (Westport, 1976); Floyd J. Miller, The Search for a Black Nationality: Black Emigration and Colonization, 1789-1863 (Urbana, 1975); Sterling Sruckey, The Ideological Origins of Black Nationalism (Boston, 1972); Elliott P. Skinner, African-Americans and U.S. Foreign Policy toward Africa, 1850-1924 (Washington, 1992).
85. American Society of African Culture, ed., Pan Africanism Reconsidered (Berkeley, 1962); Abdul Aziz Said ed., Ethnicity and U.S. Foreign Policy (New York, 1981); Tony Martin, The Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond (Dover, 1985); Immanuel Geiss, The Pan-African Movement: A History of Pan-Africanism in America, Europe, and Africa (New York, 1974); Adelaide Cromwell Hill and Martin Kilson, eds., Apropos of Africa: Sentiments of Negro American Leaders on Africa from the 1800s to the 1950s (London, 1969); Sylvia M. Jacobs, The African Nexus: Black American Perspectives on the European Partitioning of Africa, 1880-1920 (Westport, 1981); Owen Charles Mathurin, Henry Sylvester Williams and the Origins of the Pan-African Movement, 1869-1911 (Westport, 1976); Floyd J. Miller, The Search for a Black Nationality: Black Emigration and Colonization, 1789-1863 (Urbana, 1975); Sterling Sruckey, The Ideological Origins of Black Nationalism (Boston, 1972); Elliott P. Skinner, African-Americans and U.S. Foreign Policy toward Africa, 1850-1924 (Washington, 1992).
86. American Society of African Culture, ed., Pan Africanism Reconsidered (Berkeley, 1962); Abdul Aziz Said ed., Ethnicity and U.S. Foreign Policy (New York, 1981); Tony Martin, The Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond (Dover, 1985); Immanuel Geiss, The Pan-African Movement: A History of Pan-Africanism in America, Europe, and Africa (New York, 1974); Adelaide Cromwell Hill and Martin Kilson, eds., Apropos of Africa: Sentiments of Negro American Leaders on Africa from the 1800s to the 1950s (London, 1969); Sylvia M. Jacobs, The African Nexus: Black American Perspectives on the European Partitioning of Africa, 1880-1920 (Westport, 1981); Owen Charles Mathurin, Henry Sylvester Williams and the Origins of the Pan-African Movement, 1869-1911 (Westport, 1976); Floyd J. Miller, The Search for a Black Nationality: Black Emigration and Colonization, 1789-1863 (Urbana, 1975); Sterling Sruckey, The Ideological Origins of Black Nationalism (Boston, 1972); Elliott P. Skinner, African-Americans and U.S. Foreign Policy toward Africa, 1850-1924 (Washington, 1992).
87. American Society of African Culture, ed., Pan Africanism Reconsidered (Berkeley, 1962); Abdul Aziz Said ed., Ethnicity and U.S. Foreign Policy (New York, 1981); Tony Martin, The Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond (Dover, 1985); Immanuel Geiss, The Pan-African Movement: A History of Pan-Africanism in America, Europe, and Africa (New York, 1974); Adelaide Cromwell Hill and Martin Kilson, eds., Apropos of Africa: Sentiments of Negro American Leaders on Africa from the 1800s to the 1950s (London, 1969); Sylvia M. Jacobs, The African Nexus: Black American Perspectives on the European Partitioning of Africa, 1880-1920 (Westport, 1981); Owen Charles Mathurin, Henry Sylvester Williams and the Origins of the Pan-African Movement, 1869-1911 (Westport, 1976); Floyd J. Miller, The Search for a Black Nationality: Black Emigration and Colonization, 1789-1863 (Urbana, 1975); Sterling Sruckey, The Ideological Origins of Black Nationalism (Boston, 1972); Elliott P. Skinner, African-Americans and U.S. Foreign Policy toward Africa, 1850-1924 (Washington, 1992).
88. American Society of African Culture, ed., Pan Africanism Reconsidered (Berkeley, 1962); Abdul Aziz Said ed., Ethnicity and U.S. Foreign Policy (New York, 1981); Tony Martin, The Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond (Dover, 1985); Immanuel Geiss, The Pan-African Movement: A History of Pan-Africanism in America, Europe, and Africa (New York, 1974); Adelaide Cromwell Hill and Martin Kilson, eds., Apropos of Africa: Sentiments of Negro American Leaders on Africa from the 1800s to the 1950s (London, 1969); Sylvia M. Jacobs, The African Nexus: Black American Perspectives on the European Partitioning of Africa, 1880-1920 (Westport, 1981); Owen Charles Mathurin, Henry Sylvester Williams and the Origins of the Pan-African Movement, 1869-1911 (Westport, 1976); Floyd J. Miller, The Search for a Black Nationality: Black Emigration and Colonization, 1789-1863 (Urbana, 1975); Sterling Sruckey, The Ideological Origins of Black Nationalism (Boston, 1972); Elliott P. Skinner, African-Americans and U.S. Foreign Policy toward Africa, 1850-1924 (Washington, 1992).
89. Prasenjit Duara, "Transnationalism and the Predicament of Sovereignty: China, 1900-1945," American Historical Review 102 (October 1997): 1030-51. See also Marius Jansen, The Japanese and Sun Yat-Sen (Cambridge, 1954).
90. Prasenjit Duara, "Transnationalism and the Predicament of Sovereignty: China, 1900-1945," American Historical Review 102 (October 1997): 1030-51. See also Marius Jansen, The Japanese and Sun Yat-Sen (Cambridge, 1954).
91. New York Times, 31 January 1893.
92. John Albert White, Transition to Global Rivalry: Alliance Diplomacy and the Quadruple Entente, 1895-1907 (New York, 1995).
93. Piero Gleijeses, "African Americans and the War against Spain," North Carolina Historical Review 23 (April 1996): 184-214. See also Willard B. Gatewood, Jr., Black Americans and the White Man's Burden, 1898-1903 (Urbana, 1975); idem, "Smoked Yankees" and the Struggle for Empire: Letters from Negro Soldiers, 1898-1902 (Fayetteville, 1987); George P. Marks, ed., The Black Press Views American Imperialism (New York, 1971); Igor Dementyev, USA: Imperialists and Anti-Imperialists: The Great Foreign Policy Debate at the Turn of the Century (Moscow, 1979); Hazel M. McFerson, The Racial Dimensions of American Overseas Colonial Policy (Westport, 1997); Alexander De Conde, Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History (Boston, 1992); and Melvin Small, Democracy and Diplomacy: The Impact of Domestic Politics on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1789-1904 (Baltimore, 1996).
94. Piero Gleijeses, "African Americans and the War against Spain," North Carolina Historical Review 23 (April 1996): 184-214. See also Willard B. Gatewood, Jr., Black Americans and the White Man's Burden, 1898-1903 (Urbana, 1975); idem, "Smoked Yankees" and the Struggle for Empire: Letters from Negro Soldiers, 1898-1902 (Fayetteville, 1987); George P. Marks, ed., The Black Press Views American Imperialism (New York, 1971); Igor Dementyev, USA: Imperialists and Anti-Imperialists: The Great Foreign Policy Debate at the Turn of the Century (Moscow, 1979); Hazel M. McFerson, The Racial Dimensions of American Overseas Colonial Policy (Westport, 1997); Alexander De Conde, Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History (Boston, 1992); and Melvin Small, Democracy and Diplomacy: The Impact of Domestic Politics on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1789-1904 (Baltimore, 1996).
95. Piero Gleijeses, "African Americans and the War against Spain," North Carolina Historical Review 23 (April 1996): 184-214. See also Willard B. Gatewood, Jr., Black Americans and the White Man's Burden, 1898-1903 (Urbana, 1975); idem, "Smoked Yankees" and the Struggle for Empire: Letters from Negro Soldiers, 1898-1902 (Fayetteville, 1987); George P. Marks, ed., The Black Press Views American Imperialism (New York, 1971); Igor Dementyev, USA: Imperialists and Anti-Imperialists: The Great Foreign Policy Debate at the Turn of the Century (Moscow, 1979); Hazel M. McFerson, The Racial Dimensions of American Overseas Colonial Policy (Westport, 1997); Alexander De Conde, Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History (Boston, 1992); and Melvin Small, Democracy and Diplomacy: The Impact of Domestic Politics on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1789-1904 (Baltimore, 1996).
96. Piero Gleijeses, "African Americans and the War against Spain," North Carolina Historical Review 23 (April 1996): 184-214. See also Willard B. Gatewood, Jr., Black Americans and the White Man's Burden, 1898-1903 (Urbana, 1975); idem, "Smoked Yankees" and the Struggle for Empire: Letters from Negro Soldiers, 1898-1902 (Fayetteville, 1987); George P. Marks, ed., The Black Press Views American Imperialism (New York, 1971); Igor Dementyev, USA: Imperialists and Anti-Imperialists: The Great Foreign Policy Debate at the Turn of the Century (Moscow, 1979); Hazel M. McFerson, The Racial Dimensions of American Overseas Colonial Policy (Westport, 1997); Alexander De Conde, Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History (Boston, 1992); and Melvin Small, Democracy and Diplomacy: The Impact of Domestic Politics on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1789-1904 (Baltimore, 1996).
97. Piero Gleijeses, "African Americans and the War against Spain," North Carolina Historical Review 23 (April 1996): 184-214. See also Willard B. Gatewood, Jr., Black Americans and the White Man's Burden, 1898-1903 (Urbana, 1975); idem, "Smoked Yankees" and the Struggle for Empire: Letters from Negro Soldiers, 1898-1902 (Fayetteville, 1987); George P. Marks, ed., The Black Press Views American Imperialism (New York, 1971); Igor Dementyev, USA: Imperialists and Anti-Imperialists: The Great Foreign Policy Debate at the Turn of the Century (Moscow, 1979); Hazel M. McFerson, The Racial Dimensions of American Overseas Colonial Policy (Westport, 1997); Alexander De Conde, Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History (Boston, 1992); and Melvin Small, Democracy and Diplomacy: The Impact of Domestic Politics on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1789-1904 (Baltimore, 1996).
98. Piero Gleijeses, "African Americans and the War against Spain," North Carolina Historical Review 23 (April 1996): 184-214. See also Willard B. Gatewood, Jr., Black Americans and the White Man's Burden, 1898-1903 (Urbana, 1975); idem, "Smoked Yankees" and the Struggle for Empire: Letters from Negro Soldiers, 1898-1902 (Fayetteville, 1987); George P. Marks, ed., The Black Press Views American Imperialism (New York, 1971); Igor Dementyev, USA: Imperialists and Anti-Imperialists: The Great Foreign Policy Debate at the Turn of the Century (Moscow, 1979); Hazel M. McFerson, The Racial Dimensions of American Overseas Colonial Policy (Westport, 1997); Alexander De Conde, Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History (Boston, 1992); and Melvin Small, Democracy and Diplomacy: The Impact of Domestic Politics on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1789-1904 (Baltimore, 1996).
99. Piero Gleijeses, "African Americans and the War against Spain," North Carolina Historical Review 23 (April 1996): 184-214. See also Willard B. Gatewood, Jr., Black Americans and the White Man's Burden, 1898-1903 (Urbana, 1975); idem, "Smoked Yankees" and the Struggle for Empire: Letters from Negro Soldiers, 1898-1902 (Fayetteville, 1987); George P. Marks, ed., The Black Press Views American Imperialism (New York, 1971); Igor Dementyev, USA: Imperialists and Anti-Imperialists: The Great Foreign Policy Debate at the Turn of the Century (Moscow, 1979); Hazel M. McFerson, The Racial Dimensions of American Overseas Colonial Policy (Westport, 1997); Alexander De Conde, Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History (Boston, 1992); and Melvin Small, Democracy and Diplomacy: The Impact of Domestic Politics on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1789-1904 (Baltimore, 1996).
100. Piero Gleijeses, "African Americans and the War against Spain," North Carolina Historical Review 23 (April 1996): 184-214. See also Willard B. Gatewood, Jr., Black Americans and the White Man's Burden, 1898-1903 (Urbana, 1975); idem, "Smoked Yankees" and the Struggle for Empire: Letters from Negro Soldiers, 1898-1902 (Fayetteville, 1987); George P. Marks, ed., The Black Press Views American Imperialism (New York, 1971); Igor Dementyev, USA: Imperialists and Anti-Imperialists: The Great Foreign Policy Debate at the Turn of the Century (Moscow, 1979); Hazel M. McFerson, The Racial Dimensions of American Overseas Colonial Policy (Westport, 1997); Alexander De Conde, Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History (Boston, 1992); and Melvin Small, Democracy and Diplomacy: The Impact of Domestic Politics on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1789-1904 (Baltimore, 1996).
101. Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Crusader for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells (Chicago, 1970); Ida B. Wells, Southern Horrors and Other Writings: The Anti-Lynching Campaign of Ida B. Wells, 1892-1900 (Boston, 1997); Nell Irvin Painter, Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877-1919 (New York, 1987).
102. Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Crusader for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells (Chicago, 1970); Ida B. Wells, Southern Horrors and Other Writings: The Anti-Lynching Campaign of Ida B. Wells, 1892-1900 (Boston, 1997); Nell Irvin Painter, Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877-1919 (New York, 1987).
103. Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Crusader for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells (Chicago, 1970); Ida B. Wells, Southern Horrors and Other Writings: The Anti-Lynching Campaign of Ida B. Wells, 1892-1900 (Boston, 1997); Nell Irvin Painter, Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877-1919 (New York, 1987).
104. George Berkeley, The Campaign of Adowa and the Rise of Menelik (New York, 1969), vii. See also Boake Carter, Black Shirt, Black Skin (Harribsurg, 1935); Teshale Tiberu, The Making of Modern Ethiopia, 1896-1974 (Lawrenceville, 1995); and Harold Marcus, The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia, 1844-1913 (New York, 1975).
105. George Berkeley, The Campaign of Adowa and the Rise of Menelik (New York, 1969), vii. See also Boake Carter, Black Shirt, Black Skin (Harribsurg, 1935); Teshale Tiberu, The Making of Modern Ethiopia, 1896-1974 (Lawrenceville, 1995); and Harold Marcus, The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia, 1844-1913 (New York, 1975).
106. George Berkeley, The Campaign of Adowa and the Rise of Menelik (New York, 1969), vii. See also Boake Carter, Black Shirt, Black Skin (Harribsurg, 1935); Teshale Tiberu, The Making of Modern Ethiopia, 1896-1974 (Lawrenceville, 1995); and Harold Marcus, The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia, 1844-1913 (New York, 1975).
107. George Berkeley, The Campaign of Adowa and the Rise of Menelik (New York, 1969), vii. See also Boake Carter, Black Shirt, Black Skin (Harribsurg, 1935); Teshale Tiberu, The Making of Modern Ethiopia, 1896-1974 (Lawrenceville, 1995); and Harold Marcus, The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia, 1844-1913 (New York, 1975).
108. Charles Flint Kellogg, NAACP, A History of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (Baltimore, 1967); Robert Zangrando, The NAACP Crusade against Lynching, 1909-1950 (Philadelphia, 1980).
109. Charles Flint Kellogg, NAACP, A History of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (Baltimore, 1967); Robert Zangrando, The NAACP Crusade against Lynching, 1909-1950 (Philadelphia, 1980).
110. Daniel Kanyandekwe, "Dreaming of Africa: American Writers and Africa in the Twentieth Century" (Ph.D. diss., State University of New York - Buffalo, 1996), 187.
111. Frederick Russell Burnham, Scouting on Two Continents (Bulawayo, 1975), 218; idem, Taking Chances (Prescott 1994). See also Mary and Richard Bradford, eds., An American Family on the African Frontier: The Burnham Family Letters, 1893-1996 (Niwot, CO, 1993); Arthur Keppel-Jones, Rhodes and Rhodesia: The White Conquest of Zimbabwe, 1884-1902 (Montreal, 1983); and Dane Kennedy, Islands of White: Settler Society and Culture in Kenya and Southern Rhodesia, 1890-1939 (Durham, 1987).
112. Frederick Russell Burnham, Scouting on Two Continents (Bulawayo, 1975), 218; idem, Taking Chances (Prescott 1994). See also Mary and Richard Bradford, eds., An American Family on the African Frontier: The Burnham Family Letters, 1893-1996 (Niwot, CO, 1993); Arthur Keppel-Jones, Rhodes and Rhodesia: The White Conquest of Zimbabwe, 1884-1902 (Montreal, 1983); and Dane Kennedy, Islands of White: Settler Society and Culture in Kenya and Southern Rhodesia, 1890-1939 (Durham, 1987).
113. Frederick Russell Burnham, Scouting on Two Continents (Bulawayo, 1975), 218; idem, Taking Chances (Prescott 1994). See also Mary and Richard Bradford, eds., An American Family on the African Frontier: The Burnham Family Letters, 1893-1996 (Niwot, CO, 1993); Arthur Keppel-Jones, Rhodes and Rhodesia: The White Conquest of Zimbabwe, 1884-1902 (Montreal, 1983); and Dane Kennedy, Islands of White: Settler Society and Culture in Kenya and Southern Rhodesia, 1890-1939 (Durham, 1987).
114. Frederick Russell Burnham, Scouting on Two Continents (Bulawayo, 1975), 218; idem, Taking Chances (Prescott 1994). See also Mary and Richard Bradford, eds., An American Family on the African Frontier: The Burnham Family Letters, 1893-1996 (Niwot, CO, 1993); Arthur Keppel-Jones, Rhodes and Rhodesia: The White Conquest of Zimbabwe, 1884-1902 (Montreal, 1983); and Dane Kennedy, Islands of White: Settler Society and Culture in Kenya and Southern Rhodesia, 1890-1939 (Durham, 1987).
115. Frederick Russell Burnham, Scouting on Two Continents (Bulawayo, 1975), 218; idem, Taking Chances (Prescott 1994). See also Mary and Richard Bradford, eds., An American Family on the African Frontier: The Burnham Family Letters, 1893-1996 (Niwot, CO, 1993); Arthur Keppel-Jones, Rhodes and Rhodesia: The White Conquest of Zimbabwe, 1884-1902 (Montreal, 1983); and Dane Kennedy, Islands of White: Settler Society and Culture in Kenya and Southern Rhodesia, 1890-1939 (Durham, 1987).
116. Frederick Russell Burnham to Madge Blick, June 1893, Frederick Russell Burnham to Josiah Russsell, circa 1894, Blanche Blick Burnham to Blick family, 6 February 1894, John Blick to parents, 16 October 1894, in Bradford and Bradford, eds., An American Family on the African Frontier, 61, 133, 121, 176, 268.
117. Maurice Heany, one of the biggest businessmen in "Rhodesia" and a cousin of Edgar Allen Poe, also fought Native Americans in the West before crossing the Atlantic. Coleman Joseph, born in Philadelphia, built Bulawayo's first synagogue. See Eric Rosenthal, Stars and Stripes in Africa (Cape Town, 1968), 7, 15, 37, 176. Mining engineers from the United States, like John Hays Hammond and Gardner Williams, pioneered in the development of gold mines in the region. Bradford and Bradford, eds., An American Family on the African Frontier, xi. See also R. W. S. Turner, "American Links with Early Days of Rhodesia," Rhodesia Calls 55 (May-June 1969): 4-13.
118. Maurice Heany, one of the biggest businessmen in "Rhodesia" and a cousin of Edgar Allen Poe, also fought Native Americans in the West before crossing the Atlantic. Coleman Joseph, born in Philadelphia, built Bulawayo's first synagogue. See Eric Rosenthal, Stars and Stripes in Africa (Cape Town, 1968), 7, 15, 37, 176. Mining engineers from the United States, like John Hays Hammond and Gardner Williams, pioneered in the development of gold mines in the region. Bradford and Bradford, eds., An American Family on the African Frontier, xi. See also R. W. S. Turner, "American Links with Early Days of Rhodesia," Rhodesia Calls 55 (May-June 1969): 4-13.
119. Maurice Heany, one of the biggest businessmen in "Rhodesia" and a cousin of Edgar Allen Poe, also fought Native Americans in the West before crossing the Atlantic. Coleman Joseph, born in Philadelphia, built Bulawayo's first synagogue. See Eric Rosenthal, Stars and Stripes in Africa (Cape Town, 1968), 7, 15, 37, 176. Mining engineers from the United States, like John Hays Hammond and Gardner Williams, pioneered in the development of gold mines in the region. Bradford and Bradford, eds., An American Family on the African Frontier, xi. See also R. W. S. Turner, "American Links with Early Days of Rhodesia," Rhodesia Calls 55 (May-June 1969): 4-13.
120. Richard Norton Smith, The Colonel: The Life and Legend of Robert McCormick, 1880-1955 (Boston, 1997): this famed publisher was typical of those among the U.S. elite who maintained staunch anti-British views. See also Anne Orde, The Eclipse of Great Britain: The United States and British Imperial Decline, 1895-1956 (New York, 1996); Mark Curtis, The Ambiguities of Power: British Foreign Policy since 1945 (London, 1995); and Anita Inder Singh, The Limits of British Influence: South Asia and the Anglo-American Relationship, 1947-1956 (New York, 1993); Alternatively, see Giora Goodman, "'Who is Anti-American?' The British Left and the United States, 1945-1956" (Ph.D. diss., University of London, 1996).
121. Richard Norton Smith, The Colonel: The Life and Legend of Robert McCormick, 1880-1955 (Boston, 1997): this famed publisher was typical of those among the U.S. elite who maintained staunch anti-British views. See also Anne Orde, The Eclipse of Great Britain: The United States and British Imperial Decline, 1895-1956 (New York, 1996); Mark Curtis, The Ambiguities of Power: British Foreign Policy since 1945 (London, 1995); and Anita Inder Singh, The Limits of British Influence: South Asia and the Anglo-American Relationship, 1947-1956 (New York, 1993); Alternatively, see Giora Goodman, "'Who is Anti-American?' The British Left and the United States, 1945-1956" (Ph.D. diss., University of London, 1996).
122. Richard Norton Smith, The Colonel: The Life and Legend of Robert McCormick, 1880-1955 (Boston, 1997): this famed publisher was typical of those among the U.S. elite who maintained staunch anti-British views. See also Anne Orde, The Eclipse of Great Britain: The United States and British Imperial Decline, 1895-1956 (New York, 1996); Mark Curtis, The Ambiguities of Power: British Foreign Policy since 1945 (London, 1995); and Anita Inder Singh, The Limits of British Influence: South Asia and the Anglo-American Relationship, 1947-1956 (New York, 1993); Alternatively, see Giora Goodman, "'Who is Anti-American?' The British Left and the United States, 1945-1956" (Ph.D. diss., University of London, 1996).
123. Richard Norton Smith, The Colonel: The Life and Legend of Robert McCormick, 1880-1955 (Boston, 1997): this famed publisher was typical of those among the U.S. elite who maintained staunch anti-British views. See also Anne Orde, The Eclipse of Great Britain: The United States and British Imperial Decline, 1895-1956 (New York, 1996); Mark Curtis, The Ambiguities of Power: British Foreign Policy since 1945 (London, 1995); and Anita Inder Singh, The Limits of British Influence: South Asia and the Anglo-American Relationship, 1947-1956 (New York, 1993); Alternatively, see Giora Goodman, "'Who is Anti-American?' The British Left and the United States, 1945-1956" (Ph.D. diss., University of London, 1996).
124. Richard Norton Smith, The Colonel: The Life and Legend of Robert McCormick, 1880-1955 (Boston, 1997): this famed publisher was typical of those among the U.S. elite who maintained staunch anti-British views. See also Anne Orde, The Eclipse of Great Britain: The United States and British Imperial Decline, 1895-1956 (New York, 1996); Mark Curtis, The Ambiguities of Power: British Foreign Policy since 1945 (London, 1995); and Anita Inder Singh, The Limits of British Influence: South Asia and the Anglo-American Relationship, 1947-1956 (New York, 1993); Alternatively, see Giora Goodman, "'Who is Anti-American?' The British Left and the United States, 1945-1956" (Ph.D. diss., University of London, 1996).
125. Burnham, Taking Chances, 266.
126. William N. Tilchin, Theodore Roosevelt and the British Empire: A Study in Presidential Statecraft (New York, 1997), 24.
127. Adrian Carter, The Pioneers of Mashonaland (Bulawayo, 1977), 101.
128. William Harvey Brown, On the South African Frontier: The Adventures and Observations of an American in Mashonaland and Matabeland (New York, 1899), x, 391, 400, 418, 420.
129. Arthus Link, ed., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, Volume 57, April 5-22, 1919 (Princeton, 1987), 570-71. See also Henry P. Frei, Japan's South-ward Advance and Australia: From the Sixteenth Century to World War II (Honolulu, 1991).
130. Arthus Link, ed., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, Volume 57, April 5-22, 1919 (Princeton, 1987), 570-71. See also Henry P. Frei, Japan's South-ward Advance and Australia: From the Sixteenth Century to World War II (Honolulu, 1991).
131. Arthur Link, ed., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, Volume 54, January 11-February 7, 1919 (Princeton, 1986), 379. See also Phil Hammond, ed., Cultural Difference, Media Memories: Anglo-American Images of Japan (London, 1997); Robert Lansing, The Peace Negotiations: A Personal Narrative (Boston, 1921), 243-56.
132. Arthur Link, ed., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, Volume 54, January 11-February 7, 1919 (Princeton, 1986), 379. See also Phil Hammond, ed., Cultural Difference, Media Memories: Anglo-American Images of Japan (London, 1997); Robert Lansing, The Peace Negotiations: A Personal Narrative (Boston, 1921), 243-56.
133. Arthur Link, ed., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, Volume 54, January 11-February 7, 1919 (Princeton, 1986), 379. See also Phil Hammond, ed., Cultural Difference, Media Memories: Anglo-American Images of Japan (London, 1997); Robert Lansing, The Peace Negotiations: A Personal Narrative (Boston, 1921), 243-56.
134. Judith Stein, The World of Marcus Garvey: Race and Class in Modern Society (Baton Rouge, 1986), 50.
135. Robert Hill, ed., The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, Volume 1, 1826-August 1919 (Berkeley, 1983), 345.
136. Ibid., 404.
137. Reginald Kearney, "Afro-American Views of the Japanese, 1900-1945" (Ph.D. diss., Kent State University, 1991). Claude Clegg, An Original Man: The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad' (New York, 1997). See also George W. Shepherd, Jr., Racial Influences on American Foreign Policy (New York, 1970); and Arnold Shankman, Ambivalent Friends: Afro-Americans View the Immigrant (Westport, 1982).
138. Reginald Kearney, "Afro-American Views of the Japanese, 1900-1945" (Ph.D. diss., Kent State University, 1991). Claude Clegg, An Original Man: The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad' (New York, 1997). See also George W. Shepherd, Jr., Racial Influences on American Foreign Policy (New York, 1970); and Arnold Shankman, Ambivalent Friends: Afro-Americans View the Immigrant (Westport, 1982).
139. Reginald Kearney, "Afro-American Views of the Japanese, 1900-1945" (Ph.D. diss., Kent State University, 1991). Claude Clegg, An Original Man: The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad' (New York, 1997). See also George W. Shepherd, Jr., Racial Influences on American Foreign Policy (New York, 1970); and Arnold Shankman, Ambivalent Friends: Afro-Americans View the Immigrant (Westport, 1982).
140. Reginald Kearney, "Afro-American Views of the Japanese, 1900-1945" (Ph.D. diss., Kent State University, 1991). Claude Clegg, An Original Man: The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad' (New York, 1997). See also George W. Shepherd, Jr., Racial Influences on American Foreign Policy (New York, 1970); and Arnold Shankman, Ambivalent Friends: Afro-Americans View the Immigrant (Westport, 1982).
141. Richard Albert Bradshaw, "Japan and European Colonialism in Africa, 1800-1937" (Ph-D. diss., Ohio University, 1992), 15. See also Shinya Sugiyama, Japan's Industrialization in the World Economy, 1859-1899: Export Trade and Overseas Competition (London, 1988); Kweku Ampiah, "British Commenrical Policies against Japanese Expansionism in East and West Africa, 1931-1935," International Journal of African Historical Studies 23 (1990): 619-41; and Peter Lowe, Great Britain and the Origins of the Pacific War: A Study of British Policy in East Asia, 1937-1941 (New York, 1977).
142. Richard Albert Bradshaw, "Japan and European Colonialism in Africa, 1800-1937" (Ph-D. diss., Ohio University, 1992), 15. See also Shinya Sugiyama, Japan's Industrialization in the World Economy, 1859-1899: Export Trade and Overseas Competition (London, 1988); Kweku Ampiah, "British Commenrical Policies against Japanese Expansionism in East and West Africa, 1931-1935," International Journal of African Historical Studies 23 (1990): 619-41; and Peter Lowe, Great Britain and the Origins of the Pacific War: A Study of British Policy in East Asia, 1937-1941 (New York, 1977).
143. Richard Albert Bradshaw, "Japan and European Colonialism in Africa, 1800-1937" (Ph-D. diss., Ohio University, 1992), 15. See also Shinya Sugiyama, Japan's Industrialization in the World Economy, 1859-1899: Export Trade and Overseas Competition (London, 1988); Kweku Ampiah, "British Commenrical Policies against Japanese Expansionism in East and West Africa, 1931-1935," International Journal of African Historical Studies 23 (1990): 619-41; and Peter Lowe, Great Britain and the Origins of the Pacific War: A Study of British Policy in East Asia, 1937-1941 (New York, 1977).
144. Richard Albert Bradshaw, "Japan and European Colonialism in Africa, 1800-1937" (Ph-D. diss., Ohio University, 1992), 15. See also Shinya Sugiyama, Japan's Industrialization in the World Economy, 1859-1899: Export Trade and Overseas Competition (London, 1988); Kweku Ampiah, "British Commenrical Policies against Japanese Expansionism in East and West Africa, 1931-1935," International Journal of African Historical Studies 23 (1990): 619-41; and Peter Lowe, Great Britain and the Origins of the Pacific War: A Study of British Policy in East Asia, 1937-1941 (New York, 1977).
145. Chicago Defender, 13 July 1935.
146. Hedley A. Chilvers, The Yellow Man Looks On: Being the Story of the Anglo-Dutch Conflict in Southern Africa and Its Interest for the Peoples of Asia (London, 1933).
147. Arthur Link, ed., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, Volume 55, February 8-March 16, 1919 (Princeton, 1986), 471. See also Theodore Kornweibel, Jr., "Seeing Red": Federal Campaigns against Black Militancy, 1919-1925 (Bloomington, 1998).
148. Arthur Link, ed., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, Volume 55, February 8-March 16, 1919 (Princeton, 1986), 471. See also Theodore Kornweibel, Jr., "Seeing Red": Federal Campaigns against Black Militancy, 1919-1925 (Bloomington, 1998).
149. Kornweibel, "Seeing Red," 81.
150. Merton Dillon, Slavery Attacked: Southern Slaves and Their Allies, 1619-1865 (Baton Rouge, 1990); Benjamin Quarles, The Negro in the American Revolution (Chapel Hill, 1961).
151. Merton Dillon, Slavery Attacked: Southern Slaves and Their Allies, 1619-1865 (Baton Rouge, 1990); Benjamin Quarles, The Negro in the American Revolution (Chapel Hill, 1961).
152. John D. Hargreaves, ed., France and West Africa: An Anthology of Historical Documents (New York, 1969); Arthur Helps, ed., Letters of Oswald Spengler, 1913-1936 (New York, 1966), 159. Tyler Stovall, Paris Noir: African Americans in the City of Light (Boston, 1996); Michel Fabre, From Harlem to Paris: Black Writers in France, 1840-1980 (Urbana, 1991).
153. John D. Hargreaves, ed., France and West Africa: An Anthology of Historical Documents (New York, 1969); Arthur Helps, ed., Letters of Oswald Spengler, 1913-1936 (New York, 1966), 159. Tyler Stovall, Paris Noir: African Americans in the City of Light (Boston, 1996); Michel Fabre, From Harlem to Paris: Black Writers in France, 1840-1980 (Urbana, 1991).
154. John D. Hargreaves, ed., France and West Africa: An Anthology of Historical Documents (New York, 1969); Arthur Helps, ed., Letters of Oswald Spengler, 1913-1936 (New York, 1966), 159. Tyler Stovall, Paris Noir: African Americans in the City of Light (Boston, 1996); Michel Fabre, From Harlem to Paris: Black Writers in France, 1840-1980 (Urbana, 1991).
155. John D. Hargreaves, ed., France and West Africa: An Anthology of Historical Documents (New York, 1969); Arthur Helps, ed., Letters of Oswald Spengler, 1913-1936 (New York, 1966), 159. Tyler Stovall, Paris Noir: African Americans in the City of Light (Boston, 1996); Michel Fabre, From Harlem to Paris: Black Writers in France, 1840-1980 (Urbana, 1991).
156. Philip S. Foner, The Bolshevik Revolution: Its Impact on American Radicals, Liberals, and Labor (New York, 1967); Allison Blakeley, Russia and the Negro: Blacks in Russian History and Thought (Washington, 1986); Daniel Mason and Jessica Smith, eds., Lenin's Impact on the United States (New York, 1970).
157. Philip S. Foner, The Bolshevik Revolution: Its Impact on American Radicals, Liberals, and Labor (New York, 1967); Allison Blakeley, Russia and the Negro: Blacks in Russian History and Thought (Washington, 1986); Daniel Mason and Jessica Smith, eds., Lenin's Impact on the United States (New York, 1970).
158. Philip S. Foner, The Bolshevik Revolution: Its Impact on American Radicals, Liberals, and Labor (New York, 1967); Allison Blakeley, Russia and the Negro: Blacks in Russian History and Thought (Washington, 1986); Daniel Mason and Jessica Smith, eds., Lenin's Impact on the United States (New York, 1970).
159. Karl G. Yoneda, "The Heritage of Sen Katayama," Political Affairs 14 (March 1975): 38-57. See also Hyman Kublin, Asian Revolutionary: The Life of Sen Katayama (Princeton, 1964); Wayne Cooper, Claude McKay: Rebel Sojourner in the Harlem Renaissance: A Biography (Baton Rouge, 1987); and Tyrone Tillery, Claude McKay: A Black Poet's Struggle for Identity (Amherst, 1992).
160. Karl G. Yoneda, "The Heritage of Sen Katayama," Political Affairs 14 (March 1975): 38-57. See also Hyman Kublin, Asian Revolutionary: The Life of Sen Katayama (Princeton, 1964); Wayne Cooper, Claude McKay: Rebel Sojourner in the Harlem Renaissance: A Biography (Baton Rouge, 1987); and Tyrone Tillery, Claude McKay: A Black Poet's Struggle for Identity (Amherst, 1992).
161. Karl G. Yoneda, "The Heritage of Sen Katayama," Political Affairs 14 (March 1975): 38-57. See also Hyman Kublin, Asian Revolutionary: The Life of Sen Katayama (Princeton, 1964); Wayne Cooper, Claude McKay: Rebel Sojourner in the Harlem Renaissance: A Biography (Baton Rouge, 1987); and Tyrone Tillery, Claude McKay: A Black Poet's Struggle for Identity (Amherst, 1992).
162. Karl G. Yoneda, "The Heritage of Sen Katayama," Political Affairs 14 (March 1975): 38-57. See also Hyman Kublin, Asian Revolutionary: The Life of Sen Katayama (Princeton, 1964); Wayne Cooper, Claude McKay: Rebel Sojourner in the Harlem Renaissance: A Biography (Baton Rouge, 1987); and Tyrone Tillery, Claude McKay: A Black Poet's Struggle for Identity (Amherst, 1992).
163. Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color, xxxi, 219, 221.
164. James Dugan and Laurence Lafore, Days of Emperor and Clown: The Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1936 (Garden City, 1973). See also William R. Scott, The Sons of Sheba's Race: African-Americans and the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1941 (Bloomington, 1993); Joseph E. Harris, African-American Reaction to War in Ethiopia, 1936-1941 (Baton Rouge, 1994); Thomas M. Coffey, Lion by the Tail: The Story of the Italian-Ethiopian War (New York, 1974); S. K. B. Asante, Pan-African Protest: West Africa and the Italo-Ethiopian Crisis, 1934-1941 (London, 1977); and Harold G. Marcus, Ethiopia, Great Britain, and the United States, 1941-1974 (Berkeley, 1983).
165. James Dugan and Laurence Lafore, Days of Emperor and Clown: The Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1936 (Garden City, 1973). See also William R. Scott, The Sons of Sheba's Race: African-Americans and the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1941 (Bloomington, 1993); Joseph E. Harris, African-American Reaction to War in Ethiopia, 1936-1941 (Baton Rouge, 1994); Thomas M. Coffey, Lion by the Tail: The Story of the Italian-Ethiopian War (New York, 1974); S. K. B. Asante, Pan-African Protest: West Africa and the Italo-Ethiopian Crisis, 1934-1941 (London, 1977); and Harold G. Marcus, Ethiopia, Great Britain, and the United States, 1941-1974 (Berkeley, 1983).
166. James Dugan and Laurence Lafore, Days of Emperor and Clown: The Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1936 (Garden City, 1973). See also William R. Scott, The Sons of Sheba's Race: African-Americans and the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1941 (Bloomington, 1993); Joseph E. Harris, African-American Reaction to War in Ethiopia, 1936-1941 (Baton Rouge, 1994); Thomas M. Coffey, Lion by the Tail: The Story of the Italian-Ethiopian War (New York, 1974); S. K. B. Asante, Pan-African Protest: West Africa and the Italo-Ethiopian Crisis, 1934-1941 (London, 1977); and Harold G. Marcus, Ethiopia, Great Britain, and the United States, 1941-1974 (Berkeley, 1983).
167. James Dugan and Laurence Lafore, Days of Emperor and Clown: The Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1936 (Garden City, 1973). See also William R. Scott, The Sons of Sheba's Race: African-Americans and the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1941 (Bloomington, 1993); Joseph E. Harris, African-American Reaction to War in Ethiopia, 1936-1941 (Baton Rouge, 1994); Thomas M. Coffey, Lion by the Tail: The Story of the Italian-Ethiopian War (New York, 1974); S. K. B. Asante, Pan-African Protest: West Africa and the Italo-Ethiopian Crisis, 1934-1941 (London, 1977); and Harold G. Marcus, Ethiopia, Great Britain, and the United States, 1941-1974 (Berkeley, 1983).
168. James Dugan and Laurence Lafore, Days of Emperor and Clown: The Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1936 (Garden City, 1973). See also William R. Scott, The Sons of Sheba's Race: African-Americans and the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1941 (Bloomington, 1993); Joseph E. Harris, African-American Reaction to War in Ethiopia, 1936-1941 (Baton Rouge, 1994); Thomas M. Coffey, Lion by the Tail: The Story of the Italian-Ethiopian War (New York, 1974); S. K. B. Asante, Pan-African Protest: West Africa and the Italo-Ethiopian Crisis, 1934-1941 (London, 1977); and Harold G. Marcus, Ethiopia, Great Britain, and the United States, 1941-1974 (Berkeley, 1983).
169. James Dugan and Laurence Lafore, Days of Emperor and Clown: The Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1936 (Garden City, 1973). See also William R. Scott, The Sons of Sheba's Race: African-Americans and the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1941 (Bloomington, 1993); Joseph E. Harris, African-American Reaction to War in Ethiopia, 1936-1941 (Baton Rouge, 1994); Thomas M. Coffey, Lion by the Tail: The Story of the Italian-Ethiopian War (New York, 1974); S. K. B. Asante, Pan-African Protest: West Africa and the Italo-Ethiopian Crisis, 1934-1941 (London, 1977); and Harold G. Marcus, Ethiopia, Great Britain, and the United States, 1941-1974 (Berkeley, 1983).
170. Brice Harris, Jr., The United States and the Italo-Ethiopian Crisis (Westport, 1981).
171. Ernest Allen, Jr., "When Japan was 'Champion of the Darker Races': Satokata Takahashi and the Flowering of Black Messianic Nationalism," Black Scholar: Journal of Black Studies and Research 24 (1994): 23-46.
172. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York, 1944), 815, 1016, 1400.
173. John Dower, War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific war (New York, 1986), 175-76. See also Robert O. Ballou, Shinto, the Unconquered Enemy: Japan's Doctrine of Racial Superiority and World Conquest (New York, 1945); Russell Braddon, Japan against the World, 1941-2041: The 100-Year War for Supremacy (New York, 1983); Willard H. Elsbree, Japan's Role in South-East Asian Nationalist Movements (Cambridge, 1953); Akira Iriye, Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941-1945 (Cambridge, 1981); V. G. Kiernan, The Lords of Humankind: Black Man, Yellow Man, and White Man in an Age of Empire (Boston, 1969); John J. Stephan, Hawaii under the Rising Sun: Japan's Plan for Conquest after Pearl Harbor (Honolulu, 1984); Hugh Tinker, Race, Conflict, and International Order from Empire to United Nations (New York, 1977); and Rubin Francis Weston, Racism in U.S. Imperialism: The Influence of Racial Assumptions on American Foreign Policy, 1893-1946 (Columbia, 1972).
174. John Dower, War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific war (New York, 1986), 175-76. See also Robert O. Ballou, Shinto, the Unconquered Enemy: Japan's Doctrine of Racial Superiority and World Conquest (New York, 1945); Russell Braddon, Japan against the World, 1941-2041: The 100-Year War for Supremacy (New York, 1983); Willard H. Elsbree, Japan's Role in South-East Asian Nationalist Movements (Cambridge, 1953); Akira Iriye, Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941-1945 (Cambridge, 1981); V. G. Kiernan, The Lords of Humankind: Black Man, Yellow Man, and White Man in an Age of Empire (Boston, 1969); John J. Stephan, Hawaii under the Rising Sun: Japan's Plan for Conquest after Pearl Harbor (Honolulu, 1984); Hugh Tinker, Race, Conflict, and International Order from Empire to United Nations (New York, 1977); and Rubin Francis Weston, Racism in U.S. Imperialism: The Influence of Racial Assumptions on American Foreign Policy, 1893-1946 (Columbia, 1972).
175. John Dower, War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific war (New York, 1986), 175-76. See also Robert O. Ballou, Shinto, the Unconquered Enemy: Japan's Doctrine of Racial Superiority and World Conquest (New York, 1945); Russell Braddon, Japan against the World, 1941-2041: The 100-Year War for Supremacy (New York, 1983); Willard H. Elsbree, Japan's Role in South-East Asian Nationalist Movements (Cambridge, 1953); Akira Iriye, Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941-1945 (Cambridge, 1981); V. G. Kiernan, The Lords of Humankind: Black Man, Yellow Man, and White Man in an Age of Empire (Boston, 1969); John J. Stephan, Hawaii under the Rising Sun: Japan's Plan for Conquest after Pearl Harbor (Honolulu, 1984); Hugh Tinker, Race, Conflict, and International Order from Empire to United Nations (New York, 1977); and Rubin Francis Weston, Racism in U.S. Imperialism: The Influence of Racial Assumptions on American Foreign Policy, 1893-1946 (Columbia, 1972).
176. John Dower, War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific war (New York, 1986), 175-76. See also Robert O. Ballou, Shinto, the Unconquered Enemy: Japan's Doctrine of Racial Superiority and World Conquest (New York, 1945); Russell Braddon, Japan against the World, 1941-2041: The 100-Year War for Supremacy (New York, 1983); Willard H. Elsbree, Japan's Role in South-East Asian Nationalist Movements (Cambridge, 1953); Akira Iriye, Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941-1945 (Cambridge, 1981); V. G. Kiernan, The Lords of Humankind: Black Man, Yellow Man, and White Man in an Age of Empire (Boston, 1969); John J. Stephan, Hawaii under the Rising Sun: Japan's Plan for Conquest after Pearl Harbor (Honolulu, 1984); Hugh Tinker, Race, Conflict, and International Order from Empire to United Nations (New York, 1977); and Rubin Francis Weston, Racism in U.S. Imperialism: The Influence of Racial Assumptions on American Foreign Policy, 1893-1946 (Columbia, 1972).
177. John Dower, War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific war (New York, 1986), 175-76. See also Robert O. Ballou, Shinto, the Unconquered Enemy: Japan's Doctrine of Racial Superiority and World Conquest (New York, 1945); Russell Braddon, Japan against the World, 1941-2041: The 100-Year War for Supremacy (New York, 1983); Willard H. Elsbree, Japan's Role in South-East Asian Nationalist Movements (Cambridge, 1953); Akira Iriye, Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941-1945 (Cambridge, 1981); V. G. Kiernan, The Lords of Humankind: Black Man, Yellow Man, and White Man in an Age of Empire (Boston, 1969); John J. Stephan, Hawaii under the Rising Sun: Japan's Plan for Conquest after Pearl Harbor (Honolulu, 1984); Hugh Tinker, Race, Conflict, and International Order from Empire to United Nations (New York, 1977); and Rubin Francis Weston, Racism in U.S. Imperialism: The Influence of Racial Assumptions on American Foreign Policy, 1893-1946 (Columbia, 1972).
178. John Dower, War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific war (New York, 1986), 175-76. See also Robert O. Ballou, Shinto, the Unconquered Enemy: Japan's Doctrine of Racial Superiority and World Conquest (New York, 1945); Russell Braddon, Japan against the World, 1941-2041: The 100-Year War for Supremacy (New York, 1983); Willard H. Elsbree, Japan's Role in South-East Asian Nationalist Movements (Cambridge, 1953); Akira Iriye, Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941-1945 (Cambridge, 1981); V. G. Kiernan, The Lords of Humankind: Black Man, Yellow Man, and White Man in an Age of Empire (Boston, 1969); John J. Stephan, Hawaii under the Rising Sun: Japan's Plan for Conquest after Pearl Harbor (Honolulu, 1984); Hugh Tinker, Race, Conflict, and International Order from Empire to United Nations (New York, 1977); and Rubin Francis Weston, Racism in U.S. Imperialism: The Influence of Racial Assumptions on American Foreign Policy, 1893-1946 (Columbia, 1972).
179. John Dower, War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific war (New York, 1986), 175-76. See also Robert O. Ballou, Shinto, the Unconquered Enemy: Japan's Doctrine of Racial Superiority and World Conquest (New York, 1945); Russell Braddon, Japan against the World, 1941-2041: The 100-Year War for Supremacy (New York, 1983); Willard H. Elsbree, Japan's Role in South-East Asian Nationalist Movements (Cambridge, 1953); Akira Iriye, Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941-1945 (Cambridge, 1981); V. G. Kiernan, The Lords of
180. John Dower, War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific war (New York, 1986), 175-76. See also Robert O. Ballou, Shinto, the Unconquered Enemy: Japan's Doctrine of Racial Superiority and World Conquest (New York, 1945); Russell Braddon, Japan against the World, 1941-2041: The 100-Year War for Supremacy (New York, 1983); Willard H. Elsbree, Japan's Role in South-East Asian Nationalist Movements (Cambridge, 1953); Akira Iriye, Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941-1945 (Cambridge, 1981); V. G. Kiernan, The Lords of Humankind: Black Man, Yellow Man, and White Man in an Age of Empire (Boston, 1969); John J. Stephan, Hawaii under the Rising Sun: Japan's Plan for Conquest after Pearl Harbor (Honolulu, 1984); Hugh Tinker, Race, Conflict, and International Order from Empire to United Nations (New York, 1977); and Rubin Francis Weston, Racism in U.S. Imperialism: The Influence of Racial Assumptions on American Foreign Policy, 1893-1946 (Columbia, 1972).
181. John Dower, War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific war (New York, 1986), 175-76. See also Robert O. Ballou, Shinto, the Unconquered Enemy: Japan's Doctrine of Racial Superiority and World Conquest (New York, 1945); Russell Braddon, Japan against the World, 1941-2041: The 100-Year War for Supremacy (New York, 1983); Willard H. Elsbree, Japan's Role in South-East Asian Nationalist Movements (Cambridge, 1953); Akira Iriye, Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941-1945 (Cambridge, 1981); V. G. Kiernan, The Lords of Humankind: Black Man, Yellow Man, and White Man in an Age of Empire (Boston, 1969); John J. Stephan, Hawaii under the Rising Sun: Japan's Plan for Conquest after Pearl Harbor (Honolulu, 1984); Hugh Tinker, Race, Conflict, and International Order from Empire to United Nations (New York, 1977); and Rubin Francis Weston, Racism in U.S. Imperialism: The Influence of Racial Assumptions on American Foreign Policy, 1893-1946 (Columbia, 1972).
182. Walter LaFeber, The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japanese Relations (New York, 1997), 217.
183. Richard Storry, Japan and the Decline of the West in Asia, 1894-1943 (London, 1979), 4. See also Bradford A. Lee, Britain and the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1939 (Stanford, 1973); and Gunter Bischof and Robert L. Dupont, eds., The Pacific War Revisited (Baton Rouge, 1997).
184. Richard Storry, Japan and the Decline of the West in Asia, 1894-1943 (London, 1979), 4. See also Bradford A. Lee, Britain and the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1939 (Stanford, 1973); and Gunter Bischof and Robert L. Dupont, eds., The Pacific War Revisited (Baton Rouge, 1997).
185. Richard Storry, Japan and the Decline of the West in Asia, 1894-1943 (London, 1979), 4. See also Bradford A. Lee, Britain and the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1939 (Stanford, 1973); and Gunter Bischof and Robert L. Dupont, eds., The Pacific War Revisited (Baton Rouge, 1997).
186. Stefan Kuhl, The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism (New York, 1994); Lawrence Le Blanc, The United States and the Genocide Convention (Durham, 1991); Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies (New Haven, 1990).
187. Stefan Kuhl, The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism (New York, 1994); Lawrence Le Blanc, The United States and the Genocide Convention (Durham, 1991); Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies (New Haven, 1990).
188. Stefan Kuhl, The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism (New York, 1994); Lawrence Le Blanc, The United States and the Genocide Convention (Durham, 1991); Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies (New Haven, 1990).
189. Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (Washington, 1981); Amilcar Cabral, Return to the Source: Selected Speeches (New York, 1974); Samora Machel, Samora Machel, An African Revolutionary: Selected Speeches and Writings (London, 1985); Kenneth Kaunda, Zambia Shall Be Free: An Autobiography (New York, 1963); Kwame Nkrumah, Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism (London, 1968).
190. Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (Washington, 1981); Amilcar Cabral, Return to the Source: Selected Speeches (New York, 1974); Samora Machel, Samora Machel, An African Revolutionary: Selected Speeches and Writings (London, 1985); Kenneth Kaunda, Zambia Shall Be Free: An Autobiography (New York, 1963); Kwame Nkrumah, Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism (London, 1968).
191. Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (Washington, 1981); Amilcar Cabral, Return to the Source: Selected Speeches (New York, 1974); Samora Machel, Samora Machel, An African Revolutionary: Selected Speeches and Writings (London, 1985); Kenneth Kaunda, Zambia Shall Be Free: An Autobiography (New York, 1963); Kwame Nkrumah, Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism (London, 1968).
192. Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (Washington, 1981); Amilcar Cabral, Return to the Source: Selected Speeches (New York, 1974); Samora Machel, Samora Machel, An African Revolutionary: Selected Speeches and Writings (London, 1985); Kenneth Kaunda, Zambia Shall Be Free: An Autobiography (New York, 1963); Kwame Nkrumah, Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism (London, 1968).
193. Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (Washington, 1981); Amilcar Cabral, Return to the Source: Selected Speeches (New York, 1974); Samora Machel, Samora Machel, An African Revolutionary: Selected Speeches and Writings (London, 1985); Kenneth Kaunda, Zambia Shall Be Free: An Autobiography (New York, 1963); Kwame Nkrumah, Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism (London, 1968).
194. Robert J. McMahon, Colonialism and Cold War The United States and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence, 1945-1949 (Ithaca, 1981); Sean Kelly, America's Tyrant: The CIA and Mobutu of Zaire (Washington, 1995); William Roger Louis, Imperialism at Bay, 1941-1945: The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire (Oxford, 1977); H.W. Brands, The Specter of Neutralism: The United States and the Emergence of the Third World, 1947-1960 (New York, 1989); David N. Gibbs, The Political Economy of Third World Intervention: Mines, Money, and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Congo Crisis (Chicago, 1991); Richard D. Mahoney, JFK: Ordeal in Africa (New York, 1983); Kwame Nkrumah, The Challenge of the Congo (New York, 1967); Stephen Weisman, American Foreign Policy in the Congo, 1960-1964 (Ithaca, 1974).
195. Robert J. McMahon, Colonialism and Cold War The United States and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence, 1945-1949 (Ithaca, 1981); Sean Kelly, America's Tyrant: The CIA and Mobutu of Zaire (Washington, 1995); William Roger Louis, Imperialism at Bay, 1941-1945: The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire (Oxford, 1977); H.W. Brands, The Specter of Neutralism: The United States and the Emergence of the Third World, 1947-1960 (New York, 1989); David N. Gibbs, The Political Economy of Third World Intervention: Mines, Money, and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Congo Crisis (Chicago, 1991); Richard D. Mahoney, JFK: Ordeal in Africa (New York, 1983); Kwame Nkrumah, The Challenge of the Congo (New York, 1967); Stephen Weisman, American Foreign Policy in the Congo, 1960-1964 (Ithaca, 1974).
196. Robert J. McMahon, Colonialism and Cold War The United States and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence, 1945-1949 (Ithaca, 1981); Sean Kelly, America's Tyrant: The CIA and Mobutu of Zaire (Washington, 1995); William Roger Louis, Imperialism at Bay, 1941-1945: The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire (Oxford, 1977); H.W. Brands, The Specter of Neutralism: The United States and the Emergence of the Third World, 1947-1960 (New York, 1989); David N. Gibbs, The Political Economy of Third World Intervention: Mines, Money, and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Congo Crisis (Chicago, 1991); Richard D. Mahoney, JFK: Ordeal in Africa (New York, 1983); Kwame Nkrumah, The Challenge of the Congo (New York, 1967); Stephen Weisman, American Foreign Policy in the Congo, 1960-1964 (Ithaca, 1974).
197. Robert J. McMahon, Colonialism and Cold War The United States and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence, 1945-1949 (Ithaca, 1981); Sean Kelly, America's Tyrant: The CIA and Mobutu of Zaire (Washington, 1995); William Roger Louis, Imperialism at Bay, 1941-1945: The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire (Oxford, 1977); H.W. Brands, The Specter of Neutralism: The United States and the Emergence of the Third World, 1947-1960 (New York, 1989); David N. Gibbs, The Political Economy of Third World Intervention: Mines, Money, and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Congo Crisis (Chicago, 1991); Richard D. Mahoney, JFK: Ordeal in Africa (New York, 1983); Kwame Nkrumah, The Challenge of the Congo (New York, 1967); Stephen Weisman, American Foreign Policy in the Congo, 1960-1964 (Ithaca, 1974).
198. Robert J. McMahon, Colonialism and Cold War The United States and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence, 1945-1949 (Ithaca, 1981); Sean Kelly, America's Tyrant: The CIA and Mobutu of Zaire (Washington, 1995); William Roger Louis, Imperialism at Bay, 1941-1945: The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire (Oxford, 1977); H.W. Brands, The Specter of Neutralism: The United States and the Emergence of the Third World, 1947-1960 (New York, 1989); David N. Gibbs, The Political Economy of Third World Intervention: Mines, Money, and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Congo Crisis (Chicago, 1991); Richard D. Mahoney, JFK: Ordeal in Africa (New York, 1983); Kwame Nkrumah, The Challenge of the Congo (New York, 1967); Stephen Weisman, American Foreign Policy in the Congo, 1960-1964 (Ithaca, 1974).
199. Robert J. McMahon, Colonialism and Cold War The United States and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence, 1945-1949 (Ithaca, 1981); Sean Kelly, America's Tyrant: The CIA and Mobutu of Zaire (Washington, 1995); William Roger Louis, Imperialism at Bay, 1941-1945: The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire (Oxford, 1977); H.W. Brands, The Specter of Neutralism: The United States and the Emergence of the Third World, 1947-1960 (New York, 1989); David N. Gibbs, The Political Economy of Third World Intervention: Mines, Money, and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Congo Crisis (Chicago, 1991); Richard D. Mahoney, JFK: Ordeal in Africa (New York, 1983); Kwame Nkrumah, The Challenge of the Congo (New York, 1967); Stephen Weisman, American Foreign Policy in the Congo, 1960-1964 (Ithaca, 1974).
200. Robert J. McMahon, Colonialism and Cold War The United States and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence, 1945-1949 (Ithaca, 1981); Sean Kelly, America's Tyrant: The CIA and Mobutu of Zaire (Washington, 1995); William Roger Louis, Imperialism at Bay, 1941-1945: The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire (Oxford, 1977); H.W. Brands, The Specter of Neutralism: The United States and the Emergence of the Third World, 1947-1960 (New York, 1989); David N. Gibbs, The Political Economy of Third World Intervention: Mines, Money, and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Congo Crisis (Chicago, 1991); Richard D. Mahoney, JFK: Ordeal in Africa (New York, 1983); Kwame Nkrumah, The Challenge of the Congo (New York, 1967); Stephen Weisman, American Foreign Policy in the Congo, 1960-1964 (Ithaca, 1974).
201. Robert J. McMahon, Colonialism and Cold War The United States and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence, 1945-1949 (Ithaca, 1981); Sean Kelly, America's Tyrant: The CIA and Mobutu of Zaire (Washington, 1995); William Roger Louis, Imperialism at Bay, 1941-1945: The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire (Oxford, 1977); H.W. Brands, The Specter of Neutralism: The United States and the Emergence of the Third World, 1947-1960 (New York, 1989); David N. Gibbs, The Political Economy of Third World Intervention: Mines, Money, and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Congo Crisis (Chicago, 1991); Richard D. Mahoney, JFK: Ordeal in Africa (New York, 1983); Kwame Nkrumah, The Challenge of the Congo (New York, 1967); Stephen Weisman, American Foreign Policy in the Congo, 1960-1964 (Ithaca, 1974).
202. Mary L. Dudziak, "Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative," Stanford Law Review 41 (November 1988): 61-120.
203. Azza Salama Layton, "International Pressure and the U.S. Government's Response to Little Rock," Arkansas Historical Quarterly 56 (Autumn 1997): 257-72. See also the forthcoming definitive article on this subject by Mary L. Dudziak, "The Little Rock Crisis and Foreign Affairs: Race, Resistance, and the Image of American Democracy," Southern California Law Review.
204. Azza Salama Layton, "International Pressure and the U.S. Government's Response to Little Rock," Arkansas Historical Quarterly 56 (Autumn 1997): 257-72. See also the forthcoming definitive article on this subject by Mary L. Dudziak, "The Little Rock Crisis and Foreign Affairs: Race, Resistance, and the Image of American Democracy," Southern California Law Review.
205. Penny M. Von Eschen, Race against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937-1957 (Ithaca, 1997); Brenda Gayle Plummer, Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935-1960 (Chapel Hill, 1996); Robert Weisbord, Ebony Kinship: Africa, Africans, and the Afro-Americans (Westport, 1973); Jake C. Miller, The Black Presence in American Foreign Affairs (Washington, 1978); Lewis V. Baldwin, Toward the Beloved Community: Martin Luther King, Jr. and South Africa (Cleveland, 1995); Gerald R. Gill, "Afro-American Opposition to the United States' Wars of the Twentieth Century: Dissent, Discontent, and Disinterest" (Ph.D.diss., Howard University, 1985); Austin M. Chakaodza, International Diplomacy in Southern Africa: From Reagan to Mandela (London, 1990); Patrick J. Furlong, Between Crown and Swastika: The Impact of the Radical Right on the Afrikaner Nationalist Movement in the Fascist Era (Hanover, 1991).
206. Penny M. Von Eschen, Race against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937-1957 (Ithaca, 1997); Brenda Gayle Plummer, Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935-1960 (Chapel Hill, 1996); Robert Weisbord, Ebony Kinship: Africa, Africans, and the Afro-Americans (Westport, 1973); Jake C. Miller, The Black Presence in American Foreign Affairs (Washington, 1978); Lewis V. Baldwin, Toward the Beloved Community: Martin Luther King, Jr. and South Africa (Cleveland, 1995); Gerald R. Gill, "Afro-American Opposition to the United States' Wars of the Twentieth Century: Dissent, Discontent, and Disinterest" (Ph.D.diss., Howard University, 1985); Austin M. Chakaodza, International Diplomacy in Southern Africa: From Reagan to Mandela (London, 1990); Patrick J. Furlong, Between Crown and Swastika: The Impact of the Radical Right on the Afrikaner Nationalist Movement in the Fascist Era (Hanover, 1991).
207. Penny M. Von Eschen, Race against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937-1957 (Ithaca, 1997); Brenda Gayle Plummer, Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935-1960 (Chapel Hill, 1996); Robert Weisbord, Ebony Kinship: Africa, Africans, and the Afro-Americans (Westport, 1973); Jake C. Miller, The Black Presence in American Foreign Affairs (Washington, 1978); Lewis V. Baldwin, Toward the Beloved Community: Martin Luther King, Jr. and South Africa (Cleveland, 1995); Gerald R. Gill, "Afro-American Opposition to the United States' Wars of the Twentieth Century: Dissent, Discontent, and Disinterest" (Ph.D.diss., Howard University, 1985); Austin M. Chakaodza, International Diplomacy in Southern Africa: From Reagan to Mandela (London, 1990); Patrick J. Furlong, Between Crown and Swastika: The Impact of the Radical Right on the Afrikaner Nationalist Movement in the Fascist Era (Hanover, 1991).
208. Penny M. Von Eschen, Race against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937-1957 (Ithaca, 1997); Brenda Gayle Plummer, Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935-1960 (Chapel Hill, 1996); Robert Weisbord, Ebony Kinship: Africa, Africans, and the Afro-Americans (Westport, 1973); Jake C. Miller, The Black Presence in American Foreign Affairs (Washington, 1978); Lewis V. Baldwin, Toward the Beloved Community: Martin Luther King, Jr. and South Africa (Cleveland, 1995); Gerald R. Gill, "Afro-American Opposition to the United States' Wars of the Twentieth Century: Dissent, Discontent, and Disinterest" (Ph.D.diss., Howard University, 1985); Austin M. Chakaodza, International Diplomacy in Southern Africa: From Reagan to Mandela (London, 1990); Patrick J. Furlong, Between Crown and Swastika: The Impact of the Radical Right on the Afrikaner Nationalist Movement in the Fascist Era (Hanover, 1991).
209. Penny M. Von Eschen, Race against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937-1957 (Ithaca, 1997); Brenda Gayle Plummer, Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935-1960 (Chapel Hill, 1996); Robert Weisbord, Ebony Kinship: Africa, Africans, and the Afro-Americans (Westport, 1973); Jake C. Miller, The Black Presence in American Foreign Affairs (Washington, 1978); Lewis V. Baldwin, Toward the Beloved Community: Martin Luther King, Jr. and South Africa (Cleveland, 1995); Gerald R. Gill, "Afro-American Opposition to the United States' Wars of the Twentieth Century: Dissent, Discontent, and Disinterest" (Ph.D.diss., Howard University, 1985); Austin M. Chakaodza, International Diplomacy in Southern Africa: From Reagan to Mandela (London, 1990); Patrick J. Furlong, Between Crown and Swastika: The Impact of the Radical Right on the Afrikaner Nationalist Movement in the Fascist Era (Hanover, 1991).
210. Penny M. Von Eschen, Race against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937-1957 (Ithaca, 1997); Brenda Gayle Plummer, Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935-1960 (Chapel Hill, 1996); Robert Weisbord, Ebony Kinship: Africa, Africans, and the Afro-Americans (Westport, 1973); Jake C. Miller, The Black Presence in American Foreign Affairs (Washington, 1978); Lewis V. Baldwin, Toward the Beloved Community: Martin Luther King, Jr. and South Africa (Cleveland, 1995); Gerald R. Gill, "Afro-American Opposition to the United States' Wars of the Twentieth Century: Dissent, Discontent, and Disinterest" (Ph.D.diss., Howard University, 1985); Austin M. Chakaodza, International Diplomacy in Southern Africa: From Reagan to Mandela (London, 1990); Patrick J. Furlong, Between Crown and Swastika: The Impact of the Radical Right on the Afrikaner Nationalist Movement in the Fascist Era (Hanover, 1991).
211. Penny M. Von Eschen, Race against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937-1957 (Ithaca, 1997); Brenda Gayle Plummer, Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935-1960 (Chapel Hill, 1996); Robert Weisbord, Ebony Kinship: Africa, Africans, and the Afro-Americans (Westport, 1973); Jake C. Miller, The Black Presence in American Foreign Affairs (Washington, 1978); Lewis V. Baldwin, Toward the Beloved Community: Martin Luther King, Jr. and South Africa (Cleveland, 1995); Gerald R. Gill, "Afro-American Opposition to the United States' Wars of the Twentieth Century: Dissent, Discontent, and Disinterest" (Ph.D.diss., Howard University, 1985); Austin M. Chakaodza, International Diplomacy in Southern Africa: From Reagan to Mandela (London, 1990); Patrick J. Furlong, Between Crown and Swastika: The Impact of the Radical Right on the Afrikaner Nationalist Movement in the Fascist Era (Hanover, 1991).
212. Penny M. Von Eschen, Race against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937-1957 (Ithaca, 1997); Brenda Gayle Plummer, Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935-1960 (Chapel Hill, 1996); Robert Weisbord, Ebony Kinship: Africa, Africans, and the Afro-Americans (Westport, 1973); Jake C. Miller, The Black Presence in American Foreign Affairs (Washington, 1978); Lewis V. Baldwin, Toward the Beloved Community: Martin Luther King, Jr. and South Africa (Cleveland, 1995); Gerald R. Gill, "Afro-American Opposition to the United States' Wars of the Twentieth Century: Dissent, Discontent, and Disinterest" (Ph.D.diss., Howard University, 1985); Austin M. Chakaodza, International Diplomacy in Southern Africa: From Reagan to Mandela (London, 1990); Patrick J. Furlong, Between Crown and Swastika: The Impact of the Radical Right on the Afrikaner Nationalist Movement in the Fascist Era (Hanover, 1991).
213. Jeffrey Stewart, ed., Paul Robeson: Artist and Citizen (New Brunswick, 1998).
214. Kenneth O'Reilly, "Racial Matters": The FBI's Secret File on Black America, 1960-1972 (New York, 1989), 242-45, 286-90.
215. "Stenogram: Meeting of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Chinese Communist Party, Moscow, 5-20 July 1963," Cold War International History Project 10 (March 1998): 175-82.
216. Sir Roy Welensky to Dean Acheson, 30 July 1971, Dean Acheson Papers, box 54, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. For a fuller exploration of the U.S.-Rhodesian axis, see Gerald Home, "Gangsters, 'Whiteness,' Reactionary Politics, and the U.S.-Rhodesian Connection," Southern Africa Political and Economic Monthly 9 (Number 1995): 31-34. See also Gerald Horne, From the Barrel of a Gun: The U.S. and the War against Zimbabwe, 1965-1980 (forthcoming).
217. Sir Roy Welensky to Dean Acheson, 30 July 1971, Dean Acheson Papers, box 54, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. For a fuller exploration of the U.S.-Rhodesian axis, see Gerald Home, "Gangsters, 'Whiteness,' Reactionary Politics, and the U.S.-Rhodesian Connection," Southern Africa Political and Economic Monthly 9 (Number 1995): 31-34. See also Gerald Horne, From the Barrel of a Gun: The U.S. and the War against Zimbabwe, 1965-1980 (forthcoming).
218. Dean Acheson to Sir Roy Welensky, 7 October 1971, Acheson Papers, box 34. Sir Roy had a virtual obsession with China: "I heard the announcement that China had put her first satellite into orbit. I noticed our newspapers this morning treated it as almost a minor event - I consider it one of the most serious bits of news I have listened to for a long time!" Sir Roy Welensky to Dean Acheson, 27 April 1970, Acheson Papers, box 34.
219. Robert Kinloch Massie, Loosing the Bonds: The United States and South Africa in the Apartheid Years (New York, 1993); Thomas Borstelman, Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle: The United States and Southern Africa in the Early Cold War (New York, 1993); Janice Love, The U.S. Anti-Apartheid Movement: Local Activism in Global Politics (New York, 1985).
220. Robert Kinloch Massie, Loosing the Bonds: The United States and South Africa in the Apartheid Years (New York, 1993); Thomas Borstelman, Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle: The United States and Southern Africa in the Early Cold War (New York, 1993); Janice Love, The U.S. Anti-Apartheid Movement: Local Activism in Global Politics (New York, 1985).
221. Robert Kinloch Massie, Loosing the Bonds: The United States and South Africa in the Apartheid Years (New York, 1993); Thomas Borstelman, Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle: The United States and Southern Africa in the Early Cold War (New York, 1993); Janice Love, The U.S. Anti-Apartheid Movement: Local Activism in Global Politics (New York, 1985).
222. Ian Smith, The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith (London, 1997), 24, 202.
223. Juanita Roberts to Kevin Lee, 24 April 1966, Lyndon Baines Johnson Papers, National Security File, Country File, Rhodesia, box 97, Johnson Library, Austin, Texas.
224. A. R. W. Stumbles, Some Recollections of a Rhodesian Speaker (Bulawayo, 1980), 171.
225. Angus Graham to Dean Acheson, 1 July 1968, Acheson Papers, box 13.
226. Dean Acheson to Angus Graham, 23 July 1968, Acheson Papers, box 13.
227. Sunday Mail [Rhodesia], 10 June 1979.
228. Kevin Phillips, The Emerging Republican Majority (New Rochelle, 1969); Dan T. Carter, From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich: Race and the Conservative Counter-Revolution, 1963-1994 (Baton Rouge, 1996).
229. Kevin Phillips, The Emerging Republican Majority (New Rochelle, 1969); Dan T. Carter, From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich: Race and the Conservative Counter-Revolution, 1963-1994 (Baton Rouge, 1996).
230. Michael Schaller, The American Occupaton of Japan: The Origins of the Cold War in Asia (New York, 1985); Myles I. C. Robertson, Soviet Policy toward Japan: An Analysis of Trends in the 1970s and 1980s (New York, 1988); Charles E. Zeigler, Foreign Policy and East Asia: Learning and Adaptation in the Gorbachev Era (New York, 1993).
231. Michael Schaller, The American Occupaton of Japan: The Origins of the Cold War in Asia (New York, 1985); Myles I. C. Robertson, Soviet Policy toward Japan: An Analysis of Trends in the 1970s and 1980s (New York, 1988); Charles E. Zeigler, Foreign Policy and East Asia: Learning and Adaptation in the Gorbachev Era (New York, 1993).
232. Michael Schaller, The American Occupaton of Japan: The Origins of the Cold War in Asia (New York, 1985); Myles I. C. Robertson, Soviet Policy toward Japan: An Analysis of Trends in the 1970s and 1980s (New York, 1988); Charles E. Zeigler, Foreign Policy and East Asia: Learning and Adaptation in the Gorbachev Era (New York, 1993).
233. Frank Dikotter, ed., The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan (Honolulu, 1997); Frank Dikotter, The Discourse of Race in Modern China (Stanford, 1992); Alf Hiltebeitel and Barbara Miller, eds., Hair in Asian Cultures: Context and Change (Albany, 1997); Benjamin Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West (Cambridge, 1964); Yoshino Kosaku, Cultural Nationalism in Japan (London, 1992); Cullen T. Hayashida, "Identity, Race, and the Blood Ideology of Japan" (Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 1976). Despite the paucity of Jewish people in Japan, there has been a persistent strain of anti-Semitism in this nation and, to an extent, in the region we refer to as East Asia. See David G. Goodman and Masanori Miyazawa, Jews in the Japanese Mind: The History and Uses of a Cultural Stereotype (New York, 1995); David Kranzler, Japanese, Nazis, and Jews: The Jewish Refugee Community in Shanghai, 1938-1945 (New York, 1976); James R. Ross, Escape to Shanghai: A Jewish Community in China (New York, 1994); and Ernest G. Heppner, Shanghai Refugee: A Memoir of the World War II Jewish Ghetto (Lincoln, 1993).
234. Frank Dikotter, ed., The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan (Honolulu, 1997); Frank Dikotter, The Discourse of Race in Modern China (Stanford, 1992); Alf Hiltebeitel and Barbara Miller, eds., Hair in Asian Cultures: Context and Change (Albany, 1997); Benjamin Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West (Cambridge, 1964); Yoshino Kosaku, Cultural Nationalism in Japan (London, 1992); Cullen T. Hayashida, "Identity, Race, and the Blood Ideology of Japan" (Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 1976). Despite the paucity of Jewish people in Japan, there has been a persistent strain of anti-Semitism in this nation and, to an extent, in the region we refer to as East Asia. See David G. Goodman and Masanori Miyazawa, Jews in the Japanese Mind: The History and Uses of a Cultural Stereotype (New York, 1995); David Kranzler, Japanese, Nazis, and Jews: The Jewish Refugee Community in Shanghai, 1938-1945 (New York, 1976); James R. Ross, Escape to Shanghai: A Jewish Community in China (New York, 1994); and Ernest G. Heppner, Shanghai Refugee: A Memoir of the World War II Jewish Ghetto (Lincoln, 1993).
235. Frank Dikotter, ed., The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan (Honolulu, 1997); Frank Dikotter, The Discourse of Race in Modern China (Stanford, 1992); Alf Hiltebeitel and Barbara Miller, eds., Hair in Asian Cultures: Context and Change (Albany, 1997); Benjamin Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West (Cambridge, 1964); Yoshino Kosaku, Cultural Nationalism in Japan (London, 1992); Cullen T. Hayashida, "Identity, Race, and the Blood Ideology of Japan" (Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 1976). Despite the paucity of Jewish people in Japan, there has been a persistent strain of anti-Semitism in this nation and, to an extent, in the region we refer to as East Asia. See David G. Goodman and Masanori Miyazawa, Jews in the Japanese Mind: The History and Uses of a Cultural Stereotype (New York, 1995); David Kranzler, Japanese, Nazis, and Jews: The Jewish Refugee Community in Shanghai, 1938-1945 (New York, 1976); James R. Ross, Escape to Shanghai: A Jewish Community in China (New York, 1994); and Ernest G. Heppner, Shanghai Refugee: A Memoir of the World War II Jewish Ghetto (Lincoln, 1993).
236. Frank Dikotter, ed., The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan (Honolulu, 1997); Frank Dikotter, The Discourse of Race in Modern China (Stanford, 1992); Alf Hiltebeitel and Barbara Miller, eds., Hair in Asian Cultures: Context and Change (Albany, 1997); Benjamin Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West (Cambridge, 1964); Yoshino Kosaku, Cultural Nationalism in Japan (London, 1992); Cullen T. Hayashida, "Identity, Race, and the Blood Ideology of Japan" (Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 1976). Despite the paucity of Jewish people in Japan, there has been a persistent strain of anti-Semitism in this nation and, to an extent, in the region we refer to as East Asia. See David G. Goodman and Masanori Miyazawa, Jews in the Japanese Mind: The History and Uses of a Cultural Stereotype (New York, 1995); David Kranzler, Japanese, Nazis, and Jews: The Jewish Refugee Community in Shanghai, 1938-1945 (New York, 1976); James R. Ross, Escape to Shanghai: A Jewish Community in China (New York, 1994); and Ernest G. Heppner, Shanghai Refugee: A Memoir of the World War II Jewish Ghetto (Lincoln, 1993).
237. Frank Dikotter, ed., The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan (Honolulu, 1997); Frank Dikotter, The Discourse of Race in Modern China (Stanford, 1992); Alf Hiltebeitel and Barbara Miller, eds., Hair in Asian Cultures: Context and Change (Albany, 1997); Benjamin Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West (Cambridge, 1964); Yoshino Kosaku, Cultural Nationalism in Japan (London, 1992); Cullen T. Hayashida, "Identity, Race, and the Blood Ideology of Japan" (Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 1976). Despite the paucity of Jewish people in Japan, there has been a persistent strain of anti-Semitism in this nation and, to an extent, in the region we refer to as East Asia. See David G. Goodman and Masanori Miyazawa, Jews in the Japanese Mind: The History and Uses of a Cultural Stereotype (New York, 1995); David Kranzler, Japanese, Nazis, and Jews: The Jewish Refugee Community in Shanghai, 1938-1945 (New York, 1976); James R. Ross, Escape to Shanghai: A Jewish Community in China (New York, 1994); and Ernest G. Heppner, Shanghai Refugee: A Memoir of the World War II Jewish Ghetto (Lincoln, 1993).
238. Frank Dikotter, ed., The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan (Honolulu, 1997); Frank Dikotter, The Discourse of Race in Modern China (Stanford, 1992); Alf Hiltebeitel and Barbara Miller, eds., Hair in Asian Cultures: Context and Change (Albany, 1997); Benjamin Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West (Cambridge, 1964); Yoshino Kosaku, Cultural Nationalism in Japan (London, 1992); Cullen T. Hayashida, "Identity, Race, and the Blood Ideology of Japan" (Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 1976). Despite the paucity of Jewish people in Japan, there has been a persistent strain of anti-Semitism in this nation and, to an extent, in the region we refer to as East Asia. See David G. Goodman and Masanori Miyazawa, Jews in the Japanese Mind: The History and Uses of a Cultural Stereotype (New York, 1995); David Kranzler, Japanese, Nazis, and Jews: The Jewish Refugee Community in Shanghai, 1938-1945 (New York, 1976); James R. Ross, Escape to Shanghai: A Jewish Community in China (New York, 1994); and Ernest G. Heppner, Shanghai Refugee: A Memoir of the World War II Jewish Ghetto (Lincoln, 1993).
239. Frank Dikotter, ed., The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan (Honolulu, 1997); Frank Dikotter, The Discourse of Race in Modern China (Stanford, 1992); Alf Hiltebeitel and Barbara Miller, eds., Hair in Asian Cultures: Context and Change (Albany, 1997); Benjamin Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West (Cambridge, 1964); Yoshino Kosaku, Cultural Nationalism in Japan (London, 1992); Cullen T. Hayashida, "Identity, Race, and the Blood Ideology of Japan" (Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 1976). Despite the paucity of Jewish people in Japan, there has been a persistent strain of anti-Semitism in this nation and, to an extent, in the region we refer to as East Asia. See David G. Goodman and Masanori Miyazawa, Jews in the Japanese Mind: The History and Uses of a Cultural Stereotype (New York, 1995); David Kranzler, Japanese, Nazis, and Jews: The Jewish Refugee Community in Shanghai, 1938-1945 (New York, 1976); James R. Ross, Escape to Shanghai: A Jewish Community in China (New York, 1994); and Ernest G. Heppner, Shanghai Refugee: A Memoir of the World War II Jewish Ghetto (Lincoln, 1993).
240. Frank Dikotter, ed., The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan (Honolulu, 1997); Frank Dikotter, The Discourse of Race in Modern China (Stanford, 1992); Alf Hiltebeitel and Barbara Miller, eds., Hair in Asian Cultures: Context and Change (Albany, 1997); Benjamin Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West (Cambridge, 1964); Yoshino Kosaku, Cultural Nationalism in Japan (London, 1992); Cullen T. Hayashida, "Identity, Race, and the Blood Ideology of Japan" (Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 1976). Despite the paucity of Jewish people in Japan, there has been a persistent strain of anti-Semitism in this nation and, to an extent, in the region we refer to as East Asia. See David G. Goodman and Masanori Miyazawa, Jews in the Japanese Mind: The History and Uses of a Cultural Stereotype (New York, 1995); David Kranzler, Japanese, Nazis, and Jews: The Jewish Refugee Community in Shanghai, 1938-1945 (New York, 1976); James R. Ross, Escape to Shanghai: A Jewish Community in China (New York, 1994); and Ernest G. Heppner, Shanghai Refugee: A Memoir of the World War II Jewish Ghetto (Lincoln, 1993).
241. Frank Dikotter, ed., The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan (Honolulu, 1997); Frank Dikotter, The Discourse of Race in Modern China (Stanford, 1992); Alf Hiltebeitel and Barbara Miller, eds., Hair in Asian Cultures: Context and Change (Albany, 1997); Benjamin Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West (Cambridge, 1964); Yoshino Kosaku, Cultural Nationalism in Japan (London, 1992); Cullen T. Hayashida, "Identity, Race, and the Blood Ideology of Japan" (Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 1976). Despite the paucity of Jewish people in Japan, there has been a persistent strain of anti-Semitism in this nation and, to an extent, in the region we refer to as East Asia. See David G. Goodman and Masanori Miyazawa, Jews in the Japanese Mind: The History and Uses of a Cultural Stereotype (New York, 1995); David Kranzler, Japanese, Nazis, and Jews: The Jewish Refugee Community in Shanghai, 1938-1945 (New York, 1976); James R. Ross, Escape to Shanghai: A Jewish Community in China (New York, 1994); and Ernest G. Heppner, Shanghai Refugee: A Memoir of the World War II Jewish Ghetto (Lincoln, 1993).
242. Frank Dikotter, ed., The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan (Honolulu, 1997); Frank Dikotter, The Discourse of Race in Modern China (Stanford, 1992); Alf Hiltebeitel and Barbara Miller, eds., Hair in Asian Cultures: Context and Change (Albany, 1997); Benjamin Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West (Cambridge, 1964); Yoshino Kosaku, Cultural Nationalism in Japan (London, 1992); Cullen T. Hayashida, "Identity, Race, and the Blood Ideology of Japan" (Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 1976). Despite the paucity of Jewish people in Japan, there has been a persistent strain of anti-Semitism in this nation and, to an extent, in the region we refer to as East Asia. See David G. Goodman and Masanori Miyazawa, Jews in the Japanese Mind: The History and Uses of a Cultural Stereotype (New York, 1995); David Kranzler, Japanese, Nazis, and Jews: The Jewish Refugee Community in Shanghai, 1938-1945 (New York, 1976); James R. Ross, Escape to Shanghai: A Jewish Community in China (New York, 1994); and Ernest G. Heppner, Shanghai Refugee: A Memoir of the World War II Jewish Ghetto (Lincoln, 1993).
243. Robert Jackson, The Malayan Emergency: The Commonwealth's Wars, 1948-1966 (New York, 1991); Donald W. Hamilton, The Art of Insurgency: American Military Policy and the Failure of Strategy in Southeast Asia (New York, 1998); Edgar O'Ballance, Malaya: The Communist Insurgent War, 1948-1960 (London, 1966); Richard Stubbs, Hearts and Minds in Guerilla Warfare: The Malayan Emergency, 1948-1960 (New York, 1989); Robert Thompson, Defeating Communist Insurgency: The Lessons of Malaya and Vietnam (New York, 1966).
244. Robert Jackson, The Malayan Emergency: The Commonwealth's Wars, 1948-1966 (New York, 1991); Donald W. Hamilton, The Art of Insurgency: American Military Policy and the Failure of Strategy in Southeast Asia (New York, 1998); Edgar O'Ballance, Malaya: The Communist Insurgent War, 1948-1960 (London, 1966); Richard Stubbs, Hearts and Minds in Guerilla Warfare: The Malayan Emergency, 1948-1960 (New York, 1989); Robert Thompson, Defeating Communist Insurgency: The Lessons of Malaya and Vietnam (New York, 1966).
245. Robert Jackson, The Malayan Emergency: The Commonwealth's Wars, 1948-1966 (New York, 1991); Donald W. Hamilton, The Art of Insurgency: American Military Policy and the Failure of Strategy in Southeast Asia (New York, 1998); Edgar O'Ballance, Malaya: The Communist Insurgent War, 1948-1960 (London, 1966); Richard Stubbs, Hearts and Minds in Guerilla Warfare: The Malayan Emergency, 1948-1960 (New York, 1989); Robert Thompson,4feating Communist Insurgency: The Lessons of Malaya and Vietnam (New York, 1966).
246. Robert Jackson, The Malayan Emergency: The Commonwealth's Wars, 1948-1966 (New York, 1991); Donald W. Hamilton, The Art of Insurgency: American Military Policy and the Failure of Strategy in Southeast Asia (New York, 1998); Edgar O'Ballance, Malaya: The Communist Insurgent War, 1948-1960 (London, 1966); Richard Stubbs, Hearts and Minds in Guerilla Warfare: The Malayan Emergency, 1948-1960 (New York, 1989); Robert Thompson, Defeating Communist Insurgency: The Lessons of Malaya and Vietnam (New York, 1966).
247. Robert Jackson, The Malayan Emergency: The Commonwealth's Wars, 1948-1966 (New York, 1991); Donald W. Hamilton, The Art of Insurgency: American Military Policy and the Failure of Strategy in Southeast Asia (New York, 1998); Edgar O'Ballance, Malaya: The Communist Insurgent War, 1948-1960 (London, 1966); Richard Stubbs, Hearts and Minds in Guerilla Warfare: The Malayan Emergency, 1948-1960 (New York, 1989); Robert Thompson, Defeating Communist Insurgency: The Lessons of Malaya and Vietnam (New York, 1966).
248. Mahatir Mohamad and Shintaro Isihara, The Voice of Asia: Two Leaders Discuss the Coming Century (Tokyo, 1995), 22, 29, 53, 90, 98, 154.
249. Far Eastern Economic Review, 19 and 26 March and 2 April 1998.
250. See generally Gerald Home, Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s (Charlottesville, 1995).
251. Gerald Horne, Reversing Discrimination: The Case for Affirmative Action (New York, 1992); Joe L. Kincheloe, Shirley R. Steinberg, and Aaron D. Gresson III, eds., Measured Lies: The Bell Curve Examined (New York, 1996).
252. Gerald Horne, Reversing Discrimination: The Case for Affirmative Action (New York, 1992); Joe L. Kincheloe, Shirley R. Steinberg, and Aaron D. Gresson III, eds., Measured Lies: The Bell Curve Examined (New York, 1996).
253. See, for example, Michael Pillsbury, ed., Chinese Views of Future Warfare (Washington, 1997); Richard Bernstein and Ross H. Munro, The Coming Conflict with China (New York, 1997); Ezra Vogel, Living with China: U.S.-China Relations in the 21st Century (New York, 1997); Daniel Burstein and Arne De Keijzer, Big Dragon: China's future: What it Means for Business, the Economy, and the Global Order (New York, 1998); Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn, China Wakes: The Struggle for the Soul of a Rising Power (New York, 1995); Edward Gargan, China's Fate: A People's Turbulent Struggle with Reform and Repression, 1980-1990 (New York, 1990); Kenneth Lieberthal, Governing China: From Revolution through Reform (New York, 1995).
254. See, for example, Michael Pillsbury, ed., Chinese Views of Future Warfare (Washington, 1997); Richard Bernstein and Ross H. Munro, The Coming Conflict with China (New York, 1997); Ezra Vogel, Living with China: U.S.-China Relations in the 21st Century (New York, 1997); Daniel Burstein and Arne De Keijzer, Big Dragon: China's future: What it Means for Business, the Economy, and the Global Order (New York, 1998); Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn, China Wakes: The Struggle for the Soul of a Rising Power (New York, 1995); Edward Gargan, China's Fate: A People's Turbulent Struggle with Reform and Repression, 1980-1990 (New York, 1990); Kenneth Lieberthal, Governing China: From Revolution through Reform (New York, 1995).
255. See, for example, Michael Pillsbury, ed., Chinese Views of Future Warfare (Washington, 1997); Richard Bernstein and Ross H. Munro, The Coming Conflict with China (New York, 1997); Ezra Vogel, Living with China: U.S.-China Relations in the 21st Century (New York, 1997); Daniel Burstein and Arne De Keijzer, Big Dragon: China's future: What it Means for Business, the Economy, and the Global Order (New York, 1998); Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn, China Wakes: The Struggle for the Soul of a Rising Power (New York, 1995); Edward Gargan, China's Fate: A People's Turbulent Struggle with Reform and Repression, 1980-1990 (New York, 1990); Kenneth Lieberthal, Governing China: From Revolution through Reform (New York, 1995).
256. See, for example, Michael Pillsbury, ed., Chinese Views of Future Warfare (Washington, 1997); Richard Bernstein and Ross H. Munro, The Coming Conflict with China (New York, 1997); Ezra Vogel, Living with China: U.S.-China Relations in the 21st Century (New York, 1997); Daniel Burstein and Arne De Keijzer, Big Dragon: China's future: What it Means for Business, the Economy, and the Global Order (New York, 1998); Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn, China Wakes: The Struggle for the Soul of a Rising Power (New York, 1995); Edward Gargan, China's Fate: A People's Turbulent Struggle with Reform and Repression, 1980-1990 (New York, 1990); Kenneth Lieberthal, Governing China: From Revolution through Reform (New York, 1995).
257. See, for example, Michael Pillsbury, ed., Chinese Views of Future Warfare (Washington, 1997); Richard Bernstein and Ross H. Munro, The Coming Conflict with China (New York, 1997); Ezra Vogel, Living with China: U.S.-China Relations in the 21st Century (New York, 1997); Daniel Burstein and Arne De Keijzer, Big Dragon: China's future: What it Means for Business, the Economy, and the Global Order (New York, 1998); Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn, China Wakes: The Struggle for the Soul of a Rising Power (New York, 1995); Edward Gargan, China's Fate: A People's Turbulent Struggle with Reform and Repression, 1980-1990 (New York, 1990); Kenneth Lieberthal, Governing China: From Revolution through Reform (New York, 1995).
258. See, for example, Michael Pillsbury, ed., Chinese Views of Future Warfare (Washington, 1997); Richard Bernstein and Ross H. Munro, The Coming Conflict with China (New York, 1997); Ezra Vogel, Living with China: U.S.-China Relations in the 21st Century (New York, 1997); Daniel Burstein and Arne De Keijzer, Big Dragon: China's future: What it Means for Business, the Economy, and the Global Order (New York, 1998); Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn, China Wakes: The Struggle for the Soul of a Rising Power (New York, 1995); Edward Gargan, China's Fate: A People's Turbulent Struggle with Reform and Repression, 1980-1990 (New York, 1990); Kenneth Lieberthal, Governing China: From Revolution through Reform (New York, 1995).
259. See, for example, Michael Pillsbury, ed., Chinese Views of Future Warfare (Washington, 1997); Richard Bernstein and Ross H. Munro, The Coming Conflict with China (New York, 1997); Ezra Vogel, Living with China: U.S.-China Relations in the 21st Century (New York, 1997); Daniel Burstein and Arne De Keijzer, Big Dragon: China's future: What it Means for Business, the Economy, and the Global Order (New York, 1998); Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn, China Wakes: The Struggle for the Soul of a Rising Power (New York, 1995); Edward Gargan, China's Fate: A People's Turbulent Struggle with Reform and Repression, 1980-1990 (New York, 1990); Kenneth Lieberthal, Governing China: From Revolution through Reform (New York, 1995).
260. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York, 1996).
261. See generally Peter Ratcliffe, ed., "Race" Ethnicity, and Nation: International Perspectives on Social Conflict (London, 1994); Robert Miles, Racism after "Race" Relations (New York, 1993); and Anthony Marx, Making Race and Nation: A Comparison of the United States, South Africa, and Brazil (New York, 1998).
262. See generally Peter Ratcliffe, ed., "Race" Ethnicity, and Nation: International Perspectives on Social Conflict (London, 1994); Robert Miles, Racism after "Race" Relations (New York, 1993); and Anthony Marx, Making Race and Nation: A Comparison of the United States, South Africa, and Brazil (New York, 1998).
263. See generally Peter Ratcliffe, ed., "Race" Ethnicity, and Nation: International Perspectives on Social Conflict (London, 1994); Robert Miles, Racism after "Race" Relations (New York, 1993); and Anthony Marx, Making Race and Nation: A Comparison of the United States, South Africa, and Brazil (New York, 1998).