Edmund Burke and his critics: The case of Mary Wollstonecraft

Journal of the History of Ideas

Volumn 60, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 299-318

  Conniff, James ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0011517560     PISSN: 00225037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3653857     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. J. G. A. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment (Princeton, 1975), and Virtue, Commerce, and History (New York, 1985).
2. J. G. A. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment (Princeton, 1975), and Virtue, Commerce, and History (New York, 1985).
3. 2 Isaac Kramnick, Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism (Ithaca, 1990), 4;
4. also "Revolution and Radicalism: English Political Theory in the Age of Revolution," Political Theory, 5 (1977), 505-34.
5. Kramnick, Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism, 27.
6. Ibid., 76 ff.
7. Jack Fruchtman, Jr., Thomas Paine (New York, 1994). Fruchtman seems largely unaware that this approach is inconsistent with his assertion that Paine was also an advocate of universal progress and world-wide revolution.
8. See Joyce O. Appleby, Liberalism and Republicanism in the Historical Imagination (Cambridge, Mass., 1992) and Capitalism and a New Social Order: The Republican Vision of the 1790s (New York, 1984), and Drew R. McCoy, The Elusive Republic (New York, 1982).
9. See Joyce O. Appleby, Liberalism and Republicanism in the Historical Imagination (Cambridge, Mass., 1992) and Capitalism and a New Social Order: The Republican Vision of the 1790s (New York, 1984), and Drew R. McCoy, The Elusive Republic (New York, 1982).
10. See Joyce O. Appleby, Liberalism and Republicanism in the Historical Imagination (Cambridge, Mass., 1992) and Capitalism and a New Social Order: The Republican Vision of the 1790s (New York, 1984), and Drew R. McCoy, The Elusive Republic (New York, 1982).
11. Thomas Paine, The Rights of Man (Garden City, N. Y, 1973), 267-515, 269, 271.
12. Ibid., 392.
13. James Boulton, The Language of Politics in the Age of Wilkes and Burke (Toronto, 1963), 84 ff.
14. See Virginia Spiro, A Vindication of Political Virtue (Chicago, 1992), 12 ff.
15. See Boulton, 167 ff, and Gary Kelly, Revolutionary Feminism (New York, 1992), Spiro, A Vindication of Political Virtue, and David Bromwich, "Wollstonecraft as a Critic of Burke," Political Theory, 23 (1995), 617-34.
16. See Boulton, 167 ff, and Gary Kelly, Revolutionary Feminism (New York, 1992), Spiro, A Vindication of Political Virtue, and David Bromwich, "Wollstonecraft as a Critic of Burke," Political Theory, 23 (1995), 617-34.
17. See Boulton, 167 ff, and Gary Kelly, Revolutionary Feminism (New York, 1992), Spiro, A Vindication of Political Virtue, and David Bromwich, "Wollstonecraft as a Critic of Burke," Political Theory, 23 (1995), 617-34.
18. See my The Useful Cobbler: Edmund Burke and the Politics of Progress (Albany, 1994).
19. Edmund Burke, "An Appeal From the New to the Old Whigs," The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke (8 vols.; Boston, 1889) V, 108-9.
20. Thomas W. Copeland (ed.), The Correspondence of Edmund Burke (10 vols.; Chicago, 1963-78), VIII, 81-82.
21. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (New York, 1955), 181.
22. Burke, Correspondence, VI, 330.
23. See ibid., 48, for an example.
24. Ibid., 90.
25. Ibid., 182.
26. Ibid., 89.
27. Ibid., 186.
28. Edmund Burke, "Letter ... Pension," Works, V, 216.
29. und Burke, "Letters on a Regicide Peace, Letter Two," Works, V, 367.
30. Ibid., 378.
31. Ibid.
32. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, 192.
33. Ibid., 215.
34. Ibid., 78.
35. Burke, Correspondence, VII, 183.
36. Burke, "Appeal From the New to the Old Whigs," 71.
37. Burke, "Letter to a Member of the National Assembly," Works, IV, 16.
38. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, 258.
39. Burke, "Letters on a Regicide Peace, Letter One," Works, V, 32-323.
40. Burke, "Appeal From the New to the Old Whigs," 80.
41. Burke, Correspondence, VI, 97.
42. See Burke, Reflections, 11 ff. For Price's sermon, see "A Discourse on the Love of Our Country," in Political Writings (New York, 1991), 176-96.
43. See Burke, Reflections, 11 ff. For Price's sermon, see "A Discourse on the Love of Our Country," in Political Writings (New York, 1991), 176-96.
44. Burke, Reflections, 12.
45. Price, "A Discourse...," 185.
46. Ibid., 195.
47. Burke, Reflections, 12 and ff.
48. Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Men (London, 1790), 3.
49. Ibid., 9.
50. Ibid., 11.
51. Kelly, Revolutionary Feminism, 87 ff.
52. Mary Wollstonecraft, "A Historical and Moral View of the French Revolution," The Works of Mary Wollstonecraft (6 vols.; New York, 1989), V, 154.
53. Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Men, 94-95.
54. Ibid., 92-93.
55. Wollstonecraft, "French Revolution," 6-7.
56. Thomas Paine, The Rights of Man (Cambridge, 1989), 444.
57. Joseph Priestley, Political Writings (Cambridge, 1993), 111.
58. See Spiro, A Vindication of Virtue, 223-56.
59. Wollstonecraft, "French Revolution," 225.
60. Ibid., 224.
61. Ibid., 50-51.
62. Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Men, 12-13.
63. For Burke, see my The Useful Cobbler: Edmund Burke and the Politics of Progress, 53-85.
64. See Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (New York, 1988), 22.
65. Ibid., 23.
66. Ibid., 41.
67. Ibid., 9.
68. See Kelly, Radical Feminism.
69. Burke, Correspondence, VI, 48.
70. Wollstonecraft, "French Revolution," 117.
71. Ibid., 159.
72. Ibid., 107.
73. See, e.g., ibid., 184 ff.
74. Ibid., 208.
75. Ibid., 46.
76. Ibid., 231.
77. Ibid., 172.
78. R. R. Fennessy, Burke, Paine, and the Rights of Man (The Hague, 1963), 68.
79. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, 71.
80. Burke, "Speech on Economical Reform," Works, II, 286.
81. Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Men, 109.
82. Ibid., 68.
83. Ibid., 68-69.
84. See Margaret Tims, Mary Wollstonecraft (London, 1976), for the view that Wollstonecraft's excessive rationality was the source of most of her unhappiness. It would be surprising to hear the same objection raised against a man.
85. See Spiro, A Vindication of Virtue; also Moira Gatens, "'The Oppressed State of My Sex:' Wollstonecraft on Reason, Feeling and Equality," Feminist Interpretations and Political Theory, ed. Mary Shanley and Carole Pateman (Cambridge, 1991), 112-28; and Jennifer Lorch, Mary Wollstonecraft: The Making of a Radical Feminist (Oxford, 1990).
86. See Spiro, A Vindication of Virtue; also Moira Gatens, "'The Oppressed State of My Sex:' Wollstonecraft on Reason, Feeling and Equality," Feminist Interpretations and Political Theory, ed. Mary Shanley and Carole Pateman (Cambridge, 1991), 112-28; and Jennifer Lorch, Mary Wollstonecraft: The Making of a Radical Feminist (Oxford, 1990).
87. See Spiro, A Vindication of Virtue; also Moira Gatens, "'The Oppressed State of My Sex:' Wollstonecraft on Reason, Feeling and Equality," Feminist Interpretations and Political Theory, ed. Mary Shanley and Carole Pateman (Cambridge, 1991), 112-28; and Jennifer Lorch, Mary Wollstonecraft: The Making of a Radical Feminist (Oxford, 1990).
88. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, 59.
89. Wollstonecraft, "French Revolution," 220.
90. Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 140.
91. Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Men, 45. The preceding discussion makes clear that the word "fine" is satiric.
92. Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 19.
93. Ibid., 3.
94. It should be clear that I do not accept the charge made by a number of modem critics that Wollstonecraft accepted a distinction between public and private spheres and relegated women to the latter. See Gatens, "The Oppressed State...," 116-23. The distinction was born in discussions of the Victorian Era and is becoming less tenable even there. Here, again, Spiro is much sounder, A Vindication of Virtue, 175-82. In a large literature see Jean Bethke Elshtain, Public Man Private Woman (Princeton, 1981).
95. It should be clear that I do not accept the charge made by a number of modem critics that Wollstonecraft accepted a distinction between public and private spheres and relegated women to the latter. See Gatens, "The Oppressed State...," 116-23. The distinction was born in discussions of the Victorian Era and is becoming less tenable even there. Here, again, Spiro is much sounder, A Vindication of Virtue, 175-82. In a large literature see Jean Bethke Elshtain, Public Man Private Woman (Princeton, 1981).
96. It should be clear that I do not accept the charge made by a number of modem critics that Wollstonecraft accepted a distinction between public and private spheres and relegated women to the latter. See Gatens, "The Oppressed State...," 116-23. The distinction was born in discussions of the Victorian Era and is becoming less tenable even there. Here, again, Spiro is much sounder, A Vindication of Virtue, 175-82. In a large literature see Jean Bethke Elshtain, Public Man Private Woman (Princeton, 1981).
97. Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 87.
98. Ibid., 4.
99. See Burke, Correspondence, VI, 90-91.
100. Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 60.
101. Ibid., 62.
102. Ibid., 165.
103. Ibid., 8 ff.
104. Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Men, 92.
105. Wollstonecraft, "French Revolution," 166.
106. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, 184.
107. See Mary Wollstonecraft, "Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark," Works, VI, 237-366.
108. Ibid., 326.
109. Ibid., 253.
110. Wollstonecraft, "Letters," 302.
111. Ibid., 344.
112. Ibid., 346.
113. Ibid.
114. See Kelly, Revolutionary Feminism, esp. 182 ff.
115. Wollstonecraft, "Letters," 259.
116. Kelly, Revolutionary Feminism, 157.
117. Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Men, 88.
118. See Spiro, A Vindication of Virtue, 59 ff.
119. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, 11 ff.
120. Burke, "Thoughts on French Affairs," 349.
121. Burke, Correspondence, VI, 41.
122. Wollstonecraft, French Revolution, 142.
123. Burke, "An Appeal From the New to the Old Whigs," 82.
124. Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Men, 71.
125. Ibid., 41.