Policing political ads: An analysis of five leading newspapers' responses to 1992 political advertisements

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 73, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 66-76

  McKinnon, Lori Melton ^b   Kaid, Lynda Lee ^b   Murphy, Janet ^b   Acree, Cynthia K ^a  

^a Evans Group   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0011504250     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769909607300107     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Darrell M. West, Air Wars: Television Advertising In Election Campaigns, 1952-1992 (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Inc., 1993), 111.
2. See Thomas E. Patterson and Robert D. McClure, The Unseeing Eye: The Myth Of Television Power In National Politics (NY: Putnam, 1976); Thomas Patterson, The Mass Media Election (NY: Praeger, 1980).
3. See Thomas E. Patterson and Robert D. McClure, The Unseeing Eye: The Myth Of Television Power In National Politics (NY: Putnam, 1976); Thomas Patterson, The Mass Media Election (NY: Praeger, 1980).
4. West, Air Wars.
5. Roger Ailes, "TV-Spot Critics: 'Boring And Biased," Washington Journalism Review 13 (January/February 1991): 27.
6. Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dirty Politics: Deception, Distraction, And Democracy, (NY, London: Oxford University Press, 1992); Daniel S. Hinerfeld, "How Political Ads Subtract; It's Not The Negative Ads That Are Perverting Democracy, It's The Deceptive Ones," The Washington Monthly, May 1990, 12-22.
7. Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dirty Politics: Deception, Distraction, And Democracy, (NY, London: Oxford University Press, 1992); Daniel S. Hinerfeld, "How Political Ads Subtract; It's Not The Negative Ads That Are Perverting Democracy, It's The Deceptive Ones," The Washington Monthly, May 1990, 12-22.
8. Linda Lee Kaid, Robert H. Gobetz, Jane Garner, Chris M. Leland, and David K. Scott, "Television News And Presidential Campaigns: The Legitimization Of Televised Political Advertising," Social Science Quarterly 74 (summer 1993): 274-85.
9. Michael Pfau and Allen Louden, "Effectiveness Of Adwatch Formats In Deflecting Political Attack Ads," Communication Research 21 (June 1994): 325-41.
10. David R. Runkel, ed., Campaign For President: The Managers Look At '88 (Dover, MA: Auburn House, 1989).
11. Jamieson, Dirty Politics, 123.
12. West, Air Wars.
13. Jamieson, Dirty Politics.
14. Kaid et al., "Television News."
15. Jamieson, Dirty Politics.
16. Leo C. Wolinsky, John Sparks, John Funk, Emily Rooney, Greg Lyon, and Lynn Sweet, "Refereeing The TV Campaign," Washington Journalism Review 13 (January/February 1991): 22-29.
17. Darrell M. West, Montague Kern, and Dean Alger, "Political Advertising And Ad Watches In The 1992 Presidential Nominating Campaign" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, 1992).
18. Montague Kern, Darrell West, and Dean Alger, "Political Advertising, Ad Watches, And Televised News In The 1992 Presidential Election" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, 1993).
19. Joseph N. Cappella and Kathleen Hall Jamieson, "Broadcast Adwatch Effects: A Field Experiment," Communication Research 21 (June 1994): 342-65.
20. Kern, West, and Alger, "Political Advertising, Ad Watches, And Televised News."
21. Lynda Lee Kaid, "Ethics In Televised Political Advertising: Guidelines For Evaluating Technological Distortions" (paper presented to the International Communication Association, Washington, DC, 1993); Lynda Lee Kaid, "Ethical Dimensions Of Political Advertising," in Ethical Dimensions Of Political Communication, ed. R. E. Denton (NY: Praeger, 1991).
22. Lynda Lee Kaid, "Ethics In Televised Political Advertising: Guidelines For Evaluating Technological Distortions" (paper presented to the International Communication Association, Washington, DC, 1993); Lynda Lee Kaid, "Ethical Dimensions Of Political Advertising," in Ethical Dimensions Of Political Communication, ed. R. E. Denton (NY: Praeger, 1991).
23. Coders analyzed a sample of 10 articles on political advertising to determine intercoder reliability. Reliability ranged from +.78 to +1.00, with an average intercoder reliability of +.91. The category reflecting type of expert used in the ad watch achieved the lowest level (+.78) of agreement. Coders achieved perfect agreeability (+1.00) on categories such as: placement of story, picture of advertisement shown, number of ads shown, advertisement copy given, candidate name identified, candidate gender, and office sought. For the formula used, see Robert C. North, Ole Holsti, M. George Zaninovich, and Dinl A. Zinnes, Content Analysis: A Handbook With Applicants For The Study Of International Crisis (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1963).
24. Kaid et al., "Television News."
25. Kaid et al., "Television News."
26. West, Air Wars; Kaid et al., "Television News."
27. West, Air Wars; Kaid et al., "Television News."
28. L. Patrick Devlin, "Contrasts in Presidential Campaign Commercials of 1992," American Behavioral Scientist 37 (November 1993): 272-89; Lynda Lee Kaid, "Political Advertising In The 1992 Campaign," in The 1992 Presidential Campaign: A Communication Perspective, ed. Robert E. Denton (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1994), 111-27.
29. L. Patrick Devlin, "Contrasts in Presidential Campaign Commercials of 1992," American Behavioral Scientist 37 (November 1993): 272-89; Lynda Lee Kaid, "Political Advertising In The 1992 Campaign," in The 1992 Presidential Campaign: A Communication Perspective, ed. Robert E. Denton (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1994), 111-27.
30. Jamieson, Dirty Politics; Lynda Lee Kaid and Dorothy K. Davidson, "Elements Of Videostyle: Candidate Presentation Through Television Advertising," in New Perspectives On Political Advertising, ed. Lynda Lee Kaid, Dan Nimmo, and Keith R. Sanders (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1985), 184-209.
31. Jamieson, Dirty Politics; Lynda Lee Kaid and Dorothy K. Davidson, "Elements Of Videostyle: Candidate Presentation Through Television Advertising," in New Perspectives On Political Advertising, ed. Lynda Lee Kaid, Dan Nimmo, and Keith R. Sanders (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1985), 184-209.
32. Kaid, "Ethics In Televised Political Advertising"; Kaid, "Ethical Dimensions of Political Advertising."
33. Kaid, "Ethics In Televised Political Advertising"; Kaid, "Ethical Dimensions of Political Advertising."
34. Kaid et al., "Television News."
35. Jamieson, Dirty Politics; West, Kern, and Alger, "Political Advertising And Ad Watches In The 1992 Presidential Nominating Campaign"; Kern, West, and Alger, "Political Advertising, Ad Watches, And Televised News."
36. Jamieson, Dirty Politics; West, Kern, and Alger, "Political Advertising And Ad Watches In The 1992 Presidential Nominating Campaign"; Kern, West, and Alger, "Political Advertising, Ad Watches, And Televised News."
37. Jamieson, Dirty Politics; West, Kern, and Alger, "Political Advertising And Ad Watches In The 1992 Presidential Nominating Campaign"; Kern, West, and Alger, "Political Advertising, Ad Watches, And Televised News."
38. Kaid, "Ethics In Televised Political Advertising."
39. Wolinsky et al., "Refereeing the TV Campaign," 22.
40. West, Air Wars.
41. Kaid et al., "Television News."
42. Kaid, "Political Advertising In The 1992 Campaign."