메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 138, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 387-411

Compensatory limits: Energy budgets of Brent Geese, Branta b. bernicla, the influence of human disturbance;Grenzen der kompensation: Energiebudgets von ringelgänsen (Branta b. bernicla) - Die wirkung von störreizen

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANSER; ANSER SP.; AVES; BRANTA; BRANTA BERNICLA;

EID: 0011385071     PISSN: 00218375     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/bf01651377     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (14)

References (65)
  • 1
    • 0016235113 scopus 로고
    • Observational study of behaviour: Sampling methods
    • ALTMANN, J. (1973): Observational study of behaviour: sampling methods. - Behaviour 49: 227-267.
    • (1973) Behaviour , vol.49 , pp. 227-267
    • Altmann, J.1
  • 2
    • 26444604618 scopus 로고
    • Der Ruheumsatz von Vögeln als Funktion der Tageszeit und der Körpergröße
    • ASCHOFF, J., & H. POHL (1970): Der Ruheumsatz von Vögeln als Funktion der Tageszeit und der Körpergröße. J. Orn. 111: 38-47.
    • (1970) J. Orn. , vol.111 , pp. 38-47
    • Aschoff, J.1    Pohl, H.2
  • 3
    • 20244372064 scopus 로고
    • Heated taxidermic mounts: A means of measuring the standard operative temperature affecting small animals
    • BARKEN, G. S., W. A. BUTTEMER, W. R. DAWSON & D. M. GATES (1981): Heated taxidermic mounts: a means of measuring the standard operative temperature affecting small animals. Ecology 62: 311-318.
    • (1981) Ecology , vol.62 , pp. 311-318
    • Barken, G.S.1    Buttemer, W.A.2    Dawson, W.R.3    Gates, D.M.4
  • 4
    • 0020869269 scopus 로고
    • Construction and operations of heated taxidermic mounts used to measure standard operative temperature
    • BAKKEN, G. S., D. J. ERSKINE & W. R. SANTEE (1983): Construction and operations of heated taxidermic mounts used to measure standard operative temperature. Ecology 64: 1658-1662.
    • (1983) Ecology , vol.64 , pp. 1658-1662
    • Bakken, G.S.1    Erskine, D.J.2    Santee, W.R.3
  • 5
    • 0022834244 scopus 로고
    • Assessment of faecal output in geese
    • BÉDARD, J., & G. GAUTHIER (1986): Assessment of faecal output in geese. J. Appl. Ecol. 23: 77-90.
    • (1986) J. Appl. Ecol. , vol.23 , pp. 77-90
    • Bédard, J.1    Gauthier, G.2
  • 6
    • 0002334396 scopus 로고
    • Comparative energy budgets of Greater Snow Geese Chen caerulescens atlantica staging in two habitats in spring
    • Dies.
    • Dies. (1989): Comparative energy budgets of Greater Snow Geese Chen caerulescens atlantica staging in two habitats in spring. Ardea 77: 3-20.
    • (1989) Ardea , vol.77 , pp. 3-20
  • 7
    • 0025622092 scopus 로고
    • Energetic cost of man-induced disturbances to staging Snow Geese
    • BÉLANGER, L., & J. BÉDARD (1990): Energetic cost of man-induced disturbances to staging Snow Geese. J. Wildl. Manage 54: 36-41.
    • (1990) J. Wildl. Manage , vol.54 , pp. 36-41
    • Bélanger, L.1    Bédard, J.2
  • 8
    • 0015066138 scopus 로고
    • Respiratory water and heat loss of the Black Duck during flight at different ambient temperature
    • BERGER, M., J. S. HART & O. Z. ROY (1971): Respiratory water and heat loss of the Black Duck during flight at different ambient temperature. Can. J. Zool. 49: 767-774.
    • (1971) Can. J. Zool. , vol.49 , pp. 767-774
    • Berger, M.1    Hart, J.S.2    Roy, O.Z.3
  • 9
    • 0000497889 scopus 로고
    • The effect of temperature on the oxygen consumption, heart rate and deep body temperature during diving in the Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula
    • BEVAN, R. M., & P. J. BUTLER (1992): The effect of temperature on the oxygen consumption, heart rate and deep body temperature during diving in the Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula. J. exp. Biol. 163: 139-151.
    • (1992) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.163 , pp. 139-151
    • Bevan, R.M.1    Butler, P.J.2
  • 11
    • 0002365013 scopus 로고
    • The role of digestibility in the selection of spring feeding sites by Brent Geese
    • BOUDEWIJN, T. (1984): The role of digestibility in the selection of spring feeding sites by Brent Geese. Wildfowl 35: 97-105.
    • (1984) Wildfowl , vol.35 , pp. 97-105
    • Boudewijn, T.1
  • 12
    • 0026066149 scopus 로고
    • Intraspecific variation in avian energy expenditure: Correlates and constraints
    • BRYANT, D. M., & P. TATNER (1991): Intraspecific variation in avian energy expenditure: correlates and constraints. Ibis 133: 236-245.
    • (1991) Ibis , vol.133 , pp. 236-245
    • Bryant, D.M.1    Tatner, P.2
  • 13
    • 0000856696 scopus 로고
    • Heart rate, respiratory frequency and wing beat frequency of free living Barnacle Geese Branta leucopsis
    • BUTLER, P. J., & A. J. WOAKES (1980): Heart rate, respiratory frequency and wing beat frequency of free living Barnacle Geese Branta leucopsis. J. exp. Biol. 85: 213-226.
    • (1980) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.85 , pp. 213-226
    • Butler, P.J.1    Woakes, A.J.2
  • 14
    • 0001690213 scopus 로고
    • Feeding ecology and energetics of the Dark-bellied Brent Goose in Essex and Kent. Ecological processes in coastal Environments
    • CHARMAN, K. (1977): Feeding ecology and energetics of the Dark-bellied Brent Goose in Essex and Kent. Ecological processes in coastal Environments. Symp. Brit. Ecol. Soc.: 451-465.
    • (1977) Symp. Brit. Ecol. Soc. , pp. 451-465
    • Charman, K.1
  • 15
    • 84970240800 scopus 로고
    • Intraspecific allometry of basal metabolic rate: Relations with body size, temperature, composition, and circadian phase in the Kestrel Falco tinnunculus
    • DAAN, S., D. MASMAN, A. STRIJKSTRA & S. VERHULST (1989): Intraspecific allometry of basal metabolic rate: relations with body size, temperature, composition, and circadian phase in the Kestrel Falco tinnunculus. J. Biol. Rhythms 4: 267-283.
    • (1989) J. Biol. Rhythms , vol.4 , pp. 267-283
    • Daan, S.1    Masman, D.2    Strijkstra, A.3    Verhulst, S.4
  • 17
    • 0000129135 scopus 로고
    • Balancing the energy budgets of arctic-breeding geese throughout the annual cycle: A progress report
    • DRENT, R., B. S. EBBINGE & B. WEIJAND (1978): Balancing the energy budgets of arctic-breeding geese throughout the annual cycle: a progress report. Verh. orn. Ges. Bayern 23: 239-263.
    • (1978) Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern , vol.23 , pp. 239-263
    • Drent, R.1    Ebbinge, B.S.2    Weijand, B.3
  • 18
    • 0024525276 scopus 로고
    • A multifactorial explanation for variation in breeding performance of Brent Geese Branta bernicla
    • EBBINGE, B. S. (1989): A multifactorial explanation for variation in breeding performance of Brent Geese Branta bernicla. Ibis 131: 196-204.
    • (1989) Ibis , vol.131 , pp. 196-204
    • Ebbinge, B.S.1
  • 20
    • 5544246537 scopus 로고
    • The importance of body-reserves accumulated in spring staging areas in the temperate zone for breeding of Dark-bellied Brent Geese Branta b. bernicla in the high Arctic
    • EBBINGE, B. S. (1992): Diss., Univ. Groningen
    • EBBINGE, B. S., & B. SPAANS (1992): The importance of body-reserves accumulated in spring staging areas in the temperate zone for breeding of Dark-bellied Brent Geese Branta b. bernicla in the high Arctic. In: EBBINGE, B. S. (1992): Population limitation in arctic-breeding geese. Diss., Univ. Groningen.
    • (1992) Population Limitation in Arctic-breeding Geese
    • Ebbinge, B.S.1    Spaans, B.2
  • 21
    • 0002747717 scopus 로고
    • Foraging routines and estimated daily food intake in Barnacle Geese wintering in the northern Netherlands (Branta leucopsis)
    • EBBINGE, B. S., K. CANTERS & R. DRENT (1975): Foraging routines and estimated daily food intake in Barnacle Geese wintering in the northern Netherlands (Branta leucopsis). Wildfowl 26: 5-19.
    • (1975) Wildfowl , vol.26 , pp. 5-19
    • Ebbinge, B.S.1    Canters, K.2    Drent, R.3
  • 22
    • 0001538122 scopus 로고
    • The importance of spring staging areas for arctic breeding geese, wintering in western Europe
    • EBBINGE, B. S., A. K. M. ST. JOSEPH, P. PROKOSCH & B. SPAANS (1982): The importance of spring staging areas for arctic breeding geese, wintering in western Europe. Aquila 89: 249-258.
    • (1982) Aquila , vol.89 , pp. 249-258
    • Ebbinge, B.S.1    St. Joseph, A.K.M.2    Prokosch, P.3    Spaans, B.4
  • 23
    • 0024569546 scopus 로고
    • Body composition and weight dynamics of wintering Greater White-fronted Geese
    • ELY, C. R., & D. G. RAVELING (1989): Body composition and weight dynamics of wintering Greater White-fronted Geese J. Wildl. Manage 53: 80-87.
    • (1989) J. Wildl. Manage , vol.53 , pp. 80-87
    • Ely, C.R.1    Raveling, D.G.2
  • 24
    • 0026294006 scopus 로고
    • Energy cost during incubation and thermoregulation in the female Common Eider Somateria mollissima
    • GABRIELSEN, G. W., F. MEHLUM, H. E. KARLSEN, Ø. ANDERSEN & H. PARKER (1991): Energy cost during incubation and thermoregulation in the female Common Eider Somateria mollissima. Norsk Polarinst. Skr. 195: 51-62.
    • (1991) Norsk Polarinst. Skr. , vol.195 , pp. 51-62
    • Gabrielsen, G.W.1    Mehlum, F.2    Karlsen, H.E.3    Andersen, Ø.4    Parker, H.5
  • 25
    • 0021557631 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of daily energy expenditure of Greater Snow Geese between two habitats
    • GAUTHIER, G., J. BÉDARD & Y. BÉDARD (1984): Comparison of daily energy expenditure of Greater Snow Geese between two habitats. Can. J. Zool. 62: 1304-1307.
    • (1984) Can. J. Zool. , vol.62 , pp. 1304-1307
    • Gauthier, G.1    Bédard, J.2    Bédard, Y.3
  • 26
    • 0001464607 scopus 로고
    • Estimates of daily energy expenditure in birds: The time-energy budget as an integrator of laboratory and field studies
    • GOLDSTEIN, D. L. (1988): Estimates of daily energy expenditure in birds: the time-energy budget as an integrator of laboratory and field studies. Amer. Zool. 28: 829-844.
    • (1988) Amer. Zool. , vol.28 , pp. 829-844
    • Goldstein, D.L.1
  • 27
    • 0344441120 scopus 로고
    • Energetics, water economy and temperature regulation during flight
    • HART, J. S., & M. BERGER (1972): Energetics, water economy and temperature regulation during flight. Proc. 15th Int. Orn. Congress: 189-199.
    • (1972) Proc. 15th Int. Orn. Congress , pp. 189-199
    • Hart, J.S.1    Berger, M.2
  • 28
    • 0000008011 scopus 로고
    • The metabolism of some Alaskan animals in winter and summer
    • IRVING, L., H. KROG & M. MONSON (1955): The metabolism of some Alaskan animals in winter and summer. Physiol. Zool. 28: 173-185.
    • (1955) Physiol. Zool. , vol.28 , pp. 173-185
    • Irving, L.1    Krog, H.2    Monson, M.3
  • 29
    • 0004013602 scopus 로고
    • Thermoregulation in winter acclimatized Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima) in air and water
    • JENSSEN, B. M., M. EKKER & C. BECH (1989): Thermoregulation in winter acclimatized Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima) in air and water. Can. J. Zool. 67: 669-673.
    • (1989) Can. J. Zool. , vol.67 , pp. 669-673
    • Jenssen, B.M.1    Ekker, M.2    Bech, C.3
  • 31
    • 0023585355 scopus 로고
    • High levels of energy expenditure in shorebirds: Metabolic adaptations to an energetically expensive way of life
    • KERSTEN, M., & T. PIERSMA (1987): High levels of energy expenditure in shorebirds: metabolic adaptations to an energetically expensive way of life. Ardea 75: 175-188.
    • (1987) Ardea , vol.75 , pp. 175-188
    • Kersten, M.1    Piersma, T.2
  • 32
    • 0037733359 scopus 로고
    • A limit to metabolizable energy intake in mammals and birds
    • KIRKWOOD, J. K. (1983): A limit to metabolizable energy intake in mammals and birds. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 75 A: 1-3.
    • (1983) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. , vol.75 A , pp. 1-3
    • Kirkwood, J.K.1
  • 33
    • 0029775921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nocturnal feeding by Dark-bellied Brent Geese Branta bernicla bernicla
    • LANE, S. J., & M. HASSALL (1996): Nocturnal feeding by Dark-bellied Brent Geese Branta bernicla bernicla. Ibis 138: 291-297.
    • (1996) Ibis , vol.138 , pp. 291-297
    • Lane, S.J.1    Hassall, M.2
  • 34
    • 0002831637 scopus 로고
    • A re-examination of the relation between standard metabolic rate and body weight in birds
    • LASIEWSKI, R. C., & W. R. DAWSON (1967): A re-examination of the relation between standard metabolic rate and body weight in birds. Condor 69: 13-23.
    • (1967) Condor , vol.69 , pp. 13-23
    • Lasiewski, R.C.1    Dawson, W.R.2
  • 35
    • 0022212438 scopus 로고
    • Impact of disturbance on field utilization of Pink-footed Geese in West Jutland, Denmark
    • MADSEN, J. (1985): Impact of disturbance on field utilization of Pink-footed Geese in West Jutland, Denmark. Biol. Conserv. 33: 53-63.
    • (1985) Biol. Conserv. , vol.33 , pp. 53-63
    • Madsen, J.1
  • 36
    • 0342792314 scopus 로고
    • Spring feeding ecology of Brent Geese Branta bernicla: Annual variation in salt marsh food supplies and effects of grazing on growth of vegetation
    • Ders.
    • Ders. (1989): Spring feeding ecology of Brent Geese Branta bernicla: Annual variation in salt marsh food supplies and effects of grazing on growth of vegetation. Danish Rev. Game Biol. 13: 1-16.
    • (1989) Danish Rev. Game Biol. , vol.13 , pp. 1-16
  • 38
    • 0002921030 scopus 로고
    • Ecological energetics of the Kestrel: Daily energy expenditure throughout the year based on time-energy budget, food intake and double labeled water methods
    • MASMANN, D., S. DAAN & H. J. A. BELDHUIS (1988): Ecological energetics of the Kestrel: daily energy expenditure throughout the year based on time-energy budget, food intake and double labeled water methods. Ardea 76: 65-81.
    • (1988) Ardea , vol.76 , pp. 65-81
    • Masmann, D.1    Daan, S.2    Beldhuis, H.J.A.3
  • 39
    • 0001455594 scopus 로고
    • An assessment of fecal analysis technique in waterfowl feeding studies
    • OWEN, M. (1975): An assessment of fecal analysis technique in waterfowl feeding studies. J. Wildl. Manage 39: 271-279.
    • (1975) J. Wildl. Manage , vol.39 , pp. 271-279
    • Owen, M.1
  • 40
    • 0027066559 scopus 로고
    • Energy budgets of wintering Barnacle Geese: The effects of declining food resources
    • OWEN, M., R. L. WELLS & J. M. BLACK (1992): Energy budgets of wintering Barnacle Geese: the effects of declining food resources. Ornis Scand. 23: 451-458.
    • (1992) Ornis Scand. , vol.23 , pp. 451-458
    • Owen, M.1    Wells, R.L.2    Black, J.M.3
  • 42
    • 0001020126 scopus 로고
    • Temperate versus tropical wintering in the worlds's northernmost breeder, the Knot: Metabolic scope and resource levels restrict subspecific options
    • PIERSMA, T., R. DRENT & P. WIERSMA (1992): Temperate versus tropical wintering in the worlds's northernmost breeder, the Knot: metabolic scope and resource levels restrict subspecific options. Acta XX Congr. Int. Orn.: 761-772.
    • (1992) Acta XX Congr. Int. Orn. , pp. 761-772
    • Piersma, T.1    Drent, R.2    Wiersma, P.3
  • 43
    • 0002824402 scopus 로고
    • Bestand, Jahresrhythmus und traditionelle Nahrungsplatzbindung der Ringelgans (Branta bernicla) im Nordfriesischen Wattenmeer
    • PROKOSCH, P. (1981): Bestand, Jahresrhythmus und traditionelle Nahrungsplatzbindung der Ringelgans (Branta bernicla) im Nordfriesischen Wattenmeer. Ökol. Vögel 6: 1-99.
    • (1981) Ökol. Vögel , vol.6 , pp. 1-99
    • Prokosch, P.1
  • 44
    • 0026325431 scopus 로고
    • Spring staging in Brent Geese Branta bernicla: Feeding constraints and the impact of diet on the accumulation of body reserves
    • PROP, J., & C. DEERENBERG (1991): Spring staging in Brent Geese Branta bernicla: feeding constraints and the impact of diet on the accumulation of body reserves. Oecologia 87: 19-28.
    • (1991) Oecologia , vol.87 , pp. 19-28
    • Prop, J.1    Deerenberg, C.2
  • 45
    • 0027041038 scopus 로고
    • Digestion by Barnacle Geese in the annual cycle: The interplay between retention time and food quality
    • PROP, J., & T. VULINK (1992): Digestion by Barnacle Geese in the annual cycle: the interplay between retention time and food quality. Funct. Ecol. 6: 180-189.
    • (1992) Funct. Ecol. , vol.6 , pp. 180-189
    • Prop, J.1    Vulink, T.2
  • 46
    • 0030303071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of disturbance on the behaviour and energy budgets of Brent Geese
    • RIDDINGTON, R., M. HASSALL, S. J. LANE, P. A. TURNER & R. WALTERS (1996): The impact of disturbance on the behaviour and energy budgets of Brent Geese Bird Study 43: 269-279.
    • (1996) Bird Study , vol.43 , pp. 269-279
    • Riddington, R.1    Hassall, M.2    Lane, S.J.3    Turner, P.A.4    Walters, R.5
  • 47
    • 0010755943 scopus 로고
    • Heat increment of feeding and partitioning of dietary energy in yearling Black Brant
    • SEDINGER, J. S., R. G. WHITE & W. E. HAUER (1992): Heat increment of feeding and partitioning of dietary energy in yearling Black Brant. Can. J. Zool. 70: 1047-1051.
    • (1992) Can. J. Zool. , vol.70 , pp. 1047-1051
    • Sedinger, J.S.1    White, R.G.2    Hauer, W.E.3
  • 48
    • 0027708094 scopus 로고
    • Breeding biology of Dark Bellied Brent Geese Branta b. bernicla in Taimyr in 1990 in the absence of arctic foxes and under favourable weather conditions
    • SPAANS, B., M. STOCK, A. K. M. ST JOSEPH, H.-H. BERGMANN & B. S. EBBINGE (1993): Breeding biology of Dark Bellied Brent Geese Branta b. bernicla in Taimyr in 1990 in the absence of arctic foxes and under favourable weather conditions. Polar Res. 12: 117-130.
    • (1993) Polar Res. , vol.12 , pp. 117-130
    • Spaans, B.1    Stock, M.2    St Joseph, A.K.M.3    Bergmann, H.-H.4    Ebbinge, B.S.5
  • 49
    • 5544294730 scopus 로고
    • Beeinflussen Flugbetrieb und Freizeitaktivitäten das Aktivitätsmuster von Ringelgänsen im Wattenmeer
    • STOCK, M., & F. HOFEDITZ (1994): Beeinflussen Flugbetrieb und Freizeitaktivitäten das Aktivitätsmuster von Ringelgänsen im Wattenmeer. Artenschutzreport 4/94: 13-19.
    • (1994) Artenschutzreport , vol.4-94 , pp. 13-19
    • Stock, M.1    Hofeditz, F.2
  • 50
    • 0030429406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zeit-Aktivitäts-Budgets von Ringelgänsen (Branta bernicla bernicla) in unterschiedlich stark von Menschen beeinflußten Salzwiesen des Wattenmeeres
    • Dies.
    • Dies. (1996): Zeit-Aktivitäts-Budgets von Ringelgänsen (Branta bernicla bernicla) in unterschiedlich stark von Menschen beeinflußten Salzwiesen des Wattenmeeres. Vogelwarte 38: 121-145. Vogelwarte 38: 121-145.
    • (1996) Vogelwarte , vol.38 , pp. 121-145
  • 51
    • 0030429406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dies. (1996): Zeit-Aktivitäts-Budgets von Ringelgänsen (Branta bernicla bernicla) in unterschiedlich stark von Menschen beeinflußten Salzwiesen des Wattenmeeres. Vogelwarte 38: 121-145. Vogelwarte 38: 121-145.
    • Vogelwarte , vol.38 , pp. 121-145
  • 52
    • 5544328292 scopus 로고
    • Einflüsse von Flugbetrieb und Freizeitaktivitäten auf Verhalten und Raumnutzung von Ringelgänsen (Branta bernicla bernicla) im Wattenmeer
    • STOCK, M., F. HOFEDITZ, K. MOCK & B. POHL (1995): Einflüsse von Flugbetrieb und Freizeitaktivitäten auf Verhalten und Raumnutzung von Ringelgänsen (Branta bernicla bernicla) im Wattenmeer. Corax 16: 63-83.
    • (1995) Corax , vol.16 , pp. 63-83
    • Stock, M.1    Hofeditz, F.2    Mock, K.3    Pohl, B.4
  • 53
    • 0022174040 scopus 로고
    • Breeding success in Brent in relation to individual feeding opportunities during spring staging in the Wadden Sea
    • TEUNISSEN, W., B. SPAANS & R. DRENT (1985): Breeding success in Brent in relation to individual feeding opportunities during spring staging in the Wadden Sea. Ardea 73: 109-119.
    • (1985) Ardea , vol.73 , pp. 109-119
    • Teunissen, W.1    Spaans, B.2    Drent, R.3
  • 54
    • 0002429581 scopus 로고
    • A method for the statistical analysis of time-energy budgets
    • TRAVIS, J. (1982): A method for the statistical analysis of time-energy budgets. Ecol. 63: 19-25.
    • (1982) Ecol. , vol.63 , pp. 19-25
    • Travis, J.1
  • 55
    • 0014506742 scopus 로고
    • The energetics of bird flight
    • TUCKER, V. A. (1973): The energetics of bird flight. Sci. Amer. 220: 70-78.
    • (1973) Sci. Amer. , vol.220 , pp. 70-78
    • Tucker, V.A.1
  • 56
    • 0008281124 scopus 로고
    • Nutrient reserves of premigratory Brant during spring
    • VANGILDER, L. D., L. M. SMITH & R. K. LAWRENCE (1986): Nutrient reserves of premigratory Brant during spring. Auk 103: 237-241.
    • (1986) Auk , vol.103 , pp. 237-241
    • Vangilder, L.D.1    Smith, L.M.2    Lawrence, R.K.3
  • 57
    • 0001284972 scopus 로고
    • Avian ecological energetics
    • FARNER, D. S., J. R. KING & K. C. PARKES: N.Y., London
    • WLASBERG, G. E. (1983): Avian ecological energetics. In: FARNER, D. S., J. R. KING & K. C. PARKES: Avian Biology 7: 161-220. N.Y., London.
    • (1983) Avian Biology , vol.7 , pp. 161-220
    • Wlasberg, G.E.1
  • 58
    • 0021534274 scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of time-budget estimates of daily energy expenditure in birds
    • WEATHERS, W. W., W. A. BUTTEMER, A. M. HAYWORTH & K. A. NAGY (1984): An evaluation of time-budget estimates of daily energy expenditure in birds. Auk 101: 459-472.
    • (1984) Auk , vol.101 , pp. 459-472
    • Weathers, W.W.1    Buttemer, W.A.2    Hayworth, A.M.3    Nagy, K.A.4
  • 59
    • 0027833345 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal patterns of time and energy allocation in birds
    • WEATHERS, W. W., & K. A. SULLIVAN (1993): Seasonal patterns of time and energy allocation in birds. Physiol. Zool. 66: 511-536.
    • (1993) Physiol. Zool. , vol.66 , pp. 511-536
    • Weathers, W.W.1    Sullivan, K.A.2
  • 60
    • 0003085682 scopus 로고
    • Metabolic adaptations of tundra birds
    • VERNBERG, J.: American Inst. Biol. Sci., N.Y.
    • WEST, G. C., & D. W. NORTON (1975): Metabolic adaptations of tundra birds. In: VERNBERG, J.: Proc. Ecol. Soc. America: 301-329. American Inst. Biol. Sci., N.Y.
    • (1975) Proc. Ecol. Soc. America , pp. 301-329
    • West, G.C.1    Norton, D.W.2
  • 61
    • 0027865229 scopus 로고
    • Energiebesparing bij wadvogels: Over de kieren van de Kanoet
    • WIERSMA, P., L. BRUINZEEL & T. PIERSMA (1993): Energiebesparing bij wadvogels: over de kieren van de Kanoet. Limosa 66: 41-52.
    • (1993) Limosa , vol.66 , pp. 41-52
    • Wiersma, P.1    Bruinzeel, L.2    Piersma, T.3
  • 62
    • 0028028514 scopus 로고
    • Effects of microhabitat, flocking, climate and migratory goal on energy expenditure in the annual cycle of Red Knots
    • WIERSMA, P., & T. PIERSMA (1994): Effects of microhabitat, flocking, climate and migratory goal on energy expenditure in the annual cycle of Red Knots. Condor 96: 257-279.
    • (1994) Condor , vol.96 , pp. 257-279
    • Wiersma, P.1    Piersma, T.2
  • 63
    • 0021543264 scopus 로고
    • Ecological energetics of the Long-eared Owl (Asia otus)
    • WIJNANDTS, H. (1984): Ecological energetics of the Long-eared Owl (Asia otus). Ardea 72: 1-92.
    • (1984) Ardea , vol.72 , pp. 1-92
    • Wijnandts, H.1
  • 64
    • 0001348911 scopus 로고
    • Energy costs of activity and daily energy expenditures in the Black Duck
    • WOOLEY, J. B., & R. B. OWEN (1978): Energy costs of activity and daily energy expenditures in the Black Duck. J. Wildl. Manage. 42: 739-745.
    • (1978) J. Wildl. Manage. , vol.42 , pp. 739-745
    • Wooley, J.B.1    Owen, R.B.2
  • 65
    • 0000614049 scopus 로고
    • Exercise-generated heat contributes to thermo-regulation by Gambel's Quail in the cold
    • ZERBA, E., & G. E. WALSBERG (1992): Exercise-generated heat contributes to thermo-regulation by Gambel's Quail in the cold. J. exp. Biol. 171: 409-422.
    • (1992) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.171 , pp. 409-422
    • Zerba, E.1    Walsberg, G.E.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.