Egyptian liberalism in an age of "crisis of orientation": Al-Risāla's reaction to fascism and Nazism, 1933-39

International Journal of Middle East Studies

Volumn 31, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 551-576

  Gershoni, Israel ^a  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0011253516     PISSN: 00207438     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0020743800057093     Document Type: Article

References (332)

1. N. Safran, Egypt in Search of Political Community (Cambridge, Mass., 1961), 165-80.
2. Ibid., 140.
3. Ibid., 209-28.
4. Ibid., 192.
5. P. J. Vatikiotis, The Modern History of Egypt (London, 1969), 315; see also ibid., 323-27; idem, Nasser and His Generation (London, 1978), 27. For interpretations following a similar line in approaching this intellectual metamorphosis, see A. G. Chejne, "The Use of History by Modern Arab Writers," Middle East Journal 14 (1960): 387-98; J. Berque, Egypt: Imperialism and Revolution (London, 1972), 508-36, 548-54; S. Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution (Syracuse, N.Y., 1991), 89-91, 138-44; S. Shamir, "Liberalism: From Monarchy to Postrevolution," in Egypt from Monarchy to Republic, ed. S. Shamir (Boulder, Colo., 1995), 195-212, in particular, 195-200.
6. P. J. Vatikiotis, The Modern History of Egypt (London, 1969), 315; see also ibid., 323-27; idem, Nasser and His Generation (London, 1978), 27. For interpretations following a similar line in approaching this intellectual metamorphosis, see A. G. Chejne, "The Use of History by Modern Arab Writers," Middle East Journal 14 (1960): 387-98; J. Berque, Egypt: Imperialism and Revolution (London, 1972), 508-36, 548-54; S. Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution (Syracuse, N.Y., 1991), 89-91, 138-44; S. Shamir, "Liberalism: From Monarchy to Postrevolution," in Egypt from Monarchy to Republic, ed. S. Shamir (Boulder, Colo., 1995), 195-212, in particular, 195-200.
7. P. J. Vatikiotis, The Modern History of Egypt (London, 1969), 315; see also ibid., 323-27; idem, Nasser and His Generation (London, 1978), 27. For interpretations following a similar line in approaching this intellectual metamorphosis, see A. G. Chejne, "The Use of History by Modern Arab Writers," Middle East Journal 14 (1960): 387-98; J. Berque, Egypt: Imperialism and Revolution (London, 1972), 508-36, 548-54; S. Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution (Syracuse, N.Y., 1991), 89-91, 138-44; S. Shamir, "Liberalism: From Monarchy to Postrevolution," in Egypt from Monarchy to Republic, ed. S. Shamir (Boulder, Colo., 1995), 195-212, in particular, 195-200.
8. P. J. Vatikiotis, The Modern History of Egypt (London, 1969), 315; see also ibid., 323-27; idem, Nasser and His Generation (London, 1978), 27. For interpretations following a similar line in approaching this intellectual metamorphosis, see A. G. Chejne, "The Use of History by Modern Arab Writers," Middle East Journal 14 (1960): 387-98; J. Berque, Egypt: Imperialism and Revolution (London, 1972), 508-36, 548-54; S. Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution (Syracuse, N.Y., 1991), 89-91, 138-44; S. Shamir, "Liberalism: From Monarchy to Postrevolution," in Egypt from Monarchy to Republic, ed. S. Shamir (Boulder, Colo., 1995), 195-212, in particular, 195-200.
9. P. J. Vatikiotis, The Modern History of Egypt (London, 1969), 315; see also ibid., 323-27; idem, Nasser and His Generation (London, 1978), 27. For interpretations following a similar line in approaching this intellectual metamorphosis, see A. G. Chejne, "The Use of History by Modern Arab Writers," Middle East Journal 14 (1960): 387-98; J. Berque, Egypt: Imperialism and Revolution (London, 1972), 508-36, 548-54; S. Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution (Syracuse, N.Y., 1991), 89-91, 138-44; S. Shamir, "Liberalism: From Monarchy to Postrevolution," in Egypt from Monarchy to Republic, ed. S. Shamir (Boulder, Colo., 1995), 195-212, in particular, 195-200.
10. P. J. Vatikiotis, The Modern History of Egypt (London, 1969), 315; see also ibid., 323-27; idem, Nasser and His Generation (London, 1978), 27. For interpretations following a similar line in approaching this intellectual metamorphosis, see A. G. Chejne, "The Use of History by Modern Arab Writers," Middle East Journal 14 (1960): 387-98; J. Berque, Egypt: Imperialism and Revolution (London, 1972), 508-36, 548-54; S. Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution (Syracuse, N.Y., 1991), 89-91, 138-44; S. Shamir, "Liberalism: From Monarchy to Postrevolution," in Egypt from Monarchy to Republic, ed. S. Shamir (Boulder, Colo., 1995), 195-212, in particular, 195-200.
11. P. J. Vatikiotis, The Modern History of Egypt (London, 1969), 315; see also ibid., 323-27; idem, Nasser and His Generation (London, 1978), 27. For interpretations following a similar line in approaching this intellectual metamorphosis, see A. G. Chejne, "The Use of History by Modern Arab Writers," Middle East Journal 14 (1960): 387-98; J. Berque, Egypt: Imperialism and Revolution (London, 1972), 508-36, 548-54; S. Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution (Syracuse, N.Y., 1991), 89-91, 138-44; S. Shamir, "Liberalism: From Monarchy to Postrevolution," in Egypt from Monarchy to Republic, ed. S. Shamir (Boulder, Colo., 1995), 195-212, in particular, 195-200.
12. C. Smith, "The 'Crisis of Orientation': The Shift of Egyptian Intellectuals to Islamic Subjects in the 1930s," International Journal of Middle East Studies 4 (October 1973): 384.
13. Ibid., 382-410; idem, Islam and the Search for Social Order in Modern Egypt: A Biography of Muhammad Husayn Haykal (Albany, N.Y., 1983), 89-157.
14. Ibid., 382-410; idem, Islam and the Search for Social Order in Modern Egypt: A Biography of Muhammad Husayn Haykal (Albany, N.Y., 1983), 89-157.
15. Smith, Islam and the Search, 145
16. Ibid., 145, 146-80, 184-88.
17. A. Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, Egypt's Liberal Experiment: 1922-1936 (Los Angeles, 1977), 230. See also ibid., 225-32, 247-49.
18. A. Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, Egypt's Liberal Experiment: 1922-1936 (Los Angeles, 1977), 230. See also ibid., 225-32, 247-49.
19. Ibid., 248.
20. Ibid., 229.
21. Ibid., 248. See also A. Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, A Short History of Modern Egypt (Cambridge, 1994), 82-106; for a more recent look at "the failure of liberalism," see R. Meijer, The Quest for Modernity: Secular Liberal and Left-Wing Political Thought in Egypt, 1945-1958 (Amsterdam, 1995), 12-26. The wide spectrum of studies dealing with the intellectuals' shift to Islamic subjects, is - despite great diversity - held together by one common denominator: the focus on the Islāmiyyāt literature, as can be seen in M. Colombe, L'Évolution de L'Égypte, 1924-1950 (Paris, 1951), 122-59; P. Cachia, Taha Husayn: His Place in the Egyptian Literary Renaissance (London, 1956), 93-103, 197-98; G. E. von Grunebaum, Islam: Essays in the Nature and Growth of a Cultural Tradition (London, 1961), 196-98; 208-16, 226-31; A. Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age (London, 1962), 333-34; B. Johansen, Muhammad Husain Haikal: Europa und der Orient im Weltbild eines ägyptischen Liberalen (Beirut, 1967), 125-212; A. Wessels, A Modern Arabic Biography of Muhammad: A Critical Study of Muhammad Husayn Haykal's "Hayāt Muhammad" (Leiden, 1971 ), 1-19, 35-48; D. Semah, Four Egyptian Literary Critics (Leiden, 1974), 96-100; A. Busool, "The Development of Taha Husayn's Islamic Thought," Muslim World 68 (1978): 259-84; M. M. Badawi, Modern Arabic Literature and the West (London, 1985), 53-60; and I. Gershoni and J. P. Jankowski, Redefining the Egyptian Nation, 1930-1945 (Cambridge, 1995), 54-78. For a critical discussion of Safran's and Smith's approaches, see I. Gershoni, "Egyptian Intellectual History and Egyptian Intellectuals in the Interwar Period," Asian and African Studies 19 (1985): 333-64; idem, "The Reader - 'Another Production': The Reception of Haykal's Biography of Muhammad and the Shift of Egyptian Intellectuals to Islamic Subjects in the 1930s," Poetics Today 15, no. 2 (1994): 241-77.
22. Ibid., 248. See also A. Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, A Short History of Modern Egypt (Cambridge, 1994), 82-106; for a more recent look at "the failure of liberalism," see R. Meijer, The Quest for Modernity: Secular Liberal and Left-Wing Political Thought in Egypt, 1945-1958 (Amsterdam, 1995), 12-26. The wide spectrum of studies dealing with the intellectuals' shift to Islamic subjects, is - despite great diversity - held together by one common denominator: the focus on the Islāmiyyāt literature, as can be seen in M. Colombe, L'Évolution de L'Égypte, 1924-1950 (Paris, 1951), 122-59; P. Cachia, Taha Husayn: His Place in the Egyptian Literary Renaissance (London, 1956), 93-103, 197-98; G. E. von Grunebaum, Islam: Essays in the Nature and Growth of a Cultural Tradition (London, 1961), 196-98; 208-16, 226-31; A. Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age (London, 1962), 333-34; B. Johansen, Muhammad Husain Haikal: Europa und der Orient im Weltbild eines ägyptischen Liberalen (Beirut, 1967), 125-212; A. Wessels, A Modern Arabic Biography of Muhammad: A Critical Study of Muhammad Husayn Haykal's "Hayāt Muhammad" (Leiden, 1971 ), 1-19, 35-48; D. Semah, Four Egyptian Literary Critics (Leiden, 1974), 96-100; A. Busool, "The Development of Taha Husayn's Islamic Thought," Muslim World 68 (1978): 259-84; M. M. Badawi, Modern Arabic Literature and the West (London, 1985), 53-60; and I. Gershoni and J. P. Jankowski, Redefining the Egyptian Nation, 1930-1945 (Cambridge, 1995), 54-78. For a critical discussion of Safran's and Smith's approaches, see I. Gershoni, "Egyptian Intellectual History and Egyptian Intellectuals in the Interwar Period," Asian and African Studies 19 (1985): 333-64; idem, "The Reader - 'Another Production': The Reception of Haykal's Biography of Muhammad and the Shift of Egyptian Intellectuals to Islamic Subjects in the 1930s," Poetics Today 15, no. 2 (1994): 241-77.
23. Ibid., 248. See also A. Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, A Short History of Modern Egypt (Cambridge, 1994), 82-106; for a more recent look at "the failure of liberalism," see R. Meijer, The Quest for Modernity: Secular Liberal and Left-Wing Political Thought in Egypt, 1945-1958 (Amsterdam, 1995), 12-26. The wide spectrum of studies dealing with the intellectuals' shift to Islamic subjects, is - despite great diversity - held together by one common denominator: the focus on the Islāmiyyāt literature, as can be seen in M. Colombe, L'Évolution de L'Égypte, 1924-1950 (Paris, 1951), 122-59; P. Cachia, Taha Husayn: His Place in the Egyptian Literary Renaissance (London, 1956), 93-103, 197-98; G. E. von Grunebaum, Islam: Essays in the Nature and Growth of a Cultural Tradition (London, 1961), 196-98; 208-16, 226-31; A. Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age (London, 1962), 333-34; B. Johansen, Muhammad Husain Haikal: Europa und der Orient im Weltbild eines ägyptischen Liberalen (Beirut, 1967), 125-212; A. Wessels, A Modern Arabic Biography of Muhammad: A Critical Study of Muhammad Husayn Haykal's "Hayāt Muhammad" (Leiden, 1971 ), 1-19, 35-48; D. Semah, Four Egyptian Literary Critics (Leiden, 1974), 96-100; A. Busool, "The Development of Taha Husayn's Islamic Thought," Muslim World 68 (1978): 259-84; M. M. Badawi, Modern Arabic Literature and the West (London, 1985), 53-60; and I. Gershoni and J. P. Jankowski, Redefining the Egyptian Nation, 1930-1945 (Cambridge, 1995), 54-78. For a critical discussion of Safran's and Smith's approaches, see I. Gershoni, "Egyptian Intellectual History and Egyptian Intellectuals in the Interwar Period," Asian and African Studies 19 (1985): 333-64; idem, "The Reader - 'Another Production': The Reception of Haykal's Biography of Muhammad and the Shift of Egyptian Intellectuals to Islamic Subjects in the 1930s," Poetics Today 15, no. 2 (1994): 241-77.
24. Ibid., 248. See also A. Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, A Short History of Modern Egypt (Cambridge, 1994), 82-106; for a more recent look at "the failure of liberalism," see R. Meijer, The Quest for Modernity: Secular Liberal and Left-Wing Political Thought in Egypt, 1945-1958 (Amsterdam, 1995), 12-26. The wide spectrum of studies dealing with the intellectuals' shift to Islamic subjects, is - despite great diversity - held together by one common denominator: the focus on the Islāmiyyāt literature, as can be seen in M. Colombe, L'Évolution de L'Égypte, 1924-1950 (Paris, 1951), 122-59; P. Cachia, Taha Husayn: His Place in the Egyptian Literary Renaissance (London, 1956), 93-103, 197-98; G. E. von Grunebaum, Islam: Essays in the Nature and Growth of a Cultural Tradition (London, 1961), 196-98; 208-16, 226-31; A. Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age (London, 1962), 333-34; B. Johansen, Muhammad Husain Haikal: Europa und der Orient im Weltbild eines ägyptischen Liberalen (Beirut, 1967), 125-212; A. Wessels, A Modern Arabic Biography of Muhammad: A Critical Study of Muhammad Husayn Haykal's "Hayāt Muhammad" (Leiden, 1971 ), 1-19, 35-48; D. Semah, Four Egyptian Literary Critics (Leiden, 1974), 96-100; A. Busool, "The Development of Taha Husayn's Islamic Thought," Muslim World 68 (1978): 259-84; M. M. Badawi, Modern Arabic Literature and the West (London, 1985), 53-60; and I. Gershoni and J. P. Jankowski, Redefining the Egyptian Nation, 1930-1945 (Cambridge, 1995), 54-78. For a critical discussion of Safran's and Smith's approaches, see I. Gershoni, "Egyptian Intellectual History and Egyptian Intellectuals in the Interwar Period," Asian and African Studies 19 (1985): 333-64; idem, "The Reader - 'Another Production': The Reception of Haykal's Biography of Muhammad and the Shift of Egyptian Intellectuals to Islamic Subjects in the 1930s," Poetics Today 15, no. 2 (1994): 241-77.
25. Ibid., 248. See also A. Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, A Short History of Modern Egypt (Cambridge, 1994), 82-106; for a more recent look at "the failure of liberalism," see R. Meijer, The Quest for Modernity: Secular Liberal and Left-Wing Political Thought in Egypt, 1945-1958 (Amsterdam, 1995), 12-26. The wide spectrum of studies dealing with the intellectuals' shift to Islamic subjects, is - despite great diversity - held together by one common denominator: the focus on the Islāmiyyāt literature, as can be seen in M. Colombe, L'Évolution de L'Égypte, 1924-1950 (Paris, 1951), 122-59; P. Cachia, Taha Husayn: His Place in the Egyptian Literary Renaissance (London, 1956), 93-103, 197-98; G. E. von Grunebaum, Islam: Essays in the Nature and Growth of a Cultural Tradition (London, 1961), 196-98; 208-16, 226-31; A. Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age (London, 1962), 333-34; B. Johansen, Muhammad Husain Haikal: Europa und der Orient im Weltbild eines ägyptischen Liberalen (Beirut, 1967), 125-212; A. Wessels, A Modern Arabic Biography of Muhammad: A Critical Study of Muhammad Husayn Haykal's "Hayāt Muhammad" (Leiden, 1971 ), 1-19, 35-48; D. Semah, Four Egyptian Literary Critics (Leiden, 1974), 96-100; A. Busool, "The Development of Taha Husayn's Islamic Thought," Muslim World 68 (1978): 259-84; M. M. Badawi, Modern Arabic Literature and the West (London, 1985), 53-60; and I. Gershoni and J. P. Jankowski, Redefining the Egyptian Nation, 1930-1945 (Cambridge, 1995), 54-78. For a critical discussion of Safran's and Smith's approaches, see I. Gershoni, "Egyptian Intellectual History and Egyptian Intellectuals in the Interwar Period," Asian and African Studies 19 (1985): 333-64; idem, "The Reader - 'Another Production': The Reception of Haykal's Biography of Muhammad and the Shift of Egyptian Intellectuals to Islamic Subjects in the 1930s," Poetics Today 15, no. 2 (1994): 241-77.
26. Ibid., 248. See also A. Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, A Short History of Modern Egypt (Cambridge, 1994), 82-106; for a more recent look at "the failure of liberalism," see R. Meijer, The Quest for Modernity: Secular Liberal and Left-Wing Political Thought in Egypt, 1945-1958 (Amsterdam, 1995), 12-26. The wide spectrum of studies dealing with the intellectuals' shift to Islamic subjects, is - despite great diversity - held together by one common denominator: the focus on the Islāmiyyāt literature, as can be seen in M. Colombe, L'Évolution de L'Égypte, 1924-1950 (Paris, 1951), 122-59; P. Cachia, Taha Husayn: His Place in the Egyptian Literary Renaissance (London, 1956), 93-103, 197-98; G. E. von Grunebaum, Islam: Essays in the Nature and Growth of a Cultural Tradition (London, 1961), 196-98; 208-16, 226-31; A. Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age (London, 1962), 333-34; B. Johansen, Muhammad Husain Haikal: Europa und der Orient im Weltbild eines ägyptischen Liberalen (Beirut, 1967), 125-212; A. Wessels, A Modern Arabic Biography of Muhammad: A Critical Study of Muhammad Husayn Haykal's "Hayāt Muhammad" (Leiden, 1971 ), 1-19, 35-48; D. Semah, Four Egyptian Literary Critics (Leiden, 1974), 96-100; A. Busool, "The Development of Taha Husayn's Islamic Thought," Muslim World 68 (1978): 259-84; M. M. Badawi, Modern Arabic Literature and the West (London, 1985), 53-60; and I. Gershoni and J. P. Jankowski, Redefining the Egyptian Nation, 1930-1945 (Cambridge, 1995), 54-78. For a critical discussion of Safran's and Smith's approaches, see I. Gershoni, "Egyptian Intellectual History and Egyptian Intellectuals in the Interwar Period," Asian and African Studies 19 (1985): 333-64; idem, "The Reader - 'Another Production': The Reception of Haykal's Biography of Muhammad and the Shift of Egyptian Intellectuals to Islamic Subjects in the 1930s," Poetics Today 15, no. 2 (1994): 241-77.
27. Ibid., 248. See also A. Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, A Short History of Modern Egypt (Cambridge, 1994), 82-106; for a more recent look at "the failure of liberalism," see R. Meijer, The Quest for Modernity: Secular Liberal and Left-Wing Political Thought in Egypt, 1945-1958 (Amsterdam, 1995), 12-26. The wide spectrum of studies dealing with the intellectuals' shift to Islamic subjects, is - despite great diversity - held together by one common denominator: the focus on the Islāmiyyāt literature, as can be seen in M. Colombe, L'Évolution de L'Égypte, 1924-1950 (Paris, 1951), 122-59; P. Cachia, Taha Husayn: His Place in the Egyptian Literary Renaissance (London, 1956), 93-103, 197-98; G. E. von Grunebaum, Islam: Essays in the Nature and Growth of a Cultural Tradition (London, 1961), 196-98; 208-16, 226-31; A. Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age (London, 1962), 333-34; B. Johansen, Muhammad Husain Haikal: Europa und der Orient im Weltbild eines ägyptischen Liberalen (Beirut, 1967), 125-212; A. Wessels, A Modern Arabic Biography of Muhammad: A Critical Study of Muhammad Husayn Haykal's "Hayāt Muhammad" (Leiden, 1971 ), 1-19, 35-48; D. Semah, Four Egyptian Literary Critics (Leiden, 1974), 96-100; A. Busool, "The Development of Taha Husayn's Islamic Thought," Muslim World 68 (1978): 259-84; M. M. Badawi, Modern Arabic Literature and the West (London, 1985), 53-60; and I. Gershoni and J. P. Jankowski, Redefining the Egyptian Nation, 1930-1945 (Cambridge, 1995), 54-78. For a critical discussion of Safran's and Smith's approaches, see I. Gershoni, "Egyptian Intellectual History and Egyptian Intellectuals in the Interwar Period," Asian and African Studies 19 (1985): 333-64; idem, "The Reader - 'Another Production': The Reception of Haykal's Biography of Muhammad and the Shift of Egyptian Intellectuals to Islamic Subjects in the 1930s," Poetics Today 15, no. 2 (1994): 241-77.
28. Ibid., 248. See also A. Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, A Short History of Modern Egypt (Cambridge, 1994), 82-106; for a more recent look at "the failure of liberalism," see R. Meijer, The Quest for Modernity: Secular Liberal and Left-Wing Political Thought in Egypt, 1945-1958 (Amsterdam, 1995), 12-26. The wide spectrum of studies dealing with the intellectuals' shift to Islamic subjects, is - despite great diversity - held together by one common denominator: the focus on the Islāmiyyāt literature, as can be seen in M. Colombe, L'Évolution de L'Égypte, 1924-1950 (Paris, 1951), 122-59; P. Cachia, Taha Husayn: His Place in the Egyptian Literary Renaissance (London, 1956), 93-103, 197-98; G. E. von Grunebaum, Islam: Essays in the Nature and Growth of a Cultural Tradition (London, 1961), 196-98; 208-16, 226-31; A. Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age (London, 1962), 333-34; B. Johansen, Muhammad Husain Haikal: Europa und der Orient im Weltbild eines ägyptischen Liberalen (Beirut, 1967), 125-212; A. Wessels, A Modern Arabic Biography of Muhammad: A Critical Study of Muhammad Husayn Haykal's "Hayāt Muhammad" (Leiden, 1971 ), 1-19, 35-48; D. Semah, Four Egyptian Literary Critics (Leiden, 1974), 96-100; A. Busool, "The Development of Taha Husayn's Islamic Thought," Muslim World 68 (1978): 259-84; M. M. Badawi, Modern Arabic Literature and the West (London, 1985), 53-60; and I. Gershoni and J. P. Jankowski, Redefining the Egyptian Nation, 1930-1945 (Cambridge, 1995), 54-78. For a critical discussion of Safran's and Smith's approaches, see I. Gershoni, "Egyptian Intellectual History and Egyptian Intellectuals in the Interwar Period," Asian and African Studies 19 (1985): 333-64; idem, "The Reader - 'Another Production': The Reception of Haykal's Biography of Muhammad and the Shift of Egyptian Intellectuals to Islamic Subjects in the 1930s," Poetics Today 15, no. 2 (1994): 241-77.
29. Ibid., 248. See also A. Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, A Short History of Modern Egypt (Cambridge, 1994), 82-106; for a more recent look at "the failure of liberalism," see R. Meijer, The Quest for Modernity: Secular Liberal and Left-Wing Political Thought in Egypt, 1945-1958 (Amsterdam, 1995), 12-26. The wide spectrum of studies dealing with the intellectuals' shift to Islamic subjects, is - despite great diversity - held together by one common denominator: the focus on the Islāmiyyāt literature, as can be seen in M. Colombe, L'Évolution de L'Égypte, 1924-1950 (Paris, 1951), 122-59; P. Cachia, Taha Husayn: His Place in the Egyptian Literary Renaissance (London, 1956), 93-103, 197-98; G. E. von Grunebaum, Islam: Essays in the Nature and Growth of a Cultural Tradition (London, 1961), 196-98; 208-16, 226-31; A. Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age (London, 1962), 333-34; B. Johansen, Muhammad Husain Haikal: Europa und der Orient im Weltbild eines ägyptischen Liberalen (Beirut, 1967), 125-212; A. Wessels, A Modern Arabic Biography of Muhammad: A Critical Study of Muhammad Husayn Haykal's "Hayāt Muhammad" (Leiden, 1971 ), 1-19, 35-48; D. Semah, Four Egyptian Literary Critics (Leiden, 1974), 96-100; A. Busool, "The Development of Taha Husayn's Islamic Thought," Muslim World 68 (1978): 259-84; M. M. Badawi, Modern Arabic Literature and the West (London, 1985), 53-60; and I. Gershoni and J. P. Jankowski, Redefining the Egyptian Nation, 1930-1945 (Cambridge, 1995), 54-78. For a critical discussion of Safran's and Smith's approaches, see I. Gershoni, "Egyptian Intellectual History and Egyptian Intellectuals in the Interwar Period," Asian and African Studies 19 (1985): 333-64; idem, "The Reader - 'Another Production': The Reception of Haykal's Biography of Muhammad and the Shift of Egyptian Intellectuals to Islamic Subjects in the 1930s," Poetics Today 15, no. 2 (1994): 241-77.
30. Ibid., 248. See also A. Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, A Short History of Modern Egypt (Cambridge, 1994), 82-106; for a more recent look at "the failure of liberalism," see R. Meijer, The Quest for Modernity: Secular Liberal and Left-Wing Political Thought in Egypt, 1945-1958 (Amsterdam, 1995), 12-26. The wide spectrum of studies dealing with the intellectuals' shift to Islamic subjects, is - despite great diversity - held together by one common denominator: the focus on the Islāmiyyāt literature, as can be seen in M. Colombe, L'Évolution de L'Égypte, 1924-1950 (Paris, 1951), 122-59; P. Cachia, Taha Husayn: His Place in the Egyptian Literary Renaissance (London, 1956), 93-103, 197-98; G. E. von Grunebaum, Islam: Essays in the Nature and Growth of a Cultural Tradition (London, 1961), 196-98; 208-16, 226-31; A. Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age (London, 1962), 333-34; B. Johansen, Muhammad Husain Haikal: Europa und der Orient im Weltbild eines ägyptischen Liberalen (Beirut, 1967), 125-212; A. Wessels, A Modern Arabic Biography of Muhammad: A Critical Study of Muhammad Husayn Haykal's "Hayāt Muhammad" (Leiden, 1971 ), 1-19, 35-48; D. Semah, Four Egyptian Literary Critics (Leiden, 1974), 96-100; A. Busool, "The Development of Taha Husayn's Islamic Thought," Muslim World 68 (1978): 259-84; M. M. Badawi, Modern Arabic Literature and the West (London, 1985), 53-60; and I. Gershoni and J. P. Jankowski, Redefining the Egyptian Nation, 1930-1945 (Cambridge, 1995), 54-78. For a critical discussion of Safran's and Smith's approaches, see I. Gershoni, "Egyptian Intellectual History and Egyptian Intellectuals in the Interwar Period," Asian and African Studies 19 (1985): 333-64; idem, "The Reader - 'Another Production': The Reception of Haykal's Biography of Muhammad and the Shift of Egyptian Intellectuals to Islamic Subjects in the 1930s," Poetics Today 15, no. 2 (1994): 241-77.
31. Ibid., 248. See also A. Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, A Short History of Modern Egypt (Cambridge, 1994), 82-106; for a more recent look at "the failure of liberalism," see R. Meijer, The Quest for Modernity: Secular Liberal and Left-Wing Political Thought in Egypt, 1945-1958 (Amsterdam, 1995), 12-26. The wide spectrum of studies dealing with the intellectuals' shift to Islamic subjects, is - despite great diversity - held together by one common denominator: the focus on the Islāmiyyāt literature, as can be seen in M. Colombe, L'Évolution de L'Égypte, 1924-1950 (Paris, 1951), 122-59; P. Cachia, Taha Husayn: His Place in the Egyptian Literary Renaissance (London, 1956), 93-103, 197-98; G. E. von Grunebaum, Islam: Essays in the Nature and Growth of a Cultural Tradition (London, 1961), 196-98; 208-16, 226-31; A. Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age (London, 1962), 333-34; B. Johansen, Muhammad Husain Haikal: Europa und der Orient im Weltbild eines ägyptischen Liberalen (Beirut, 1967), 125-212; A. Wessels, A Modern Arabic Biography of Muhammad: A Critical Study of Muhammad Husayn Haykal's "Hayāt Muhammad" (Leiden, 1971 ), 1-19, 35-48; D. Semah, Four Egyptian Literary Critics (Leiden, 1974), 96-100; A. Busool, "The Development of Taha Husayn's Islamic Thought," Muslim World 68 (1978): 259-84; M. M. Badawi, Modern Arabic Literature and the West (London, 1985), 53-60; and I. Gershoni and J. P. Jankowski, Redefining the Egyptian Nation, 1930-1945 (Cambridge, 1995), 54-78. For a critical discussion of Safran's and Smith's approaches, see I. Gershoni, "Egyptian Intellectual History and Egyptian Intellectuals in the Interwar Period," Asian and African Studies 19 (1985): 333-64; idem, "The Reader - 'Another Production': The Reception of Haykal's Biography of Muhammad and the Shift of Egyptian Intellectuals to Islamic Subjects in the 1930s," Poetics Today 15, no. 2 (1994): 241-77.
32. Ibid., 248. See also A. Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, A Short History of Modern Egypt (Cambridge, 1994), 82-106; for a more recent look at "the failure of liberalism," see R. Meijer, The Quest for Modernity: Secular Liberal and Left-Wing Political Thought in Egypt, 1945-1958 (Amsterdam, 1995), 12-26. The wide spectrum of studies dealing with the intellectuals' shift to Islamic subjects, is - despite great diversity - held together by one common denominator: the focus on the Islāmiyyāt literature, as can be seen in M. Colombe, L'Évolution de L'Égypte, 1924-1950 (Paris, 1951), 122-59; P. Cachia, Taha Husayn: His Place in the Egyptian Literary Renaissance (London, 1956), 93-103, 197-98; G. E. von Grunebaum, Islam: Essays in the Nature and Growth of a Cultural Tradition (London, 1961), 196-98; 208-16, 226-31; A. Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age (London, 1962), 333-34; B. Johansen, Muhammad Husain Haikal: Europa und der Orient im Weltbild eines ägyptischen Liberalen (Beirut, 1967), 125-212; A. Wessels, A Modern Arabic Biography of Muhammad: A Critical Study of Muhammad Husayn Haykal's "Hayāt Muhammad" (Leiden, 1971 ), 1-19, 35-48; D. Semah, Four Egyptian Literary Critics (Leiden, 1974), 96-100; A. Busool, "The Development of Taha Husayn's Islamic Thought," Muslim World 68 (1978): 259-84; M. M. Badawi, Modern Arabic Literature and the West (London, 1985), 53-60; and I. Gershoni and J. P. Jankowski, Redefining the Egyptian Nation, 1930-1945 (Cambridge, 1995), 54-78. For a critical discussion of Safran's and Smith's approaches, see I. Gershoni, "Egyptian Intellectual History and Egyptian Intellectuals in the Interwar Period," Asian and African Studies 19 (1985): 333-64; idem, "The Reader - 'Another Production': The Reception of Haykal's Biography of Muhammad and the Shift of Egyptian Intellectuals to Islamic Subjects in the 1930s," Poetics Today 15, no. 2 (1994): 241-77.
33. Ibid., 248. See also A. Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, A Short History of Modern Egypt (Cambridge, 1994), 82-106; for a more recent look at "the failure of liberalism," see R. Meijer, The Quest for Modernity: Secular Liberal and Left-Wing Political Thought in Egypt, 1945-1958 (Amsterdam, 1995), 12-26. The wide spectrum of studies dealing with the intellectuals' shift to Islamic subjects, is - despite great diversity - held together by one common denominator: the focus on the Islāmiyyāt literature, as can be seen in M. Colombe, L'Évolution de L'Égypte, 1924-1950 (Paris, 1951), 122-59; P. Cachia, Taha Husayn: His Place in the Egyptian Literary Renaissance (London, 1956), 93-103, 197-98; G. E. von Grunebaum, Islam: Essays in the Nature and Growth of a Cultural Tradition (London, 1961), 196-98; 208-16, 226-31; A. Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age (London, 1962), 333-34; B. Johansen, Muhammad Husain Haikal: Europa und der Orient im Weltbild eines ägyptischen Liberalen (Beirut, 1967), 125-212; A. Wessels, A Modern Arabic Biography of Muhammad: A Critical Study of Muhammad Husayn Haykal's "Hayāt Muhammad" (Leiden, 1971 ), 1-19, 35-48; D. Semah, Four Egyptian Literary Critics (Leiden, 1974), 96-100; A. Busool, "The Development of Taha Husayn's Islamic Thought," Muslim World 68 (1978): 259-84; M. M. Badawi, Modern Arabic Literature and the West (London, 1985), 53-60; and I. Gershoni and J. P. Jankowski, Redefining the Egyptian Nation, 1930-1945 (Cambridge, 1995), 54-78. For a critical discussion of Safran's and Smith's approaches, see I. Gershoni, "Egyptian Intellectual History and Egyptian Intellectuals in the Interwar Period," Asian and African Studies 19 (1985): 333-64; idem, "The Reader - 'Another Production': The Reception of Haykal's Biography of Muhammad and the Shift of Egyptian Intellectuals to Islamic Subjects in the 1930s," Poetics Today 15, no. 2 (1994): 241-77.
34. Ibid., 248. See also A. Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, A Short History of Modern Egypt (Cambridge, 1994), 82-106; for a more recent look at "the failure of liberalism," see R. Meijer, The Quest for Modernity: Secular Liberal and Left-Wing Political Thought in Egypt, 1945-1958 (Amsterdam, 1995), 12-26. The wide spectrum of studies dealing with the intellectuals' shift to Islamic subjects, is - despite great diversity - held together by one common denominator: the focus on the Islāmiyyāt literature, as can be seen in M. Colombe, L'Évolution de L'Égypte, 1924-1950 (Paris, 1951), 122-59; P. Cachia, Taha Husayn: His Place in the Egyptian Literary Renaissance (London, 1956), 93-103, 197-98; G. E. von Grunebaum, Islam: Essays in the Nature and Growth of a Cultural Tradition (London, 1961), 196-98; 208-16, 226-31; A. Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age (London, 1962), 333-34; B. Johansen, Muhammad Husain Haikal: Europa und der Orient im Weltbild eines ägyptischen Liberalen (Beirut, 1967), 125-212; A. Wessels, A Modern Arabic Biography of Muhammad: A Critical Study of Muhammad Husayn Haykal's "Hayāt Muhammad" (Leiden, 1971 ), 1-19, 35-48; D. Semah, Four Egyptian Literary Critics (Leiden, 1974), 96-100; A. Busool, "The Development of Taha Husayn's Islamic Thought," Muslim World 68 (1978): 259-84; M. M. Badawi, Modern Arabic Literature and the West (London, 1985), 53-60; and I. Gershoni and J. P. Jankowski, Redefining the Egyptian Nation, 1930-1945 (Cambridge, 1995), 54-78. For a critical discussion of Safran's and Smith's approaches, see I. Gershoni, "Egyptian Intellectual History and Egyptian Intellectuals in the Interwar Period," Asian and African Studies 19 (1985): 333-64; idem, "The Reader - 'Another Production': The Reception of Haykal's Biography of Muhammad and the Shift of Egyptian Intellectuals to Islamic Subjects in the 1930s," Poetics Today 15, no. 2 (1994): 241-77.
35. Ibid., 248. See also A. Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, A Short History of Modern Egypt (Cambridge, 1994), 82-106; for a more recent look at "the failure of liberalism," see R. Meijer, The Quest for Modernity: Secular Liberal and Left-Wing Political Thought in Egypt, 1945-1958 (Amsterdam, 1995), 12-26. The wide spectrum of studies dealing with the intellectuals' shift to Islamic subjects, is - despite great diversity - held together by one common denominator: the focus on the Islāmiyyāt literature, as can be seen in M. Colombe, L'Évolution de L'Égypte, 1924-1950 (Paris, 1951), 122-59; P. Cachia, Taha Husayn: His Place in the Egyptian Literary Renaissance (London, 1956), 93-103, 197-98; G. E. von Grunebaum, Islam: Essays in the Nature and Growth of a Cultural Tradition (London, 1961), 196-98; 208-16, 226-31; A. Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age (London, 1962), 333-34; B. Johansen, Muhammad Husain Haikal: Europa und der Orient im Weltbild eines ägyptischen Liberalen (Beirut, 1967), 125-212; A. Wessels, A Modern Arabic Biography of Muhammad: A Critical Study of Muhammad Husayn Haykal's "Hayāt Muhammad" (Leiden, 1971 ), 1-19, 35-48; D. Semah, Four Egyptian Literary Critics (Leiden, 1974), 96-100; A. Busool, "The Development of Taha Husayn's Islamic Thought," Muslim World 68 (1978): 259-84; M. M. Badawi, Modern Arabic Literature and the West (London, 1985), 53-60; and I. Gershoni and J. P. Jankowski, Redefining the Egyptian Nation, 1930-1945 (Cambridge, 1995), 54-78. For a critical discussion of Safran's and Smith's approaches, see I. Gershoni, "Egyptian Intellectual History and Egyptian Intellectuals in the Interwar Period," Asian and African Studies 19 (1985): 333-64; idem, "The Reader - 'Another Production': The Reception of Haykal's Biography of Muhammad and the Shift of Egyptian Intellectuals to Islamic Subjects in the 1930s," Poetics Today 15, no. 2 (1994): 241-77.
36. ⊃rīkh al-Islāmī (Cairo, 1970); Ahmad Zakaryā al-Shilaq, Hizb al-Ahrār al-Dustūriyyin, 1922-1952 (Cairo, 1982), 485-91.
37. ⊃rīkh al-Islāmī (Cairo, 1970); Ahmad Zakaryā al-Shilaq, Hizb al-Ahrār al-Dustūriyyin, 1922-1952 (Cairo, 1982), 485-91.
38. ⊃rīkh al-Islāmī (Cairo, 1970); Ahmad Zakaryā al-Shilaq, Hizb al-Ahrār al-Dustūriyyin, 1922-1952 (Cairo, 1982), 485-91.
39. ⊃rīkh al-Islāmī (Cairo, 1970); Ahmad Zakaryā al-Shilaq, Hizb al-Ahrār al-Dustūriyyin, 1922-1952 (Cairo, 1982), 485-91.
40. ⊃rīkh al-Islāmī (Cairo, 1970); Ahmad Zakaryā al-Shilaq, Hizb al-Ahrār al-Dustūriyyin, 1922-1952 (Cairo, 1982), 485-91.
41. ⊃rīkh al-Islāmī (Cairo, 1970); Ahmad Zakaryā al-Shilaq, Hizb al-Ahrār al-Dustūriyyin, 1922-1952 (Cairo, 1982), 485-91.
42. ⊃rīkh al-Islāmī (Cairo, 1970); Ahmad Zakaryā al-Shilaq, Hizb al-Ahrār al-Dustūriyyin, 1922-1952 (Cairo, 1982), 485-91.
43. ⊃rīkh al-Islāmī (Cairo, 1970); Ahmad Zakaryā al-Shilaq, Hizb al-Ahrār al-Dustūriyyin, 1922-1952 (Cairo, 1982), 485-91.
44. Initial research in this direction has been undertaken by I. Shrentzel, Democracy and Dictatorship in the Thought of Egyptian Intellectuals, 1933-1944 (M.A. thesis, Tel Aviv University, 1986); A. Ayalon, "Egyptian Intellectuals Versus Fascism and Nazism in the 1930s," in The Great Powers in the Middle East, 1919-1939, ed. U. Dann (New York, 1988), 391-404.
45. Initial research in this direction has been undertaken by I. Shrentzel, Democracy and Dictatorship in the Thought of Egyptian Intellectuals, 1933-1944 (M.A. thesis, Tel Aviv University, 1986); A. Ayalon, "Egyptian Intellectuals Versus Fascism and Nazism in the 1930s," in The Great Powers in the Middle East, 1919-1939, ed. U. Dann (New York, 1988), 391-404.
46. For a wider, systematic treatment, see I. Gershoni, Light in the Shade: Egypt and Fascism, 1922-1937 (Tel Aviv, 1999).
47. ⊃ād, Qimam Adabiyya (Cairo, 1966), 175-232; Muhammad Sayyid Muhammad, al-Zayyāt wa-al-Risāla (Riyadh, 1982); J. Brugman, An Introduction to the History of Modern Arabic Literature in Egypt (Leiden, 1984), 381-87; D. Walker, "Egypt's Liberal Arabism: The Contribution of Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyāt," Rocznik Orientalistyczny XLIX (1995): 61-98; D. Walker, "Egypt's Arabism: Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyāt: From Islam's Community to the Wide Pan-Arab Nation in the 1930s and 1940s," Studia Arabistycznei Islamistyczne 4 (1996): 28-71; Gershoni and Jankowski, Redefining, 63-64.
48. ⊃ād, Qimam Adabiyya (Cairo, 1966), 175-232; Muhammad Sayyid Muhammad, al-Zayyāt wa-al-Risāla (Riyadh, 1982); J. Brugman, An Introduction to the History of Modern Arabic Literature in Egypt (Leiden, 1984), 381-87; D. Walker, "Egypt's Liberal Arabism: The Contribution of Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyāt," Rocznik Orientalistyczny XLIX (1995): 61-98; D. Walker, "Egypt's Arabism: Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyāt: From Islam's Community to the Wide Pan-Arab Nation in the 1930s and 1940s," Studia Arabistycznei Islamistyczne 4 (1996): 28-71; Gershoni and Jankowski, Redefining, 63-64.
49. ⊃ād, Qimam Adabiyya (Cairo, 1966), 175-232; Muhammad Sayyid Muhammad, al-Zayyāt wa-al-Risāla (Riyadh, 1982); J. Brugman, An Introduction to the History of Modern Arabic Literature in Egypt (Leiden, 1984), 381-87; D. Walker, "Egypt's Liberal Arabism: The Contribution of Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyāt," Rocznik Orientalistyczny XLIX (1995): 61-98; D. Walker, "Egypt's Arabism: Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyāt: From Islam's Community to the Wide Pan-Arab Nation in the 1930s and 1940s," Studia Arabistycznei Islamistyczne 4 (1996): 28-71; Gershoni and Jankowski, Redefining, 63-64.
50. ⊃ād, Qimam Adabiyya (Cairo, 1966), 175-232; Muhammad Sayyid Muhammad, al-Zayyāt wa-al-Risāla (Riyadh, 1982); J. Brugman, An Introduction to the History of Modern Arabic Literature in Egypt (Leiden, 1984), 381-87; D. Walker, "Egypt's Liberal Arabism: The Contribution of Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyāt," Rocznik Orientalistyczny XLIX (1995): 61-98; D. Walker, "Egypt's Arabism: Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyāt: From Islam's Community to the Wide Pan-Arab Nation in the 1930s and 1940s," Studia Arabistycznei Islamistyczne 4 (1996): 28-71; Gershoni and Jankowski, Redefining, 63-64.
51. ⊃ād, Qimam Adabiyya (Cairo, 1966), 175-232; Muhammad Sayyid Muhammad, al-Zayyāt wa-al-Risāla (Riyadh, 1982); J. Brugman, An Introduction to the History of Modern Arabic Literature in Egypt (Leiden, 1984), 381-87; D. Walker, "Egypt's Liberal Arabism: The Contribution of Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyāt," Rocznik Orientalistyczny XLIX (1995): 61-98; D. Walker, "Egypt's Arabism: Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyāt: From Islam's Community to the Wide Pan-Arab Nation in the 1930s and 1940s," Studia Arabistycznei Islamistyczne 4 (1996): 28-71; Gershoni and Jankowski, Redefining, 63-64.
52. ⊃ād, Qimam Adabiyya (Cairo, 1966), 175-232; Muhammad Sayyid Muhammad, al-Zayyāt wa-al-Risāla (Riyadh, 1982); J. Brugman, An Introduction to the History of Modern Arabic Literature in Egypt (Leiden, 1984), 381-87; D. Walker, "Egypt's Liberal Arabism: The Contribution of Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyāt," Rocznik Orientalistyczny XLIX (1995): 61-98; D. Walker, "Egypt's Arabism: Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyāt: From Islam's Community to the Wide Pan-Arab Nation in the 1930s and 1940s," Studia Arabistycznei Islamistyczne 4 (1996): 28-71; Gershoni and Jankowski, Redefining, 63-64.
53. ⊃ād, Qimam Adabiyya (Cairo, 1966), 175-232; Muhammad Sayyid Muhammad, al-Zayyāt wa-al-Risāla (Riyadh, 1982); J. Brugman, An Introduction to the History of Modern Arabic Literature in Egypt (Leiden, 1984), 381-87; D. Walker, "Egypt's Liberal Arabism: The Contribution of Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyāt," Rocznik Orientalistyczny XLIX (1995): 61-98; D. Walker, "Egypt's Arabism: Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyāt: From Islam's Community to the Wide Pan-Arab Nation in the 1930s and 1940s," Studia Arabistycznei Islamistyczne 4 (1996): 28-71; Gershoni and Jankowski, Redefining, 63-64.
54. ⊃ād, Qimam Adabiyya (Cairo, 1966), 175-232; Muhammad Sayyid Muhammad, al-Zayyāt wa-al-Risāla (Riyadh, 1982); J. Brugman, An Introduction to the History of Modern Arabic Literature in Egypt (Leiden, 1984), 381-87; D. Walker, "Egypt's Liberal Arabism: The Contribution of Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyāt," Rocznik Orientalistyczny XLIX (1995): 61-98; D. Walker, "Egypt's Arabism: Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyāt: From Islam's Community to the Wide Pan-Arab Nation in the 1930s and 1940s," Studia Arabistycznei Islamistyczne 4 (1996): 28-71; Gershoni and Jankowski, Redefining, 63-64.
55. As the reader will find, Muhammad Husayn Haykal and Taha Husayn - the protagonists of both Safran's and Smith's interpretations - are not central in the discussion here, because, first, the two intellectuals have been discussed extensively in the existing literature, and we would like to highlight other intellectual voices; and second, although liberal expression on the part of Haykal and Husayn can be found in al-Risāla (see, e.g., the exchanges of letters between Taha Husayn and Haykal and between Taha Husayn and Tawfiq al-Hakim: RS, ,1 June 1933, 5-8, 33-39; RS, 15 June 1933, 5-9, 38-42), theirs are not the outstanding voices. Moreover, one should remember that in the first two years of al-Risāla's appearance, Taha Husayn served as co-editor of the journal with Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyat. Therefore, he played a central role in determining the liberal line of the weekly. See also note 24.
56. See the detailed lists of contributors: RS, 1 October 1934, 1613; RS, 8 April 1935, 522.
57. See the detailed lists of contributors: RS, 1 October 1934, 1613; RS, 8 April 1935, 522.
58. Muhammad, al-Zayyāt, 10-43, 199-221; Walker, "Egypt's Arabism," 28-37, 46-62.
59. Muhammad, al-Zayyāt, 10-43, 199-221; Walker, "Egypt's Arabism," 28-37, 46-62.
60. ⊃ād, Qimam, 177-78. See the list of al-Risālas Arab agents and agencies in nineteen major Arab cities throughout the Arab world: RS, 13 May 1935, 796. See also RS, 13 January 1936, 75-76.
61. ⊃ād, Qimam, 177-78. See the list of al-Risālas Arab agents and agencies in nineteen major Arab cities throughout the Arab world: RS, 13 May 1935, 796. See also RS, 13 January 1936, 75-76.
62. Muhammad, al-Zayyāt, 159-81; Walker, "Egypt's Liberal Arabism," 28-71; Gershoni and Jankowski, Redefining, 61-65.
63. Muhammad, al-Zayyāt, 159-81; Walker, "Egypt's Liberal Arabism," 28-71; Gershoni and Jankowski, Redefining, 61-65.
64. Muhammad, al-Zayyāt, 159-81; Walker, "Egypt's Liberal Arabism," 28-71; Gershoni and Jankowski, Redefining, 61-65.
65. Gershoni and Walker, Redefining, 61-65; Walker, "Egypt's Liberal Arabism," 61-98.
66. Gershoni and Walker, Redefining, 61-65; Walker, "Egypt's Liberal Arabism," 61-98.
67. ⊂d Wujhāt al-Tafkīr al-Hadīth," al-Hilāl, 1 February 1937, 361-66. By contrast, Salama Musa and his monthly al-Majalla al-Jadīda gave voice to a pro-Nazi line during the middle of the decade (1930s). But even this position was accompanied by an explicit rejection of Italian fascism. See Gershoni, Light in the Shade, chap. 2-3, and Vernon Egger, A Fabian in Egypt: Salamah Musa and the Rise of the Professional Classes in Egypt, 1909-1939 (New York, 1986), 194-203.
68. ⊂d Wujhāt al-Tafkīr al-Hadīth," al-Hilāl, 1 February 1937, 361-66. By contrast, Salama Musa and his monthly al-Majalla al-Jadīda gave voice to a pro-Nazi line during the middle of the decade (1930s). But even this position was accompanied by an explicit rejection of Italian fascism. See Gershoni, Light in the Shade, chap. 2-3, and Vernon Egger, A Fabian in Egypt: Salamah Musa and the Rise of the Professional Classes in Egypt, 1909-1939 (New York, 1986), 194-203.
69. ⊂d Wujhāt al-Tafkīr al-Hadīth," al-Hilāl, 1 February 1937, 361-66. By contrast, Salama Musa and his monthly al-Majalla al-Jadīda gave voice to a pro-Nazi line during the middle of the decade (1930s). But even this position was accompanied by an explicit rejection of Italian fascism. See Gershoni, Light in the Shade, chap. 2-3, and Vernon Egger, A Fabian in Egypt: Salamah Musa and the Rise of the Professional Classes in Egypt, 1909-1939 (New York, 1986), 194-203.
70. See, in detail, Gershoni, Light in the Shade, chap. 2-3. Al-Hilāl was another forum within which Muhammad Husayn Haykal and Taha Husayn expressed liberal positions in texts not related to islāmiyyāt; see for
71. ⊂d Wujhāt al-Tafkīr al-Hadīth," al-Hilāl, 1 February 1937, 361-66. By contrast, Salama Musa and his monthly al-Majalla al-Jadīda gave voice to a pro-Nazi line during the middle of the decade (1930s). But even this position was accompanied by an explicit rejection of Italian fascism. See Gershoni, Light in the Shade, chap. 2-3, and Vernon Egger, A Fabian in Egypt: Salamah Musa and the Rise of the Professional Classes in Egypt, 1909-1939 (New York, 1986), 194-203.
72. ⊂d Wujhāt al-Tafkīr al-Hadīth," al-Hilāl, 1 February 1937, 361-66. By contrast, Salama Musa and his monthly al-Majalla al-Jadīda gave voice to a pro-Nazi line during the middle of the decade (1930s). But even this position was accompanied by an explicit rejection of Italian fascism. See Gershoni, Light in the Shade, chap. 2-3, and Vernon Egger, A Fabian in Egypt: Salamah Musa and the Rise of the Professional Classes in Egypt, 1909-1939 (New York, 1986), 194-203.
73. ⊂ani al-Fāshistiyya," RS, 20 September 1937: 1554-55.
74. ⊂ani al-Fāshistiyya," RS, 20 September 1937: 1554-55.
75. ⊂ani al-Fāshistiyya," RS, 20 September 1937: 1554-55.
76. ⊂ani al-Fāshistiyya," RS, 20 September 1937: 1554-55.
77. ⊂ani al-Fāshistiyya," RS, 20 September 1937: 1554-55.
78. ⊃uhā al-Qawmiyya wa-al-Iqtisādiyya," RS, 21 May 1934, 849-51.
79. ⊂Āmma fī Urūbā wa-fī al-Sharq," RS, 4 May 1936, 726.
80. ⊂Asr al-Hādir," part 1, RS, 16 August 1937, 1334; part 2, RS, 23 August 1937, 1377-80. See also Hindawi's article, RS, 31 May 1937, 907-8.
81. ⊂Asr al-Hādir," part 1, RS, 16 August 1937, 1334; part 2, RS, 23 August 1937, 1377-80. See also Hindawi's article, RS, 31 May 1937, 907-8.
82. ⊂Asr al-Hādir," part 1, RS, 16 August 1937, 1334; part 2, RS, 23 August 1937, 1377-80. See also Hindawi's article, RS, 31 May 1937, 907-8.
83. ⊂Inān, "al-Fāshistiyya," 849.
84. ⊂Aqqād, "Min Dhikrayāt al-Harb al-Mādiyya," RS, 11 September 1939, 1768-69. Nājī al-Tantāwī, "Hitlar," RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85.
85. ⊂Aqqād, "Min Dhikrayāt al-Harb al-Mādiyya," RS, 11 September 1939, 1768-69. Nājī al-Tantāwī, "Hitlar," RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85.
86. ⊂Aqqād, "Min Dhikrayāt al-Harb al-Mādiyya," RS, 11 September 1939, 1768-69. Nājī al-Tantāwī, "Hitlar," RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85.
87. ⊂Aqqād, "Min Dhikrayāt al-Harb al-Mādiyya," RS, 11 September 1939, 1768-69. Nājī al-Tantāwī, "Hitlar," RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85.
88. ⊂Aqqād, "Min Dhikrayāt al-Harb al-Mādiyya," RS, 11 September 1939, 1768-69. Nājī al-Tantāwī, "Hitlar," RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85.
89. ⊂Aqqād, "Min Dhikrayāt al-Harb al-Mādiyya," RS, 11 September 1939, 1768-69. Nājī al-Tantāwī, "Hitlar," RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85.
90. ⊂Aqqād, "Min Dhikrayāt al-Harb al-Mādiyya," RS, 11 September 1939, 1768-69. Nājī al-Tantāwī, "Hitlar," RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85.
91. ⊂Aqqād, "Min Dhikrayāt al-Harb al-Mādiyya," RS, 11 September 1939, 1768-69. Nājī al-Tantāwī, "Hitlar," RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85.
92. ⊂Aqqād, "Min Dhikrayāt al-Harb al-Mādiyya," RS, 11 September 1939, 1768-69. Nājī al-Tantāwī, "Hitlar," RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85.
93. ⊂Aqqād, "Min Dhikrayāt al-Harb al-Mādiyya," RS, 11 September 1939, 1768-69. Nājī al-Tantāwī, "Hitlar," RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85.
94. ⊂Aqqād, "Min Dhikrayāt al-Harb al-Mādiyya," RS, 11 September 1939, 1768-69. Nājī al-Tantāwī, "Hitlar," RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85.
95. ⊂Aqqād, "Min Dhikrayāt al-Harb al-Mādiyya," RS, 11 September 1939, 1768-69. Nājī al-Tantāwī, "Hitlar," RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85.
96. ⊂Aqqād, "Min Dhikrayāt al-Harb al-Mādiyya," RS, 11 September 1939, 1768-69. Nājī al-Tantāwī, "Hitlar," RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85.
97. ⊂Inān, "al-Fāshistiyya," 849.
98. Sanhūrī, "al-Nahdāt," 725-26. A similar view has recently been put forward in a scholarly work by Z. Sternhell, Neither Right nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France (Princeton, N.J., 1996).
99. Sanhūrī, "al-Nahdāt," 725-26. A similar view has recently been put forward in a scholarly work by Z. Sternhell, Neither Right nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France (Princeton, N.J., 1996).
100. ⊂rakat al-Fāshistiyya wa-al-Dīmūqrātiyya," RS, 27 December 1937, 2118-19.
101. ⊂rakat al-Fāshistiyya wa-al-Dīmūqrātiyya," RS, 27 December 1937, 2118-19.
102. ⊂rakat al-Fāshistiyya wa-al-Dīmūqrātiyya," RS, 27 December 1937, 2118-19.
103. ⊂rakat al-Fāshistiyya wa-al-Dīmūqrātiyya," RS, 27 December 1937, 2118-19.
104. ⊂rakat al-Fāshistiyya wa-al-Dīmūqrātiyya," RS, 27 December 1937, 2118-19.
105. ⊂Arabi wa-al-Injlīzī," RS, 7 December 1936, 1990-93.
106. ⊂Arabi wa-al-Injlīzī," RS, 7 December 1936, 1990-93.
107. ⊂Arabi wa-al-Injlīzī," RS, 7 December 1936, 1990-93.
108. Sanhūrī, "al-Nahdāt," 726.
109. ⊂ma fī al-Nāziyya," RS, 18 September 1939, 1825.
110. ⊂Asr al-Hadith fī al-Khulq al-Siyāsi," RS, 16 January 1939, 108-10, and F. Gilbert, "Machiavellism," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas, ed. P. P. Wiener, vol. 3 (New York, 1973), 116-26.
111. ⊂Asr al-Hadith fī al-Khulq al-Siyāsi," RS, 16 January 1939, 108-10, and F. Gilbert, "Machiavellism," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas, ed. P. P. Wiener, vol. 3 (New York, 1973), 116-26.
112. ⊂Asr al-Hadith fī al-Khulq al-Siyāsi," RS, 16 January 1939, 108-10, and F. Gilbert, "Machiavellism," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas, ed. P. P. Wiener, vol. 3 (New York, 1973), 116-26.
113. ⊃sāh al-Fāshistiyya," RS, 11 November 1935, 1809-11; Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyāt, "Hawla al-Dīmūqrātiyya," RS, 26 April 1937, 681-82; idem, "Hawla al-Dīmūqrātiyya Aydan," RS, 3 May 1937, 721-22; RS, 13 May 1935, 797-98;
114. ⊃sāh al-Fāshistiyya," RS, 11 November 1935, 1809-11; Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyāt, "Hawla al-Dīmūqrātiyya," RS, 26 April 1937, 681-82; idem, "Hawla al-Dīmūqrātiyya Aydan," RS, 3 May 1937, 721-22; RS, 13 May 1935, 797-98;
115. ⊃sāh al-Fāshistiyya," RS, 11 November 1935, 1809-11; Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyāt, "Hawla al-Dīmūqrātiyya," RS, 26 April 1937, 681-82; idem, "Hawla al-Dīmūqrātiyya Aydan," RS, 3 May 1937, 721-22; RS, 13 May 1935, 797-98;
116. ⊃sāh al-Fāshistiyya," RS, 11 November 1935, 1809-11; Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyāt, "Hawla al-Dīmūqrātiyya," RS, 26 April 1937, 681-82; idem, "Hawla al-Dīmūqrātiyya Aydan," RS, 3 May 1937, 721-22; RS, 13 May 1935, 797-98;
117. ⊃sāh al-Fāshistiyya," RS, 11 November 1935, 1809-11; Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyāt, "Hawla al-Dīmūqrātiyya," RS, 26 April 1937, 681-82; idem, "Hawla al-Dīmūqrātiyya Aydan," RS, 3 May 1937, 721-22; RS, 13 May 1935, 797-98;
118. ⊃sāh al-Fāshistiyya," RS, 11 November 1935, 1809-11; Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyāt, "Hawla al-Dīmūqrātiyya," RS, 26 April 1937, 681-82; idem, "Hawla al-Dīmūqrātiyya Aydan," RS, 3 May 1937, 721-22; RS, 13 May 1935, 797-98;
119. RS, 20 July 1936:1 1196; Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyāt, "Hadhā Rajul! . . . ," RS, 1 May 1939, 847-48.
120. RS, 20 July 1936:1 1196; Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyāt, "Hadhā Rajul! . . . ," RS, 1 May 1939, 847-48.
121. ⊂Inān, "al-Fāshistiyya," 851.
122. ⊂Aqqād, "Ayna al-Kultūr?" RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; "Hitlar wa-al-Hitlariyya," RS, 25 December 1939, 2359. Regarding the Frankfurt School, see, for example, M. Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute for Social Research 1923-1950 (London, 1973); Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance, trans. M. Robertson (Cambridge, 1994).
123. ⊂Aqqād, "Ayna al-Kultūr?" RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; "Hitlar wa-al-Hitlariyya," RS, 25 December 1939, 2359. Regarding the Frankfurt School, see, for example, M. Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute for Social Research 1923-1950 (London, 1973); Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance, trans. M. Robertson (Cambridge, 1994).
124. ⊂Aqqād, "Ayna al-Kultūr?" RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; "Hitlar wa-al-Hitlariyya," RS, 25 December 1939, 2359. Regarding the Frankfurt School, see, for example, M. Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute for Social Research 1923-1950 (London, 1973); Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance, trans. M. Robertson (Cambridge, 1994).
125. ⊂Aqqād, "Ayna al-Kultūr?" RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; "Hitlar wa-al-Hitlariyya," RS, 25 December 1939, 2359. Regarding the Frankfurt School, see, for example, M. Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute for Social Research 1923-1950 (London, 1973); Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance, trans. M. Robertson (Cambridge, 1994).
126. ⊂Aqqād, "Ayna al-Kultūr?" RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; "Hitlar wa-al-Hitlariyya," RS, 25 December 1939, 2359. Regarding the Frankfurt School, see, for example, M. Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute for Social Research 1923-1950 (London, 1973); Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance, trans. M. Robertson (Cambridge, 1994).
127. ⊂Aqqād, "Ayna al-Kultūr?" RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; "Hitlar wa-al-Hitlariyya," RS, 25 December 1939, 2359. Regarding the Frankfurt School, see, for example, M. Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute for Social Research 1923-1950 (London, 1973); Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance, trans. M. Robertson (Cambridge, 1994).
128. ⊂Aqqād, "Ayna al-Kultūr?" RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; "Hitlar wa-al-Hitlariyya," RS, 25 December 1939, 2359. Regarding the Frankfurt School, see, for example, M. Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute for Social Research 1923-1950 (London, 1973); Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance, trans. M. Robertson (Cambridge, 1994).
129. ⊂Aqqād, "Ayna al-Kultūr?" RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; "Hitlar wa-al-Hitlariyya," RS, 25 December 1939, 2359. Regarding the Frankfurt School, see, for example, M. Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute for Social Research 1923-1950 (London, 1973); Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance, trans. M. Robertson (Cambridge, 1994).
130. ⊂Aqqād, "Ayna al-Kultūr?" RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; "Hitlar wa-al-Hitlariyya," RS, 25 December 1939, 2359. Regarding the Frankfurt School, see, for example, M. Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute for Social Research 1923-1950 (London, 1973); Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance, trans. M. Robertson (Cambridge, 1994).
131. ⊂Aqqād, "Ayna al-Kultūr?" RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; "Hitlar wa-al-Hitlariyya," RS, 25 December 1939, 2359. Regarding the Frankfurt School, see, for example, M. Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute for Social Research 1923-1950 (London, 1973); Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance, trans. M. Robertson (Cambridge, 1994).
132. ⊂Aqqād, "Ayna al-Kultūr?" RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; "Hitlar wa-al-Hitlariyya," RS, 25 December 1939, 2359. Regarding the Frankfurt School, see, for example, M. Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute for Social Research 1923-1950 (London, 1973); Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance, trans. M. Robertson (Cambridge, 1994).
133. ⊂bād al-Fikr," RS, 2 November 1936, 1816; "Nazariyyāt Jadīda
134. ⊂Aqqād, "Ayna al-Kultūr?" RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; "Hitlar wa-al-Hitlariyya," RS, 25 December 1939, 2359. Regarding the Frankfurt School, see, for example, M. Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute for Social Research 1923-1950 (London, 1973); Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance, trans. M. Robertson (Cambridge, 1994).
135. ⊂Aqqād, "Ayna al-Kultūr?" RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; "Hitlar wa-al-Hitlariyya," RS, 25 December 1939, 2359. Regarding the Frankfurt School, see, for example, M. Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute for Social Research 1923-1950 (London, 1973); Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance, trans. M. Robertson (Cambridge, 1994).
136. ⊂Aqqād, "Ayna al-Kultūr?" RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; "Hitlar wa-al-Hitlariyya," RS, 25 December 1939, 2359. Regarding the Frankfurt School, see, for example, M. Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute for Social Research 1923-1950 (London, 1973); Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance, trans. M. Robertson (Cambridge, 1994).
137. ⊂Aqqād, "Ayna al-Kultūr?" RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; "Hitlar wa-al-Hitlariyya," RS, 25 December 1939, 2359. Regarding the Frankfurt School, see, for example, M. Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute for Social Research 1923-1950 (London, 1973); Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance, trans. M. Robertson (Cambridge, 1994).
138. ⊂Aqqād, "Ayna al-Kultūr?" RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; "Hitlar wa-al-Hitlariyya," RS, 25 December 1939, 2359. Regarding the Frankfurt School, see, for example, M. Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute for Social Research 1923-1950 (London, 1973); Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance, trans. M. Robertson (Cambridge, 1994).
139. ⊂Inān, "Azmat al-Dīmūqrātiyya," 529-30.
140. ⊂Inān, "al-Fāshistiyya," 850-51; idem, "Zafar al-Makyāfīliyya," 167-69.
141. ⊂Inān, "al-Fāshistiyya," 850-51; idem, "Zafar al-Makyāfīliyya," 167-69.
142. ⊂Inān, "al-Fāshistiyya," 850-51; idem, "Zafar al-Makyāfīliyya," 167-69.
143. Amīn, "Fann al-Hukm," 1443. See also articles by Ahmad Amīn, RS, 2 July 1934, 1083-84; RS, 1 October 1934, 1603-4.
144. Amīn, "Fann al-Hukm," 1443. See also articles by Ahmad Amīn, RS, 2 July 1934, 1083-84; RS, 1 October 1934, 1603-4.
145. Amīn, "Fann al-Hukm," 1443. See also articles by Ahmad Amīn, RS, 2 July 1934, 1083-84; RS, 1 October 1934, 1603-4.
146. ⊃rikh," RS, 10 September 1934, 1481-82, quotation from p. 1481. For a detailed treatment, see Gershoni, Light in the Shade, chap. 2.
147. ⊃rikh," RS, 10 September 1934, 1481-82, quotation from p. 1481. For a detailed treatment, see Gershoni, Light in the Shade, chap. 2.
148. ⊂Inān, "Azmat al-Kuttāb," 1287.
149. ⊂Aqqād, "Islāh al-Sihāfa," 1923.
150. ⊂Aqqād, "Islāh al-Sihāfa," 1923.
151. ⊂bād al-Fikr," RS, 2 November 1936, 1816.
152. "Nazariyāt Jadīda fî al-Fann wa-al-Naqd," RS, 21 December 1936, 2095.
153. "Al-Adab al-Almānī fī al-Manfa," RS, 23 March 1936, 479-80. See also "Mihnat al-Sihāfa al-Almāniyya fī Zill al-Irhāb al-Hitlarī," RS, 11 November 1935, 1797-98.
154. "Al-Adab al-Almānī fī al-Manfa," RS, 23 March 1936, 479-80. See also "Mihnat al-Sihāfa al-Almāniyya fī Zill al-Irhāb al-Hitlarī," RS, 11 November 1935, 1797-98.
155. ⊂āya fī Almāniyyā," RS, 15 May 1939, 983.
156. ⊂āya fī Almāniyyā," RS, 15 May 1939, 983.
157. ⊂āya fī Almāniyyā," RS, 15 May 1939, 983.
158. ⊂āya fī Almāniyyā," RS, 15 May 1939, 983.
159. ⊂āya fī Almāniyyā," RS, 15 May 1939, 983.
160. ⊂āya fī Almāniyyā," RS, 15 May 1939, 983.
161. ⊂āya fī Almāniyyā," RS, 15 May 1939, 983.
162. ⊂āya fī Almāniyyā," RS, 15 May 1939, 983.
163. ⊂āya fī Almāniyyā," RS, 15 May 1939, 983.
164. ⊂āya fī Almāniyyā," RS, 15 May 1939, 983.
165. ⊂Asr al-Nāzī," RS, 28 September 1936, 1597-98.
166. ⊂Asr al-Nāzī," RS, 28 September 1936, 1597-98.
167. ⊂Azīma," 809-12.
168. ⊂Azīma," 809-12.
169. ⊂Azīma," 809-12.
170. Sanhūrī, "al-Nahdāt," 725.
171. ⊂ bayna al-Tughyān wa-al-Dīmūqrātiyya," 1888.
172. ⊂Unsuriyya," RS, 29 January 1934, 191.
173. ⊂Aqīdat al-Nāzī al-Dīniyya," RS, 27 November 1939, 2188-90.
174. ⊂Aqīdat al-Nāzī al-Dīniyya," RS, 27 November 1939, 2188-90.
175. ⊂Aqīdat al-Nāzī al-Dīniyya," RS, 27 November 1939, 2188-90.
176. ⊂Aqīdat al-Nāzī al-Dīniyya," RS, 27 November 1939, 2188-90.
177. ⊂Aqīdat al-Nāzī al-Dīniyya," RS, 27 November 1939, 2188-90.
178. ⊂Aqīdat al-Nāzī al-Dīniyya," RS, 27 November 1939, 2188-90.
179. ⊂Aqīdat al-Nāzī al-Dīniyya," RS, 27 November 1939, 2188-90.
180. ⊂Aqīdat al-Nāzī al-Dīniyya," RS, 27 November 1939, 2188-90.
181. ⊂Aqīdat al-Nāzī al-Dīniyya," RS, 27 November 1939, 2188-90.
182. ⊂Aqīdat al-Nāzī al-Dīniyya," RS, 27 November 1939, 2188-90.
183. ⊂Aqīdat al-Nāzī al-Dīniyya," RS, 27 November 1939, 2188-90.
184. ⊂Aqīdat al-Nāzī al-Dīniyya," RS, 27 November 1939, 2188-90.
185. ⊂Aqīdat al-Nāzī al-Dīniyya," RS, 27 November 1939, 2188-90.
186. ⊂Arab!" RS, 1 October 1933, 3-4.
187. ⊂Unsuriyya," 191-94.
188. ⊂Ilm al-Ajnās," 283-84.
189. ⊂Āma fī al-Nāziyya," 1825-27.
190. ⊂assub al-Jinsī," RS, 27 January 1936, 126-28.
191. ⊂assub al-Jinsī," RS, 27 January 1936, 126-28.
192. ⊂assub al-Jinsī," RS, 27 January 1936, 126-28.
193. ⊂assub al-Jinsī," RS, 27 January 1936, 126-28.
194. ⊂assub al-Jinsī," RS, 27 January 1936, 126-28.
195. ⊂assub al-Jinsī," RS, 27 January 1936, 126-28.
196. ⊂assub al-Jinsī," RS, 27 January 1936, 126-28.
197. ⊂Inān's early series of essays on German national socialism, which were written on the occasion of the first anniversary of Hitler's rise to power and were titled "al-Haraka al-Watanyya
198. ⊂assub al-Jinsī," RS, 27 January 1936, 126-28.
199. ⊂assub al-Jinsī," RS, 27 January 1936, 126-28.
200. ⊂assub al-Jinsī," 127.
201. ⊂assub al-Jinsī," 127.
202. ⊂assub al-Jinsī," 127.
203. ⊂assub al-Jinsī," 127.
204. Idem, "al-Haraka al-Wataniyya al-Ishtirākiyya al-Almāniyyā," part 3, 14-15.
205. For a detailed analysis of the Nuremberg Laws and their impact on German-Jewish relations in the Third Reich, see S. Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews: The Years of Persecution 1933-1939 (London, 1997), in particular 113-73.
206. "Nazariyyāt al-Jins wa-al-Dam fī Almāniyyā," RS, 26 August 1935, 1398. See also "al-Tibb wa-al-Haraka al-Hitlariyya," RS, 12 October 1936, 1677-78.
207. "Nazariyyāt al-Jins wa-al-Dam fī Almāniyyā," RS, 26 August 1935, 1398. See also "al-Tibb wa-al-Haraka al-Hitlariyya," RS, 12 October 1936, 1677-78.
208. ⊂Unsuriyya fī Almāniyi," RS, 9 November 1936, 1856. See also RS, 3 February 1936, 195.
209. ⊂Unsuriyya fī Almāniyi," RS, 9 November 1936, 1856. See also RS, 3 February 1936, 195.
210. ⊂qīm," RS, 4 September 1939, 1756.
211. "Jīl Namūdhajī fī Almāniyyā al-Hitlariyya," RS, 8 March 1937, 395. See also "Tatawwur Nuzum al-Tarbiya al-Almāniyyā," RS, 4 May 1936, 755-56; RS, 14 September 1936, 1517; RS, 3 October 1938, 1635-36; RS, 25 September 1939, 1877-78.
212. "Jīl Namūdhajī fī Almāniyyā al-Hitlariyya," RS, 8 March 1937, 395. See also "Tatawwur Nuzum al-Tarbiya al-Almāniyyā," RS, 4 May 1936, 755-56; RS, 14 September 1936, 1517; RS, 3 October 1938, 1635-36; RS, 25 September 1939, 1877-78.
213. "Jīl Namūdhajī fī Almāniyyā al-Hitlariyya," RS, 8 March 1937, 395. See also "Tatawwur Nuzum al-Tarbiya al-Almāniyyā," RS, 4 May 1936, 755-56; RS, 14 September 1936, 1517; RS, 3 October 1938, 1635-36; RS, 25 September 1939, 1877-78.
214. "Jīl Namūdhajī fī Almāniyyā al-Hitlariyya," RS, 8 March 1937, 395. See also "Tatawwur Nuzum al-Tarbiya al-Almāniyyā," RS, 4 May 1936, 755-56; RS, 14 September 1936, 1517; RS, 3 October 1938, 1635-36; RS, 25 September 1939, 1877-78.
215. "Jīl Namūdhajī fī Almāniyyā al-Hitlariyya," RS, 8 March 1937, 395. See also "Tatawwur Nuzum al-Tarbiya al-Almāniyyā," RS, 4 May 1936, 755-56; RS, 14 September 1936, 1517; RS, 3 October 1938, 1635-36; RS, 25 September 1939, 1877-78.
216. "Nazariyyāt al-Jins wa-al-Dam," RS, 26 August 1935, 1398.
217. ⊃alat al-Ajnās," RS, 10 August 1936, 1317.
218. "Nazariyyāt al-Jins wa-al-Sulāla," RS, 18 November 1935, 1878. See also J. Huxley and A. Haddon, We Europeans: A Survey of "Racial" Problems (London, 1935).
219. "Nazariyyāt al-Jins wa-al-Sulāla," RS, 18 November 1935, 1878. See also J. Huxley and A. Haddon, We Europeans: A Survey of "Racial" Problems (London, 1935).
220. ⊂āya al-Nāziyya," RS, 10 April 1939, 746; RS, 28 August 1939, 1707-8.
221. ⊂āya al-Nāziyya," RS, 10 April 1939, 746; RS, 28 August 1939, 1707-8.
222. ⊂āya al-Nāziyya," RS, 10 April 1939, 746; RS, 28 August 1939, 1707-8.
223. ⊂āya al-Nāziyya," RS, 10 April 1939, 746; RS, 28 August 1939, 1707-8.
224. ⊂āya al-Nāziyya," RS, 10 April 1939, 746; RS, 28 August 1939, 1707-8.
225. ⊂āya al-Nāziyya," RS, 10 April 1939, 746; RS, 28 August 1939, 1707-8.
226. ⊂āya al-Nāziyya," RS, 10 April 1939, 746; RS, 28 August 1939, 1707-8.
227. ⊂āya al-Nāziyya," RS, 10 April 1939, 746; RS, 28 August 1939, 1707-8.
228. ⊂āya al-Nāziyya," RS, 10 April 1939, 746; RS, 28 August 1939, 1707-8.
229. ⊂āya al-Nāziyya," RS, 10 April 1939, 746; RS, 28 August 1939, 1707-8.
230. ⊂āya al-Nāziyya," RS, 10 April 1939, 746; RS, 28 August 1939, 1707-8.
231. "Taqdīr Shīfa Almāniyya li-Umma Sāmiyya," RS, 14 June 1937, 996.
232. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 6 September 1937, 1444-45.
233. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 6 September 1937, 1444-45.
234. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 6 September 1937, 1444-45.
235. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 6 September 1937, 1444-45.
236. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 6 September 1937, 1444-45.
237. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 6 September 1937, 1444-45.
238. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 6 September 1937, 1444-45.
239. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 6 September 1937, 1444-45.
240. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 6 September 1937, 1444-45.
241. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 6 September 1937, 1444-45.
242. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 6 September 1937, 1444-45.
243. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 6 September 1937, 1444-45.
244. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 6 September 1937, 1444-45.
245. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 6 September 1937, 1444-45.
246. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 6 September 1937, 1444-45.
247. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 6 September 1937, 1444-45.
248. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 6 September 1937, 1444-45.
249. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 6 September 1937, 1444-45.
250. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 6 September 1937, 1444-45.
251. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 6 September 1937, 1444-45.
252. ⊂Inān, RS, 24 December 1934, 2088-91; RS, 7 January 1935, 6-9; RS, 21 October 1935, 1728-30; RS, 11 November 1935, 1809-11; RS, 6 January 1936, 7-9; RS, 11 May 1936, 767-69; RS, 1 June 1936, 887-89; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 6 December 1937, 1965-67.
253. ⊂Inān, RS, 24 December 1934, 2088-91; RS, 7 January 1935, 6-9; RS, 21 October 1935, 1728-30; RS, 11 November 1935, 1809-11; RS, 6 January 1936, 7-9; RS, 11 May 1936, 767-69; RS, 1 June 1936, 887-89; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 6 December 1937, 1965-67.
254. ⊂Inān, RS, 24 December 1934, 2088-91; RS, 7 January 1935, 6-9; RS, 21 October 1935, 1728-30; RS, 11 November 1935, 1809-11; RS, 6 January 1936, 7-9; RS, 11 May 1936, 767-69; RS, 1 June 1936, 887-89; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 6 December 1937, 1965-67.
255. ⊂Inān, RS, 24 December 1934, 2088-91; RS, 7 January 1935, 6-9; RS, 21 October 1935, 1728-30; RS, 11 November 1935, 1809-11; RS, 6 January 1936, 7-9; RS, 11 May 1936, 767-69; RS, 1 June 1936, 887-89; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 6 December 1937, 1965-67.
256. ⊂Inān, RS, 24 December 1934, 2088-91; RS, 7 January 1935, 6-9; RS, 21 October 1935, 1728-30; RS, 11 November 1935, 1809-11; RS, 6 January 1936, 7-9; RS, 11 May 1936, 767-69; RS, 1 June 1936, 887-89; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 6 December 1937, 1965-67.
257. ⊂Inān, RS, 24 December 1934, 2088-91; RS, 7 January 1935, 6-9; RS, 21 October 1935, 1728-30; RS, 11 November 1935, 1809-11; RS, 6 January 1936, 7-9; RS, 11 May 1936, 767-69; RS, 1 June 1936, 887-89; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 6 December 1937, 1965-67.
258. ⊂Inān, RS, 24 December 1934, 2088-91; RS, 7 January 1935, 6-9; RS, 21 October 1935, 1728-30; RS, 11 November 1935, 1809-11; RS, 6 January 1936, 7-9; RS, 11 May 1936, 767-69; RS, 1 June 1936, 887-89; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 6 December 1937, 1965-67.
259. ⊂Inān, RS, 24 December 1934, 2088-91; RS, 7 January 1935, 6-9; RS, 21 October 1935, 1728-30; RS, 11 November 1935, 1809-11; RS, 6 January 1936, 7-9; RS, 11 May 1936, 767-69; RS, 1 June 1936, 887-89; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 6 December 1937, 1965-67.
260. ⊂Inān, RS, 24 December 1934, 2088-91; RS, 7 January 1935, 6-9; RS, 21 October 1935, 1728-30; RS, 11 November 1935, 1809-11; RS, 6 January 1936, 7-9; RS, 11 May 1936, 767-69; RS, 1 June 1936, 887-89; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 6 December 1937, 1965-67.
261. ⊂Inān, RS, 24 December 1934, 2088-91; RS, 7 January 1935, 6-9; RS, 21 October 1935, 1728-30; RS, 11 November 1935, 1809-11; RS, 6 January 1936, 7-9; RS, 11 May 1936, 767-69; RS, 1 June 1936, 887-89; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 6 December 1937, 1965-67.
262. ⊂Inān, RS, 24 December 1934, 2088-91; RS, 7 January 1935, 6-9; RS, 21 October 1935, 1728-30; RS, 11 November 1935, 1809-11; RS, 6 January 1936, 7-9; RS, 11 May 1936, 767-69; RS, 1 June 1936, 887-89; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 6 December 1937, 1965-67.
263. ⊂Inān, RS, 24 December 1934, 2088-91; RS, 7 January 1935, 6-9; RS, 21 October 1935, 1728-30; RS, 11 November 1935, 1809-11; RS, 6 January 1936, 7-9; RS, 11 May 1936, 767-69; RS, 1 June 1936, 887-89; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 6 December 1937, 1965-67.
264. ⊂Inān, RS, 24 December 1934, 2088-91; RS, 7 January 1935, 6-9; RS, 21 October 1935, 1728-30; RS, 11 November 1935, 1809-11; RS, 6 January 1936, 7-9; RS, 11 May 1936, 767-69; RS, 1 June 1936, 887-89; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 6 December 1937, 1965-67.
265. ⊂Inān, RS, 24 December 1934, 2088-91; RS, 7 January 1935, 6-9; RS, 21 October 1935, 1728-30; RS, 11 November 1935, 1809-11; RS, 6 January 1936, 7-9; RS, 11 May 1936, 767-69; RS, 1 June 1936, 887-89; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 6 December 1937, 1965-67.
266. ⊂Inān, RS, 24 December 1934, 2088-91; RS, 7 January 1935, 6-9; RS, 21 October 1935, 1728-30; RS, 11 November 1935, 1809-11; RS, 6 January 1936, 7-9; RS, 11 May 1936, 767-69; RS, 1 June 1936, 887-89; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 6 December 1937, 1965-67.
267. ⊂Inān, RS, 24 December 1934, 2088-91; RS, 7 January 1935, 6-9; RS, 21 October 1935, 1728-30; RS, 11 November 1935, 1809-11; RS, 6 January 1936, 7-9; RS, 11 May 1936, 767-69; RS, 1 June 1936, 887-89; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 6 December 1937, 1965-67.
268. ⊂Inān, RS, 24 December 1934, 2088-91; RS, 7 January 1935, 6-9; RS, 21 October 1935, 1728-30; RS, 11 November 1935, 1809-11; RS, 6 January 1936, 7-9; RS, 11 May 1936, 767-69; RS, 1 June 1936, 887-89; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 6 December 1937, 1965-67.
269. ⊂Inān, RS, 16 April 1934, 608-11; RS, 30 April 1934, 726-29; RS, 13 July 1936, 1127-29; RS, 24 August 1936, 1365-67; RS, 9 November 1936, 1833-35; RS, 7 December 1936, 1985-88; RS, 18 January 1937, 87-89; RS, 5 April 1937, 605-7; RS, 31 May 1937, 888-91; RS, 7 June 1937, 927-30; RS, 21 June 1937, 1010-12.
270. ⊂Inān, RS, 16 April 1934, 608-11; RS, 30 April 1934, 726-29; RS, 13 July 1936, 1127-29; RS, 24 August 1936, 1365-67; RS, 9 November 1936, 1833-35; RS, 7 December 1936, 1985-88; RS, 18 January 1937, 87-89; RS, 5 April 1937, 605-7; RS, 31 May 1937, 888-91; RS, 7 June 1937, 927-30; RS, 21 June 1937, 1010-12.
271. ⊂Inān, RS, 16 April 1934, 608-11; RS, 30 April 1934, 726-29; RS, 13 July 1936, 1127-29; RS, 24 August 1936, 1365-67; RS, 9 November 1936, 1833-35; RS, 7 December 1936, 1985-88; RS, 18 January 1937, 87-89; RS, 5 April 1937, 605-7; RS, 31 May 1937, 888-91; RS, 7 June 1937, 927-30; RS, 21 June 1937, 1010-12.
272. ⊂Inān, RS, 16 April 1934, 608-11; RS, 30 April 1934, 726-29; RS, 13 July 1936, 1127-29; RS, 24 August 1936, 1365-67; RS, 9 November 1936, 1833-35; RS, 7 December 1936, 1985-88; RS, 18 January 1937, 87-89; RS, 5 April 1937, 605-7; RS, 31 May 1937, 888-91; RS, 7 June 1937, 927-30; RS, 21 June 1937, 1010-12.
273. ⊂Inān, RS, 16 April 1934, 608-11; RS, 30 April 1934, 726-29; RS, 13 July 1936, 1127-29; RS, 24 August 1936, 1365-67; RS, 9 November 1936, 1833-35; RS, 7 December 1936, 1985-88; RS, 18 January 1937, 87-89; RS, 5 April 1937, 605-7; RS, 31 May 1937, 888-91; RS, 7 June 1937, 927-30; RS, 21 June 1937, 1010-12.
274. ⊂Inān, RS, 16 April 1934, 608-11; RS, 30 April 1934, 726-29; RS, 13 July 1936, 1127-29; RS, 24 August 1936, 1365-67; RS, 9 November 1936, 1833-35; RS, 7 December 1936, 1985-88; RS, 18 January 1937, 87-89; RS, 5 April 1937, 605-7; RS, 31 May 1937, 888-91; RS, 7 June 1937, 927-30; RS, 21 June 1937, 1010-12.
275. ⊂Inān, RS, 16 April 1934, 608-11; RS, 30 April 1934, 726-29; RS, 13 July 1936, 1127-29; RS, 24 August 1936, 1365-67; RS, 9 November 1936, 1833-35; RS, 7 December 1936, 1985-88; RS, 18 January 1937, 87-89; RS, 5 April 1937, 605-7; RS, 31 May 1937, 888-91; RS, 7 June 1937, 927-30; RS, 21 June 1937, 1010-12.
276. ⊂Inān, RS, 16 April 1934, 608-11; RS, 30 April 1934, 726-29; RS, 13 July 1936, 1127-29; RS, 24 August 1936, 1365-67; RS, 9 November 1936, 1833-35; RS, 7 December 1936, 1985-88; RS, 18 January 1937, 87-89; RS, 5 April 1937, 605-7; RS, 31 May 1937, 888-91; RS, 7 June 1937, 927-30; RS, 21 June 1937, 1010-12.
277. ⊂Inān, RS, 16 April 1934, 608-11; RS, 30 April 1934, 726-29; RS, 13 July 1936, 1127-29; RS, 24 August 1936, 1365-67; RS, 9 November 1936, 1833-35; RS, 7 December 1936, 1985-88; RS, 18 January 1937, 87-89; RS, 5 April 1937, 605-7; RS, 31 May 1937, 888-91; RS, 7 June 1937, 927-30; RS, 21 June 1937, 1010-12.
278. ⊂Inān, RS, 16 April 1934, 608-11; RS, 30 April 1934, 726-29; RS, 13 July 1936, 1127-29; RS, 24 August 1936, 1365-67; RS, 9 November 1936, 1833-35; RS, 7 December 1936, 1985-88; RS, 18 January 1937, 87-89; RS, 5 April 1937, 605-7; RS, 31 May 1937, 888-91; RS, 7 June 1937, 927-30; RS, 21 June 1937, 1010-12.
279. ⊂Inān, RS, 16 April 1934, 608-11; RS, 30 April 1934, 726-29; RS, 13 July 1936, 1127-29; RS, 24 August 1936, 1365-67; RS, 9 November 1936, 1833-35; RS, 7 December 1936, 1985-88; RS, 18 January 1937, 87-89; RS, 5 April 1937, 605-7; RS, 31 May 1937, 888-91; RS, 7 June 1937, 927-30; RS, 21 June 1937, 1010-12.
280. ⊂Inān in RS, 13 July 1936, 1127-29; RS, 24 August 1936, 1365-67; RS, 9 November 1936, 1833-35; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 10 May 1937, 770-72; RS, 8 November 1937, 1804-6; RS, 31 January 1938, 167-69.
281. ⊂Inān in RS, 13 July 1936, 1127-29; RS, 24 August 1936, 1365-67; RS, 9 November 1936, 1833-35; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 10 May 1937, 770-72; RS, 8 November 1937, 1804-6; RS, 31 January 1938, 167-69.
282. ⊂Inān in RS, 13 July 1936, 1127-29; RS, 24 August 1936, 1365-67; RS, 9 November 1936, 1833-35; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 10 May 1937, 770-72; RS, 8 November 1937, 1804-6; RS, 31 January 1938, 167-69.
283. ⊂Inān in RS, 13 July 1936, 1127-29; RS, 24 August 1936, 1365-67; RS, 9 November 1936, 1833-35; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 10 May 1937, 770-72; RS, 8 November 1937, 1804-6; RS, 31 January 1938, 167-69.
284. ⊂Inān in RS, 13 July 1936, 1127-29; RS, 24 August 1936, 1365-67; RS, 9 November 1936, 1833-35; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 10 May 1937, 770-72; RS, 8 November 1937, 1804-6; RS, 31 January 1938, 167-69.
285. ⊂Inān in RS, 13 July 1936, 1127-29; RS, 24 August 1936, 1365-67; RS, 9 November 1936, 1833-35; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 10 May 1937, 770-72; RS, 8 November 1937, 1804-6; RS, 31 January 1938, 167-69.
286. ⊂Inān in RS, 13 July 1936, 1127-29; RS, 24 August 1936, 1365-67; RS, 9 November 1936, 1833-35; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 10 May 1937, 770-72; RS, 8 November 1937, 1804-6; RS, 31 January 1938, 167-69.
287. ⊂Inān in RS, 13 July 1936, 1127-29; RS, 24 August 1936, 1365-67; RS, 9 November 1936, 1833-35; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 10 May 1937, 770-72; RS, 8 November 1937, 1804-6; RS, 31 January 1938, 167-69.
288. ⊂Inān in RS, 13 July 1936, 1127-29; RS, 24 August 1936, 1365-67; RS, 9 November 1936, 1833-35; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 10 May 1937, 770-72; RS, 8 November 1937, 1804-6; RS, 31 January 1938, 167-69.
289. ⊂Inān in RS, 13 July 1936, 1127-29; RS, 24 August 1936, 1365-67; RS, 9 November 1936, 1833-35; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 10 May 1937, 770-72; RS, 8 November 1937, 1804-6; RS, 31 January 1938, 167-69.
290. ⊂Inān in RS, 13 July 1936, 1127-29; RS, 24 August 1936, 1365-67; RS, 9 November 1936, 1833-35; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 10 May 1937, 770-72; RS, 8 November 1937, 1804-6; RS, 31 January 1938, 167-69.
291. ⊂Inān in RS, 13 July 1936, 1127-29; RS, 24 August 1936, 1365-67; RS, 9 November 1936, 1833-35; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 10 May 1937, 770-72; RS, 8 November 1937, 1804-6; RS, 31 January 1938, 167-69.
292. ⊂Inān in RS, 13 July 1936, 1127-29; RS, 24 August 1936, 1365-67; RS, 9 November 1936, 1833-35; RS, 23 November 1936, 1910-13; RS, 10 May 1937, 770-72; RS, 8 November 1937, 1804-6; RS, 31 January 1938, 167-69.
293. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
294. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by
295. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
296. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
297. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
298. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
299. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
300. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
301. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
302. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
303. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
304. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
305. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
306. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
307. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
308. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
309. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
310. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
311. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
312. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
313. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
314. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
315. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
316. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
317. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
318. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
319. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
320. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
321. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
322. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
323. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
324. ⊂Aqqād in RS, 11 September 1939, 1767-69; RS, 9 October 1939, 1929-30; RS, 18 December 1939, 2289-90; by Māzinī in RS, 18 September 1939, 1807-9; by Nājī al-Tantāwī in RS, 11 September 1939, 1783-85. See also RS, 24 April 1939, 836; RS, 22 May 1939, 1028; RS, 29 May 1939, 1078; RS, 19 June 1939, 1221-22; RS, 24 July 1939, 1468-70; RS, 7 August 1939, 1565-66; RS, 9 October 1939, 1954-55; RS, 16 October 1939, 1988; RS, 23 October 1939, 2025-26; RS, 6 November 1939, 2080; RS, 20 November 1939, 2169-70; RS, 27 November 1939, 2208-9; RS, 4 December 1939, 2243-44; RS, 11 December 1939, 2279; RS, 18 December 1939, 2317-18.
325. ⊂alā al-Insāniyya," RS, 9 October 1939, 1927-28. See also Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyāt, "Siyāsat al-Samak!" RS, 11 December 1939, 2251-52.
326. ⊂alā al-Insāniyya," RS, 9 October 1939, 1927-28. See also Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyāt, "Siyāsat al-Samak!" RS, 11 December 1939, 2251-52.
327. See J. Plamenatz, "Liberalism," Dictionary of the History of Ideas, 3:36-61; S. R. Graubard, "Democracy," in ibid., 1:652-67.
328. See J. Plamenatz, "Liberalism," Dictionary of the History of Ideas, 3:36-61; S. R. Graubard, "Democracy," in ibid., 1:652-67.
329. Gershoni, Light in the Shade, chap. 2; idem, "Confronting Nazism in Egypt - Tawfiq al-Hakim's Anti-Totalitarianism, 1938-1945," Tel-Aviver Jahrbuch für deutsche Geschichte 26 (1997): 121-50.
330. Gershoni, Light in the Shade, chap. 2; idem, "Confronting Nazism in Egypt - Tawfiq al-Hakim's Anti-Totalitarianism, 1938-1945," Tel-Aviver Jahrbuch für deutsche Geschichte 26 (1997): 121-50.
331. Smith, "The 'Crisis of Orientation'," 384, 399-405, 407-9; idem, Islam and the Search for Social Order, 86-87, 105-8, 125-32, 144-57, 181-86.
332. Smith, "The 'Crisis of Orientation'," 384, 399-405, 407-9; idem, Islam and the Search for Social Order, 86-87, 105-8, 125-32, 144-57, 181-86.