Judging perceived and traversed distance in virtual environments

Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 144-167

  Witmer, Bob G ^a   Kline, Paul B ^a  

^a US Army Research Institute   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0011743013     PISSN: 10547460     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/105474698565640     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Chase, W. G. (1983). Spatial representation in taxi drivers. In D. R. Rogers and J. A. Sloboda (Eds.), Acquisition of symbolic skills. New York: Plenum.
2. Cutting, J. E. and Vishton, P. M. (1995). Perceiving layout and knowing distances: The integration, relative potency, and contextual use of different information about depth. In W. Epstein and S. J. Rogers, (Eds.), Handbook of perception and cognition: Volume 5, Perception of space and motion (pp. 69-117). New York: Academic Press.
3. DeMaio, J., Rinalducci, E. J., Brooks, R., & Brunderman, J. (1983). Visual cueing effectiveness: Comparison of perception and flying performance. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting, 928-932.
4. Denton, G. G. (1980). The influence of visual pattern on perceived speed. Perception, 9, 393-402.
5. Eggleston, R. G., Janson, W. P., & Aldrich, K. A. (1996). Virtual reality system affects on size-distance judgements. Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS '96), 139-146.
6. Elliot, D. (1987). The influence of walking speed and prior practice on locomotor distance estimation, Journal of Motor Behavior, 19(4), 476-485.
7. Galantner, E., & Galantner, P. (1970). Range estimates of distant visual stimuli. Perception and Psychophysics, 14(2), 301-306.
8. Gibson, E. J., & Bergman, R. (1954). The effect of training on absolute estimation of distance over the ground. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 48, 473-482.
9. Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
10. Gilliam (1995). The perception of spatial layout from static optical information. In W. Epstein & S. Rogers (Eds.), Perception of Space and Motion. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc.
11. Gillner, S., & Mallot (in press). Navigation and acquisition of spatial knowledge of a virtual maze. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. An earlier version of the paper is available at http://www.mpik-tueb.mpg.de as Technical Report No. 45.
12. Goldin, S. E. and Thorndyke, P. W. (1981) Simulating navigation for spatial knowledge acquisition. Human factors, 24(4) 457-471.
13. Golledge, R. G. (1991). Cognition of physical and built environments. In Garling, T. R. & Evans, W. (Eds.), Environment, cognition, and action: An integrated approach (pp. 35-62). New York: Oxford University Press.
14. Haber, R. N. (1985). Toward a theory of perceived spatial layout of scenes. Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing 31, 282-321.
15. Hale, J. P., & Dittmar, M. L. (1994). Virtual reality as a human factors design tool for architectural spaces - Control rooms to space stations I: Objective measures. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting, 275-279.
16. Holway, A. H., & Boring, E. G. (1941 ). Determinants of apparent visual size with distance variant. American Journal of Psychology, 54, 21-37.
17. James, K. R., & Caird, J. K. (1995). The effects of optic flow, proprioception, and texture on novice locomotion in virtual environments. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting, 1405-1409.
18. Klatzky, R. L., Loomis, J. M., Beall, A. C., Chance, S. S., & Golledge, R. G. (1997). Updating an egocentric spatial representation during real, imagined, and virtual locomotion. Manuscript submitted for publication.
19. Kleiss, J. A., & Hubbard, D. C. (1993). Effects of three types of simulator visual scene detail on detection of altitude change. Human Factors, 35(4), 653-672.
20. Kolasinski, E. M. (1995). Simulator sickness in virtual environments (ARI Technical Report 1027). Alexandria, VA: US Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.
21. Lampton, D. R., Singer, M. J., McDonald, D., & Bliss, J. P. (1995). Distance estimation in virtual environments. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting, 1268-1272.
22. Lee, D. N. (1976). A theory of visual control of braking based on information about time-to-collision. Perception, 5(4), 437-459.
23. Loomis, J. M., Da Silva, J. A., Fujita, N., & Fukusima, S. S. (1992). Visual space perception and visually directed action. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18(4), 906-921.
24. Montello, D. R. (1991). The measurement of cognitive distance: Methods and construct validity. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11, 101-122.
25. Okabe, A., Aoki, K., & Hamamoto, W. (1986). Distance and direction judgment in a large-scale natural environment: Effects of a slope and winding trail. Environment and Behavior, 18(6) 755-772.
26. Patterson, R., & Martin, W. L. (1992). Human stereopsis. Human Factors, 34, 669-692.
27. Pausch, R., Crea, T., & Conway, M. (1993). A literature survey for virtual environments: Military flight simulator visual systems and simulator sickness. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 1(3), 344-363.
28. Psotka, J., Davison, S. A., & Lewis, S. A. (1993). Exploring immersion in virtual space. Virtual Reality Systems, 1(2), 70-82.
29. Regan, C. (1995). An investigation into nausea and other side-effects of head-coupled immersive virtual reality. Virtual Reality: Research, Development and Applications, 1(1), 17-32.
30. Rieser, J. J., Ashmead, D. H., Talor, C. R., & Youngquist, G. A. (1990). Visual perception and guidance of locomotion without vision to previously seen targets. Perception 19, 675-689.
31. Rieser, J. J., Pick, H. L., Ashmead, D. H., & Garing, A. E. (1995). Calibration of human locomotion and models of perceptual-motor organization. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21(3), 480-497.
32. Rinalducci, E. J., De Maio, J., Patterson, M. J., & Brooks, R. (1983). Psychophysical assessment of simulator visual displays. Proceedings of the Ohio State Aviation Psychology Symposium.
33. Rinalducci, E. J. (1994). Characteristics of visual fidelity in the virtual environment. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 5(3), 330-345.
34. Robinett, W., & Rolland, J. P. (1992). A computational model for stereoscopic optics of a head-mounted display. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 1(1), 45-62.
35. Rushton, S., & Wann, J. (1993). Problems in perception and action in virtual worlds. In Virtual Reality: Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference on Virtual Reality (pp. 43-55). Westport, CT: Meckler Ltd.
36. Sadalla, E. K., & Magel, S. G. (1980). The perception of traversed distance. Environment and Behavior, 12(1), 65-79.
37. Sadalla, E. K., & Staplin, L. J. (1980a). The perception of traversed distance: Intersections. Environment and Behavior, 12(2), 167-182.
38. Sadalla, E. K., & Staplin, L. J. (1980b). An information storage model for distance cognition. Environment and Behavior, 12(2), 183-193.
39. Siegel, A. W. (1981). The externalization of cognitive maps by children and adults: In search of ways to ask better questions. In L. S. Liben, A. H. Patterson, & N. Newcombe (Eds.), Spatial representation and behavior across the life span: Theory and application (pp. 167-194). New York: Academic Press.
40. Steenhuis, R. E., & Goodale, M. A. (1988). The effects of time and distance on accuracy of target-directed locomotion: Does accuracy of short-term memory for spatial location exist? Journal of Motor Behavior, 20(4), 399-415.
41. Stevens, S. S. (1986). Psychophysics. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books. Original edition (1975) Psychophysics: Introduction to its perceptual, neural, and social prospects. John Wiley, New York.
42. Surdick, T. R., Davis, E. T., King, R. A., Corso, G. M., Shapiro, A., Hodges, L., & Elliot, K. (1994). Relevant cues for the visual perception of depth: Is where you see it where it is? Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting, 1305-1309.
43. Thomson, J. A. (1983). Is continuous visual monitoring necessary in visually guided locomotion? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 9(3), 427-443.
44. Thorndyke, P. W., & Hayes-Roth, B. (1980). Differences in spatial knowledge acquired from maps and navigation (Report N-1595-ONR). Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Corporation.
45. Warren, R. (1990). Preliminary questions for the study of egomotion. In R. Warren and A. H. Werthhiem (Eds.), Perception and control of self motion (pp. 3-32). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
46. Wickens, C. D. (1990). Three-dimensional stereoscopic display implementation: Guidelines derived from human visual capabilities. SPIE proceedings Vol. 1256, Santa Clara, CA.
47. Wickens, C. D., Todd, S., & Seidler, K. (1989). Three-dimensional displays: Perception, implementation, and applications (CSERIAC SOAR 89-001 Technical report, AFAAMRL). Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio.
48. Witmer, B. G., & Singer, M. (1994). Measuring presence in virtual environments (ARI Technical Report 1014). Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Research Institute tor the Behavioral and Social Sciences. (AD A286 183).
49. Wolpert, L. (1990). Field-of-view information for self-motion perception. In R. Warren and A. H. Werthhiem (Eds.), Perception and control of self motion (pp. 101-126). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
50. Wright, R. H. (1995). Virtual reality psychophysics: Forward and lateral distance, height and speed perceptions with a wide-angle helmet display (ARI Technical Report 1025). Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.