The British consular courts and moroccan Muslim identity: 'Christian' justice as a tool

Journal of North African Studies

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 172-191

  Pennell, C R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0011848879     PISSN: 13629387     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13629389608718274     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. L.P. Harvey, Islamic Spain 1250 to 1500 (Chicago: U. of Chicago Press 1990) p.57.
2. Patricia Lorcin, Imperial Identities: Stereotyping and Race in Colonial Algeria (London: I.B. Tauris 1995) pp.71-3; Faouzi M Houroro, Sociologie Politiqie Coloniale au Maroc: Cas de Michaux-Bellaire (Casablanca: Afrique Orient 1988) pp.125-7.
3. Patricia Lorcin, Imperial Identities: Stereotyping and Race in Colonial Algeria (London: I.B. Tauris 1995) pp.71-3; Faouzi M Houroro, Sociologie Politiqie Coloniale au Maroc: Cas de Michaux-Bellaire (Casablanca: Afrique Orient 1988) pp.125-7.
4. For more details of this first period of contact between European and Moroccan legal systems and of the cases themselves, see C.R. Pennell, 'The interpenetration of European and Islamic law in the western Mediterranean in the early nineteenth century' British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 21 (1994) pp. 159-89.
5. 'General treaty between Great Britain and Morocco', Tangier, 9 Dec. 1856. Reproduced in Lewis Hertslet (comp.), A Complete Collection of the Treaties and Conventions and Reciprocal Regulations at present subsisting between Great Britain and Foreign Powers (London: Butterworths 1859) vol.X, art.XIV.
6. 'British Order in Council, for the regulation of British Consular Jurisdiction in Morocco', Osborne, 4 Feb. 1875, Hertslet (note 4) vol.XIV, pp.413-14.
7. Charles-André Julien, Le Maroc Face aux Imperialismes 1415-1956 (Paris: Editions Jeune-Afrique 1978) p.160; John P. Halstead, Rebirth of a Nation: the Origins and Rise of Moroccan Nationalism 1912-1944 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Centre for Middle Eastern Studies 1969) p.71; Jacques Berque, Jean Stewart (trans.), French North Africa: the Maghrib between Two World Wars (London: Faber and Faber 1962) pp.218-19.
8. Charles-André Julien, Le Maroc Face aux Imperialismes 1415-1956 (Paris: Editions Jeune-Afrique 1978) p.160; John P. Halstead, Rebirth of a Nation: the Origins and Rise of Moroccan Nationalism 1912-1944 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Centre for Middle Eastern Studies 1969) p.71; Jacques Berque, Jean Stewart (trans.), French North Africa: the Maghrib between Two World Wars (London: Faber and Faber 1962) pp.218-19.
9. Charles-André Julien, Le Maroc Face aux Imperialismes 1415-1956 (Paris: Editions Jeune-Afrique 1978) p.160; John P. Halstead, Rebirth of a Nation: the Origins and Rise of Moroccan Nationalism 1912-1944 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Centre for Middle Eastern Studies 1969) p.71; Jacques Berque, Jean Stewart (trans.), French North Africa: the Maghrib between Two World Wars (London: Faber and Faber 1962) pp.218-19.
10. FO 909/959, Declaration before George Ernest Neroutsos, 4 Feb. 1902.
11. Ibid., statement of Taher bil Hadj Mohd el Abdy (identified in late court proceedings with Uld Dadda).
12. FO 909/959, In His Britannic Majesty's Consular Court for Morocco held at Dar-al-Baida, 4 June 1902, Criminal Jurisdiction.
13. Ibid.
14. FO 909/960, Minutes. In HBM's Consular court for Morocco held at Casablanca. Mohammed bil Hassen v. Fazlon. Criminal Jurisdiction, 16 Feb. 1909.
15. Ibid., 13 Sept. 1909, French Police vs Jean Fazlon.
16. Ibid., 14 Sept. 1909, Mohamed ben Brahim vs Jean Fazlon.
17. Ibid., 24 Nov. 1909, Aisha bint Mohamed vs Fazlon.
18. Ibid., 16 Aug. 1909, French Police vs Jean Fazlon.
19. Ibid., 6 Sept. 1913, Mohamed ben Hamed vs Jean Fazlon.
20. FO 906/696, In His Britannic Majesty's Consular Court for Morocco, Probate Jurisdiction No 41/2/1/1936, In the Matter of El Arbi Bengelun, deceased. Hearing of February 18th 1936. Signed by Ellison.
21. FO 909/696, In His Britannic Majesty's Consular Court for Morocco held at Fez. Letters of administration. In the Estate of El Arbi Bengelun, deceased. R. Cooper Registrar, 15 Dec. 1938.
22. L.C. Dorman (Kingsford Dorman Solicitors, London) to Blanch, 12 Dec. 1939; FO 906/696, In the Supreme Court of Gibraltar sitting in His Britannic Majesty's Consular Court for Morocco, Probate Jurisdiction No 41/2/1/1936, In the Estate of El Arbi Bengelun, deceased. Monday 16 March 1936. KJ Beatty, Chief Justice.
23. FO 909/752, Habiba Guessous veuve de Benjelloun to President of Consular Court in Fez, 31 Aug. 1937.
24. FO 909/696, Muhammad ben Abdalmajid Benjelloun to British Consul, Fez, 27 Nov. 1939.
25. FO 909/696, Ellisbn to Hone (HM Attorney in Gibraltar), 20 Feb. 1936.
26. FO 906/696 (note 19).
27. FO 909/752, Blanch (V-C Fez) to Atkinson Saunders and Co (Solicitors) Fez, 6 July 1937.
28. FO 909/72, 'Memo: Mrs Habiba Bengeloun'. This was a running memo record with dates 1/8/37, 12/8/37, 19/8/37. FO 909/752, Habiba Guessous veuve de Benjelloun to President of Consular Court in Fez, 31 Aug. 1937.
29. FO 906/752, In His Britannic Majesty's Consular Court for Morocco, Probate Jurisdiction No 41/2/1/1936 In the Matter of El Arbi Bengelun, deceased. Hearing of August 20th 1936. F.A.G. Cook Judge. And Minute by Court, 20 Aug. 1937, Signed by Cook.
30. FO 909/752, Habiba Guessous veuve de Benjelloun to President of Consular Court in Fez, 31 Aug. 1937 and Arabic transcript.
31. FO 909/752, Cook to Registrar of Supreme Court of Gibraltar, Fez, 16 Sept. 1937.
32. FO 909/696, In His Britannic Majesty's Consular Court for Morocco held at Fez. Letters of Administration. In the Estate of El Arbi Bengeloun, deceased. 15 Dec. 1938, R Cooper Registrar.
33. FO 909/696, Muhammad ben Abdalmajid Benjelloun to British Consul, Fez, 27 Nov. 1939.
34. FO 909/696, L.C. Dorman (Kingsford Dorman Solicitors, London) to Blanch, 12 Dec. 1939.
35. FO 909/696, Blanch to Kingsford Dorman, Fez, 9 Jan. 1940.
36. FO 906/696 (note 19).
37. R.B. Cunninghame-Graham, Moghreb-el-Acksa (London: Century 1988) [first published London: Heinemann 1898] p.288.
38. Ibid., p.52.
39. The Times, 13 May 1893.
40. Cunninghame-Graham (note 34) pp.289-90.
41. FO 909/1161, [Copy] Nairn (Br Doctor in Marrakesh) to White, Marrakesh 10 April 1905.
42. FO 909/1161, Ryan to Anderson, [Casablanca] 16 Feb. 1929.
43. FO 909/1161, 'Notes on the Will and Probate of the Late Si Boubker el Ghanjaoui' signed R.H.B. (for R.H. Broome) Casablanca, 11 Feb. 1929. His emphasis.
44. FO 909/1161, Ryan to Anderson, [Casablanca] 16 Feb. 1929.
45. FO 909/1161, File notes headed 'Ghanjaoui case: Documents referred to in Casablanca files' initialled A.R. [=Sir Andrew Ryan].
46. FO 909/1161, Nigel d'A Black-Hawkins to Br Vice-Consul Marrakesh, 15 Oct. 1928.
47. FO 909/1161, HM British Vice-Consul in Marrakesh to N. d'A Black-Hawkins, [draft] n.d.
48. Gavin Maxwell, Lords of the Atlas: The Rise and Fall of the House of Glaoua 1893-1956 (London: Longmans 1966) pp.174-6, 292-302.
49. Le Courier du Maroc, 15 April 1931.
50. Halstead (note 6) pp.214-30; Moulay Abdelhadi Alaoui, Le Maroc du traité de Fès à la Libération 1912-1956 (Rabat: La Porte 1994) pp.75-7; 'Allal al-Fasi, al-harkat al-istiqlaliya fi-l-maghrib al-'arabi, (Tangier: 'Abd al-Salam Jasus n.d.) pp.165-70.
51. Halstead (note 6) pp.214-30; Moulay Abdelhadi Alaoui, Le Maroc du traité de Fès à la Libération 1912-1956 (Rabat: La Porte 1994) pp.75-7; 'Allal al-Fasi, al-harkat al-istiqlaliya fi-l-maghrib al-'arabi, (Tangier: 'Abd al-Salam Jasus n.d.) pp.165-70.
52. Halstead (note 6) p.278.