Common meeting places and the brightening of rural life : Local debates on village halls in Sussex after the First World War

Rural History

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 171-192

  Grieves, Keith ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0011049736     PISSN: 09567933     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0956793300001771     Document Type: Review

References (154)

1. K. S. Inglis, 'The Homecoming: The War Memorial Movement in Cambridge, England', Journal of Contemporary History 27 (1992), 601 ; K. S. Inglis, 'Ten Questions for Historians' Guerres Mondiales et Conflit Contemporains 167 (1992), 10.
2. K. S. Inglis, 'The Homecoming: The War Memorial Movement in Cambridge, England', Journal of Contemporary History 27 (1992), 601 ; K. S. Inglis, 'Ten Questions for Historians' Guerres Mondiales et Conflit Contemporains 167 (1992), 10.
3. The outstanding introduction to communities in mourning is J. Winter, Sites of Memory Sites of Mourning (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 25-53. See also C. Moriarty 'Private Grief and Public Remembrance: British First World War memorials' in M. Evans and K. Lunn (eds), War and Memory in the Twentieth Century (Oxford, 1997), pp. 125-42; A. Wilkinson, The Church of England and the First World War (London, 1978), pp. 294-310; D. Cannadine, 'War and Death, Grief and Mourning in Modern Britain' in J. Whaley (ed.), Mirrors of Mortality: Studies in the Social History of Death (London, 1981), pp. 188-241.
4. The outstanding introduction to communities in mourning is J. Winter, Sites of Memory Sites of Mourning (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 25-53. See also C. Moriarty 'Private Grief and Public Remembrance: British First World War memorials' in M. Evans and K. Lunn (eds), War and Memory in the Twentieth Century (Oxford, 1997), pp. 125-42; A. Wilkinson, The Church of England and the First World War (London, 1978), pp. 294-310; D. Cannadine, 'War and Death, Grief and Mourning in Modern Britain' in J. Whaley (ed.), Mirrors of Mortality: Studies in the Social History of Death (London, 1981), pp. 188-241.
5. The outstanding introduction to communities in mourning is J. Winter, Sites of Memory Sites of Mourning (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 25-53. See also C. Moriarty 'Private Grief and Public Remembrance: British First World War memorials' in M. Evans and K. Lunn (eds), War and Memory in the Twentieth Century (Oxford, 1997), pp. 125-42; A. Wilkinson, The Church of England and the First World War (London, 1978), pp. 294-310; D. Cannadine, 'War and Death, Grief and Mourning in Modern Britain' in J. Whaley (ed.), Mirrors of Mortality: Studies in the Social History of Death (London, 1981), pp. 188-241.
6. The outstanding introduction to communities in mourning is J. Winter, Sites of Memory Sites of Mourning (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 25-53. See also C. Moriarty 'Private Grief and Public Remembrance: British First World War memorials' in M. Evans and K. Lunn (eds), War and Memory in the Twentieth Century (Oxford, 1997), pp. 125-42; A. Wilkinson, The Church of England and the First World War (London, 1978), pp. 294-310; D. Cannadine, 'War and Death, Grief and Mourning in Modern Britain' in J. Whaley (ed.), Mirrors of Mortality: Studies in the Social History of Death (London, 1981), pp. 188-241.
7. This article does not refer to non-functional memorial halls, which are covered areas which memorialise the dead, often with neo-classical use of space, see A. Borg, War Memorials (London, 1991), pp. 132-4, who does not refer to memorial halls as functional sites of mourning.
8. C. Moriarty, 'Christian iconography and First World War memorials', Imperial War Museum Review , 6, 63-75; A. J. Hoover, God, Germany and Britain in the Great War: A study in Clerical Nationalism (New York, 1989), pp. 103-17.
9. C. Moriarty, 'Christian iconography and First World War memorials', Imperial War Museum Review , 6, 63-75; A. J. Hoover, God, Germany and Britain in the Great War: A study in Clerical Nationalism (New York, 1989), pp. 103-17.
10. A. King, Memorials of the Great War in Britain (Oxford, 1998), p. 77.
11. N. Mansfield, 'Class Conflict and Village War Memorials, 1914-24' Rural History 6 (1995), 77.
12. N. Mansfield, 'Class Conflict', pp. 67, 78.
13. E. D. Mackerness (ed.), The Journals of George Sturt 1890-1927 (Cambridge, 1967), Vol. 2, 5th April 1918, p. 806.
14. L. Weaver, Village Clubs and Halls (London, 1920) Preface, v. Lawrence Weaver, architectural journalist and advocate, through Country Life, of the vernacular aesthetic in domestic buildings, was a formidable proponent of improving rural amenities after the armistice as head of the Land Settlement Office at the Ministry of Agriculture. C. Williams-Ellis, Lawrence Weaver (London, 1933), pp. 33-7, 48-50.
15. L. Weaver, Village Clubs and Halls (London, 1920) Preface, v. Lawrence Weaver, architectural journalist and advocate, through Country Life, of the vernacular aesthetic in domestic buildings, was a formidable proponent of improving rural amenities after the armistice as head of the Land Settlement Office at the Ministry of Agriculture. C. Williams-Ellis, Lawrence Weaver (London, 1933), pp. 33-7, 48-50.
16. V. Meynell (ed.), Friends of a Lifetime: Letters to Sydney Carlyle Cockerell, M. Morris to S. Cockerell, 13th November 1918, p. 73.
17. L. Weaver, Village Clubs and Halls, p. 3.
18. L. Weaver, Village Clubs and Halls, p. 54; National Council of Social Service Village Halls : Their Cost and Management (London, 1928), p. 1.
19. L. Weaver, Village Clubs and Halls, p. 54; National Council of Social Service Village Halls : Their Cost and Management (London, 1928), p. 1.
20. East Sussex Record Office (hereafter ESRO) PAR 304/43/2, East Dean and Friston war memorial, minutes of meetings, newspaper cutting, n.d. [1919].
21. Information taken from Kelly's Directory of Sussex (London, 1924).
22. G. Bourne (Sturt), Change in the Village (London, 1912, (reprint 1966)), p. 198.
23. M. Strathern, Kinship at the Core: An Anthropology of Elmdon a Village in North-West Essex in the Nineteen Sixties (Cambridge, 1981), p. 31.
24. M. Strathern, Kinship at the Core, p. 38. On village clubs without halls, see L. Weaver, Village Clubs and Halls, pp. 26-30.
25. M. Strathern, Kinship at the Core, p. 38. On village clubs without halls, see L. Weaver, Village Clubs and Halls, pp. 26-30.
26. Kelly's Directory of Sussex, 1924, p. 34.
27. William Wilson Grantham (1866-1942) of Balneath Manor was a major in the 6th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment, active in the Imperial Yeomanry in 1900 and, after 1911, a lay reader of the diocese of Chichester.
28. ESRO, PAR 235/10/5/1, Barcombe war memorial committee, minutes of public meeting, 28th April 1919. On 'A Cross for Sacrifice and a Stone for Remembrance' see R. Blomfield, Memoirs of an Architect (London, 1932), pp. 178-80; C. Hussey, The Life of Sir Edwin Lutyens (London, 1953), pp. 374-5.
29. ESRO, PAR 235/10/5/1, Barcombe war memorial committee, minutes of public meeting, 28th April 1919. On 'A Cross for Sacrifice and a Stone for Remembrance' see R. Blomfield, Memoirs of an Architect (London, 1932), pp. 178-80; C. Hussey, The Life of Sir Edwin Lutyens (London, 1953), pp. 374-5.
30. ESRO, PAR 235/10/5/1. Barcombe, minutes of the war memorial committee meeting, 10th May 1919.
31. On memorial committees as an expression of local voluntary work see B. Bushaway, 'Name upon Name: The Great War and Remembrance' in R. Porter (ed.), Myths of the English (Oxford, 1992), p. 147.
32. ESRO, PAR 235/10/5/1, Barcombe, minutes of war memorial public meeting, 30th June 1919.
33. ESRO, PAR 235/10/5/4, Barcombe, Memorial resolution, printed sheet, n.d. [1919].
34. ESRO, PAR 235/10/5/1, Barcombe, minutes of war memorial committee meeting, 28th August 1919.
35. ESRO, PAR 235/10/5/1, Barcombe war memorial sub-committee meeting, 19th April 1920.
36. ESRO, PAR 235/10/5/6, S. Grantham to T. Bourdillon, 15th October 1920.
37. ESRO, PAR 235/10/5/2, Barcombe, minutes of war memorial committee meeting, 19th August 1921.
38. ESRO, PAR 235/10/5/2, Barcombe, minutes of public meeting, 26th September 1921.
39. The central importance of private patrons in Anglican church life and the consequent social distance between clergymen and rural labourers by the end of the nineteenth century is explored in P.C. Hammond, The Parson and the Victorian Parish (London, 1977), pp. 196-8, and S. Goodenough, The Country Parson (Newton Abbot, 1983), pp. 132, 162-5.
40. The central importance of private patrons in Anglican church life and the consequent social distance between clergymen and rural labourers by the end of the nineteenth century is explored in P.C. Hammond, The Parson and the Victorian Parish (London, 1977), pp. 196-8, and S. Goodenough, The Country Parson (Newton Abbot, 1983), pp. 132, 162-5.
41. M. Beard, English Landed Society in the Twentieth Century (London, 1989), p. 30, Sussex Daily News 7th February 1915; H. Whitcomb Family Notes and War Memoirs, oral history tape 1979, West Sussex Record Office (hereafter WSRO), MP 2413.
42. M. Beard, English Landed Society in the Twentieth Century (London, 1989), p. 30, Sussex Daily News 7th February 1915; H. Whitcomb Family Notes and War Memoirs, oral history tape 1979, West Sussex Record Office (hereafter WSRO), MP 2413.
43. M. Beard, English Landed Society in the Twentieth Century (London, 1989), p. 30, Sussex Daily News 7th February 1915; H. Whitcomb Family Notes and War Memoirs, oral history tape 1979, West Sussex Record Office (hereafter WSRO), MP 2413.
44. W. D. Dunkel, Sir Arthur Pinero: A critical biography with letters (Chicago, Illinois, 1941), p. 93; on the beautiful churchyard at North Chapel see J. P. Wearing (ed.), The Letters of Sir Arthur Pinero (Minneapolis, 1974), Pinero to Mrs H. A. Jones, 4th July 1919, p. 273. Pinero died in 1934 and his grave in the churchyard at North Chapel has striking late Gothic embellishments.
45. W. D. Dunkel, Sir Arthur Pinero: A critical biography with letters (Chicago, Illinois, 1941), p. 93; on the beautiful churchyard at North Chapel see J. P. Wearing (ed.), The Letters of Sir Arthur Pinero (Minneapolis, 1974), Pinero to Mrs H. A. Jones, 4th July 1919, p. 273. Pinero died in 1934 and his grave in the churchyard at North Chapel has striking late Gothic embellishments.
46. WSRO, PAR 142/4/5, Arthur Pinero to G. Bright, 14th February 1919.
47. WSRO, PAR 142/4/5, Arthur Pinero to G. Bright, 9th April 1919. Times 9th April 1919.
48. J. Horace Pound of 15, Brunswick Terrace, Brighton, took a leading part in founding the Victoria County History . He was an historical essayist of medieval themes who responded, often very critically, to the work of others. He wrote 29 short papers for Sussex Archaeological Collections. J. H. Pound, Family Origins and Other Studies, edited with a memoir by W. Page (London, 1930) preface xxxiv-x/vii; The London Mercury 18, July 1928, p. 234; Times, 26th June 1928.
49. J. Horace Pound of 15, Brunswick Terrace, Brighton, took a leading part in founding the Victoria County History . He was an historical essayist of medieval themes who responded, often very critically, to the work of others. He wrote 29 short papers for Sussex Archaeological Collections. J. H. Pound, Family Origins and Other Studies, edited with a memoir by W. Page (London, 1930) preface xxxiv-x/vii; The London Mercury 18, July 1928, p. 234; Times, 26th June 1928.
50. J. Horace Pound of 15, Brunswick Terrace, Brighton, took a leading part in founding the Victoria County History . He was an historical essayist of medieval themes who responded, often very critically, to the work of others. He wrote 29 short papers for Sussex Archaeological Collections. J. H. Pound, Family Origins and Other Studies, edited with a memoir by W. Page (London, 1930) preface xxxiv-x/vii; The London Mercury 18, July 1928, p. 234; Times, 26th June 1928.
51. WSRO, PAR 142/4/5, Amy Burroughs to G. Bright, 14th April 1919.
52. H. McLeod, Religion and the People of Western Europe 1789-1970 (Oxford, 1981), p. 69.
53. A. W. Waterlow King wrote 'I hear that the "inarticulate" village seems to want a stone memorial on the Green ' WSRO, PAR 142/4/5, A. W. Waterlow King to G. Bright, n.d. [written in response to the public meeting]. The phrase is subsequently used to locate the no longer silent labouring opinion in 'close' parishes, which sought to exercise power to the surprise of propertied inhabitants. On the complexity of power relations in diverse rural communities see B. Short, 'The Evolution of Contrasting Communities within Rural England' in his edited work The English Rural Community (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 37-41.
54. WSRO, PAR 142/4/5, Laura Pemberton to G. Bright, n.d. [April 1919]. The mental landscape of the Western Front therefore became ubiquitous in towns and villages in the 1920s as sites of mourning connected the anguish of those at home to the Absent Dead. In this way panels in village halls became sacred objects.
55. Quotations in this paragraph are taken from WSRO, PAR 142/4/5, Laura Pemberton to G. Bright, n.d. [April 1919].
56. Both preceding quotations are from ESRO, PAR 142/4/5, North Chapel war memorial committee, printed circular, n.d. [September 1919]. No longer would the men turn to the church at home for guidance. See G. White, 'The Martyr Cult of the First World War' in D. Wood (ed.), Martyrs and Martyrologies (Ecclesiastical History Society, Blackwell, 1993), p. 383.
57. ESRO, PAR 142/4/5, Lord Leconfield to G. Bright, 21st September 1919.
58. Quoted in M. Beard, English Landed Society in the Twentieth Century, p. 60. For a stoical portrayal of agricultural conditions in the early 1920s see Lord Ernle, The Land and its People: Chapters in Rural Life and History (London, 1925), p. 217.
59. Quoted in M. Beard, English Landed Society in the Twentieth Century, p. 60. For a stoical portrayal of agricultural conditions in the early 1920s see Lord Ernle, The Land and its People: Chapters in Rural Life and History (London, 1925), p. 217.
60. WSRO, PAR 142/4/5, North Chapel war memorial committee, subscription list, n.d. [1921].
61. WSRO, PAR 142/4/5, James Smith and others to the chairman, memorial committee, 31st January 1920. On the ubiquity of military hutments on pastureland in Southern England in wartime see P. Horn, Rural Life in England in the First World War (Dublin, 1984), p. 86, and on the continuing availability of Army huts of all sizes see E. Sellers, 'Self-Supporting Village Clubs', The Cornhill Magazine LV1, 1924, 154. She noted that huts 60' x× 20' could be purchased for £35 and erected for a total cost of £200.
62. WSRO, PAR 142/4/5, James Smith and others to the chairman, memorial committee, 31st January 1920. On the ubiquity of military hutments on pastureland in Southern England in wartime see P. Horn, Rural Life in England in the First World War (Dublin, 1984), p. 86, and on the continuing availability of Army huts of all sizes see E. Sellers, 'Self-Supporting Village Clubs', The Cornhill Magazine LV1, 1924, 154. She noted that huts 60' x× 20' could be purchased for £35 and erected for a total cost of £200.
63. The Comrades Journal, 1/12, (October 1919), p. 6.
64. On the aesthetic of small wall tablets see 'Wall Tablets and Memorials', The Studio 66, December 1915, p. 191.
65. WSRO, PAR 142/4/4, North Chapel war memorial committee, newspaper cutting, dedication of the memorial to the men of North Chapel who fell in the Great War, n.d. [June 1921]. A similar sentiment was offered, in retrospect, on the 'noble sight' of soldiers in church in a late Victorian rural context by J. Masefield, Grace before Ploughing: Fragments of Autobiography (London, 1966), p. 52.
66. J. Lowerson, 'The Mystical Geography of the English' in B. Short (ed.) The English Rural Community, p. 154. On the church in post-war 'doldrums' see C. F. G. Masterman, England After the War: A study (London, 1922), p. 197 and J. Robertson Scott, England's Green and Pleasant Land (London, 1925), pp. 85-91, 197, 210-11.
67. J. Lowerson, 'The Mystical Geography of the English' in B. Short (ed.) The English Rural Community, p. 154. On the church in post-war 'doldrums' see C. F. G. Masterman, England After the War: A study (London, 1922), p. 197 and J. Robertson Scott, England's Green and Pleasant Land (London, 1925), pp. 85-91, 197, 210-11.
68. J. Lowerson, 'The Mystical Geography of the English' in B. Short (ed.) The English Rural Community, p. 154. On the church in post-war 'doldrums' see C. F. G. Masterman, England After the War: A study (London, 1922), p. 197 and J. Robertson Scott, England's Green and Pleasant Land (London, 1925), pp. 85-91, 197, 210-11.
69. J. Lowerson 'Mystical Geography of the English', pp. 159, 160.
70. For relevant and stimulating exploration of different perspectives on 'belonging' within geographic locales, both specifically and conceptually, see M.Strathern, 'The Village as an Idea: Constructs of Village-ness in Elmdon, Essex', p. 250 and A. Cohen, 'Belonging: The Experience of Culture' in his (ed.), Belonging: Identity and Social Organisation in British Rural Cultures (Manchester, 1982), p. 12.
71. For relevant and stimulating exploration of different perspectives on 'belonging' within geographic locales, both specifically and conceptually, see M.Strathern, 'The Village as an Idea: Constructs of Village-ness in Elmdon, Essex', p. 250 and A. Cohen, 'Belonging: The Experience of Culture' in his (ed.), Belonging: Identity and Social Organisation in British Rural Cultures (Manchester, 1982), p. 12.
72. On cultural nationalism see M. Smith, 'The War and British Culture' in S. Constantine, M. W. Kirby and M. B. Rose (eds.), The First World War in British History (London, 1995), p. 174.
73. K. S. Inglis, 'War Memorials: Ten Questions for Historians', p. 10.
74. See B. Bushaway, 'Name upon Name', p. 188; On the challenge of pluralism to the Anglican church in the longer term see A. D. Gilbert, 'The Land and the Church' in G. E. Mingay (ed.), The Victorian Countryside (London, 1981) Vol. 1, p. 47.
75. See B. Bushaway, 'Name upon Name', p. 188; On the challenge of pluralism to the Anglican church in the longer term see A. D. Gilbert, 'The Land and the Church' in G. E. Mingay (ed.), The Victorian Countryside (London, 1981) Vol. 1, p. 47.
76. R. Blythe, Akenfield (Harmondsworth, 1969), p. 21.
77. ibid, p. 46; H. Newby 'The Deferential dialectic', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 17 (1975), 145.
78. ibid, p. 46; H. Newby 'The Deferential dialectic', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 17 (1975), 145.
79. S. Rowland (ed.), The Life of a Country Carpenter: The Story of Harold Pelling's early life in Offham and his Service in the First World War (Offham, 1993), pp. 38, 40.
80. ESRO, PAR 254/4/12, Brightling war memorial, William Haviland to Archdeacon, 20th June 1920. See also enclosed memorandum as to site for recreation room, 28th June 1920.
81. V. Whitechurch, Downland Echoes (London, 1924), p. 233.
82. ibid, p. 234.
83. Sussex County Magazine 28 (1954), 351 ; G. Huxley, Lady Denman (London, 1961), p. 132; L. Fairweather, Balcombe: The Story of a Sussex Village (Balcombe, 1981), p. 28.
84. Sussex County Magazine 28 (1954), 351 ; G. Huxley, Lady Denman (London, 1961), p. 132; L. Fairweather, Balcombe: The Story of a Sussex Village (Balcombe, 1981), p. 28.
85. Sussex County Magazine 28 (1954), 351 ; G. Huxley, Lady Denman (London, 1961), p. 132; L. Fairweather, Balcombe: The Story of a Sussex Village (Balcombe, 1981), p. 28.
86. E. H. Whetham, The Agrarian History of England and Wales: Vol. 8, 1914-39, (Cambridge, 1978), p. 131.
87. WSRO, PAR 34/49/3, Balcombe, Copy of letter, D. Haworth Booth to H. Faure Walker, chairman, 19th October 1923, in the minutes of the parochial council, 25th October 1923.
88. Times, 12th November 1923. See also West Sussex Gazette 15th November 1923; British Library, Add Ms. 52660, f. 23, Sydney Cockerell diary, 10th November 1923.
89. Times, 12th November 1923. See also West Sussex Gazette 15th November 1923; British Library, Add Ms. 52660, f. 23, Sydney Cockerell diary, 10th November 1923.
90. Times, 12th November 1923.
91. K. Grieves, 'Neville Lytton, the Balcombe Frescoes and the Experience of War, 1908-23' Sussex Archaeological Collections 134 (1996), 197-211; Lytton mss, Knebworth House, N. Lytton to Victor Lytton, 12th September 1925.
92. N. Lytton, English Country Gentlemen (London, 1919), p. 136.
93. N. Lytton, English Country Gentlemen, p. 102. See also pp. 181, 32, 137, 19, 20, 21.
94. ibid ., p. 151. See also G. Ewart Evans, The Days that We Have Seen (London, 1975), p. 17.
95. ibid ., p. 151. See also G. Ewart Evans, The Days that We Have Seen (London, 1975), p. 17.
96. J. Robertson Scott, England's Green and Pleasant land, p. 112.
97. The V.C.A. News 6, December 1924, 4.
98. On 'Clubbism' see The Comrades Journal, 1/3, January 1919, 4.
99. WSRO, PAR 176/43/4, Minutes of the meeting of Slinfold war memorial committee on 8th October 1920.
100. WSRO, PAR 176/4/9, Slinfold war memorial committee, Mary Cumming to Mr. Hughes, n.d. [July 1919].
101. See S. P. Mackenzie, Politics and Military Morale (Oxford, 1992), pp. 12-20 for the educational training scheme in the British armies in France, and for brief references to canteens and concert parties, but not to hut culture. See also J. G. Fuller, Troop Morale and Popular Culture in the British and Dominion Armies 1914-1918 (Oxford, 1990), pp. 81-3, 94-110.
102. See S. P. Mackenzie, Politics and Military Morale (Oxford, 1992), pp. 12-20 for the educational training scheme in the British armies in France, and for brief references to canteens and concert parties, but not to hut culture. See also J. G. Fuller, Troop Morale and Popular Culture in the British and Dominion Armies 1914-1918 (Oxford, 1990), pp. 81-3, 94-110.
103. G. Birmingham, 'Sweet lavender' in A. K. Yapp, Told in the Huts: The YMCA Gift Book (London, 1916), p. 20. Of YMCA huts in 1916 General Sir John Cowans noted 'They make their institutions so much brighter and more attractive than we can do, besides providing a place for the men to meet their friends', D. Chapman-Huston and O. Rutter General Sir John Cowans: The Quartermaster-General of the Great War (London, 1924), p. 250. On the homely qualities of the Scottish Church Hut at Montreuil see G. J. De Groot (ed.), Military Miscellany I, Diary of Rev. George Duncan GHQ 1916-1918 (Stroud, Gloucs. 1997) 11th December 1916, p. 307.
104. G. Birmingham, 'Sweet lavender' in A. K. Yapp, Told in the Huts: The YMCA Gift Book (London, 1916), p. 20. Of YMCA huts in 1916 General Sir John Cowans noted 'They make their institutions so much brighter and more attractive than we can do, besides providing a place for the men to meet their friends', D. Chapman-Huston and O. Rutter General Sir John Cowans: The Quartermaster-General of the Great War (London, 1924), p. 250. On the homely qualities of the Scottish Church Hut at Montreuil see G. J. De Groot (ed.), Military Miscellany I, Diary of Rev. George Duncan GHQ 1916-1918 (Stroud, Gloucs. 1997) 11th December 1916, p. 307.
105. G. Birmingham, 'Sweet lavender' in A. K. Yapp, Told in the Huts: The YMCA Gift Book (London, 1916), p. 20. Of YMCA huts in 1916 General Sir John Cowans noted 'They make their institutions so much brighter and more attractive than we can do, besides providing a place for the men to meet their friends', D. Chapman-Huston and O. Rutter General Sir John Cowans: The Quartermaster-General of the Great War (London, 1924), p. 250. On the homely qualities of the Scottish Church Hut at Montreuil see G. J. De Groot (ed.), Military Miscellany I, Diary of Rev. George Duncan GHQ 1916-1918 (Stroud, Gloucs. 1997) 11th December 1916, p. 307.
106. Private Owens in A. K. Yapp, Told in the Huts, p. 104. see also 'Behind the Lines' by Hon. Mrs. Stuart Wortley, p. 50. See the fund raising advertisements for recreation huts in The Studio, 67, 15th March 1916 and 15th April 1916.
107. Private Owens in A. K. Yapp, Told in the Huts, p. 104. see also 'Behind the Lines' by Hon. Mrs. Stuart Wortley, p. 50. See the fund raising advertisements for recreation huts in The Studio, 67, 15th March 1916 and 15th April 1916.
108. West Sussex County Times, 11th November 1916.
109. For example, in the village of Laira near Plymouth Nancy Astor, as benefactor, was informed, 'The feeling in Laira village is that a public hall for some purposes is badly required, and should be free either from the YMCA or any other particular section, and they were under the impression that you would generously help them in that direction. . . ' Reading University Library, Astor Ms. 1416/2/21, C. G. Briggs to Mrs. Astor, 27th August 1919.
110. Over the Top, by one of the Church Army Hut Superintendents on the Western Front n.d. [1918], pp. 2-3.
111. Sussex Daily News, 8th January 1917.
112. D. Englander and J. Osborne ' "Jack, Tommy and Henry Dubb": The Armed Forces and the Working Class' Historical Journal, 21, (1978), 619.
113. H.C. Parl Deb. Official Report, fifth series, Vol. 120, 3 November 1919, Col. 1275. See also Major Breese, Vol. 113, 17 March 1919, Col. 1716.
114. H.C. Parl Deb. Official Report, fifth series, Vol. 120, 3 November 1919, Col. 1275. See also Major Breese, Vol. 113, 17 March 1919, Col. 1716.
115. The V.C.A. News, 'The Aims and Objects of the Village Clubs Association', Sir Henry Rew, 6, December 1924, 3-4.
116. The V.C.A. News, 4, February 1924, 2; Times, 17th January 1924.
117. The V.C.A. News, 4, February 1924, 2; Times, 17th January 1924.
118. The V.C.A. News, 5, May 1924, 4.
119. The V.C.A. News, 6, December 1924, 4.
120. The Comrades Journal 1/1, November 1918, 1.
121. G. Wootton, The Politics of Influence: British Ex-Servicemen, Cabinet Decisions and Cultural Change (1917-57) (London, 1963), p. 169.
122. The Comrades Journal 2/8, June 1920, 5.
123. The Comrades Journal 2/8, June 1920, 12.
124. The Comrades Journal 2/8, June 1920, 15-16.
125. The Comrades Journal 2/8, June 1920, 5.
126. On the formation of the British Legion as a buttress of social order see G. J. DeGroot, Blighty: British Society in the Era of the Great War (London, 1996), pp. 268-70 and N. Barr, 'The British Legion after the Great War: Its identity and Character' in B. Taithe and T. Thornton (eds), War (Stroud, Gloucs., 1998), pp. 217-9.
127. On the formation of the British Legion as a buttress of social order see G. J. DeGroot, Blighty: British Society in the Era of the Great War (London, 1996), pp. 268-70 and N. Barr, 'The British Legion after the Great War: Its identity and Character' in B. Taithe and T. Thornton (eds), War (Stroud, Gloucs., 1998), pp. 217-9.
128. J. Williams, Byng of Vimy : General and Governor General (Leo Cooper, 1983), p. 264; D. Chapman-Huston and O. Rutter, General Sir John Cowans Vol. 2, p. 269; G. Wootton, The Politics of Influence, pp. 90-3; The Comrades Journal 1/12 (October 1919), 9 and 2/1, (November 1919), 5.
129. J. Williams, Byng of Vimy : General and Governor General (Leo Cooper, 1983), p. 264; D. Chapman-Huston and O. Rutter, General Sir John Cowans Vol. 2, p. 269; G. Wootton, The Politics of Influence, pp. 90-3; The Comrades Journal 1/12 (October 1919), 9 and 2/1, (November 1919), 5.
130. J. Williams, Byng of Vimy : General and Governor General (Leo Cooper, 1983), p. 264; D. Chapman-Huston and O. Rutter, General Sir John Cowans Vol. 2, p. 269; G. Wootton, The Politics of Influence, pp. 90-3; The Comrades Journal 1/12 (October 1919), 9 and 2/1, (November 1919), 5.
131. J. Williams, Byng of Vimy : General and Governor General (Leo Cooper, 1983), p. 264; D. Chapman-Huston and O. Rutter, General Sir John Cowans Vol. 2, p. 269; G. Wootton, The Politics of Influence, pp. 90-3; The Comrades Journal 1/12 (October 1919), 9 and 2/1, (November 1919), 5.
132. J. Williams, Byng of Vimy : General and Governor General (Leo Cooper, 1983), p. 264; D. Chapman-Huston and O. Rutter, General Sir John Cowans Vol. 2, p. 269; G. Wootton, The Politics of Influence, pp. 90-3; The Comrades Journal 1/12 (October 1919), 9 and 2/1, (November 1919), 5.
133. J. Williams, Byng of Vimy, p. 265.
134. ESRO, PAR 235/10/5/2, Minutes of Barcombe war memorial general committee, 28th May 1921.
135. WSRO, PAR 142/4/5, North Chapel war memorial committee, Printed circular, Grant from United Services Fund for the erection of village halls or clubs, R. Henry Rew, G. Denman and E. Bethune, representing the Village Clubs Association, Federation of Women's Institutes and Soldier's Clubs Association, n.d. [December 1919].
136. A. Howkins, Reshaping Rural England: A Social History (London, 1991), pp. 289-90.
137. This work has benefited from the conceptual exploration of moral economy in K. D. M. Snell, Annals of the Labouring Poor: Social Change and Agrarian England (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 99-100, 102, 113.
138. Although the context is different, the phrase is apposite, see R. W. Bushaway, 'Rite, Legitimation and Community in Southern England 1700-1850: The Ideology of Culture', in B. Stapleton (ed.), Conflict and Community in Southern England: Essays in the Social History of Rural and Urban Labour from Medieval to Modern Times (Stroud, Gloucs., 1992), pp. 117, 123.
139. This composite description is based on J. R. Robertson Scott, England's Green and Pleasant Land, pp. 126-7; Times, 17th January 1924, leading article 'The revival of village life' ; E. Sellers, 'Self-Supporting village clubs', pp. 163, 156, 159; The V.C.A. News No. 1, August 1922, 4, No. 3 January 1923, 3; National Council of Social Service, Village Halls, passim ; L. Weaver, Village Halls and Clubs, pp. 7-25.
140. This composite description is based on J. R. Robertson Scott, England's Green and Pleasant Land, pp. 126-7; Times, 17th January 1924, leading article 'The revival of village life' ; E. Sellers, 'Self-Supporting village clubs', pp. 163, 156, 159; The V.C.A. News No. 1, August 1922, 4, No. 3 January 1923, 3; National Council of Social Service, Village Halls, passim ; L. Weaver, Village Halls and Clubs, pp. 7-25.
141. This composite description is based on J. R. Robertson Scott, England's Green and Pleasant Land, pp. 126-7; Times, 17th January 1924, leading article 'The revival of village life' ; E. Sellers, 'Self-Supporting village clubs', pp. 163, 156, 159; The V.C.A. News No. 1, August 1922, 4, No. 3 January 1923, 3; National Council of Social Service, Village Halls, passim ; L. Weaver, Village Halls and Clubs, pp. 7-25.
142. This composite description is based on J. R. Robertson Scott, England's Green and Pleasant Land, pp. 126-7; Times, 17th January 1924, leading article 'The revival of village life' ; E. Sellers, 'Self-Supporting village clubs', pp. 163, 156, 159; The V.C.A. News No. 1, August 1922, 4, No. 3 January 1923, 3; National Council of Social Service, Village Halls, passim ; L. Weaver, Village Halls and Clubs, pp. 7-25.
143. This composite description is based on J. R. Robertson Scott, England's Green and Pleasant Land, pp. 126-7; Times, 17th January 1924, leading article 'The revival of village life' ; E. Sellers, 'Self-Supporting village clubs', pp. 163, 156, 159; The V.C.A. News No. 1, August 1922, 4, No. 3 January 1923, 3; National Council of Social Service, Village Halls, passim ; L. Weaver, Village Halls and Clubs, pp. 7-25.
144. This composite description is based on J. R. Robertson Scott, England's Green and Pleasant Land, pp. 126-7; Times, 17th January 1924, leading article 'The revival of village life' ; E. Sellers, 'Self-Supporting village clubs', pp. 163, 156, 159; The V.C.A. News No. 1, August 1922, 4, No. 3 January 1923, 3; National Council of Social Service, Village Halls, passim ; L. Weaver, Village Halls and Clubs, pp. 7-25.
145. This composite description is based on J. R. Robertson Scott, England's Green and Pleasant Land, pp. 126-7; Times, 17th January 1924, leading article 'The revival of village life' ; E. Sellers, 'Self-Supporting village clubs', pp. 163, 156, 159; The V.C.A. News No. 1, August 1922, 4, No. 3 January 1923, 3; National Council of Social Service, Village Halls, passim ; L. Weaver, Village Halls and Clubs, pp. 7-25.
146. J. R. Robertson Scott, England's Green and Pleasant Land, p. 25.
147. G. Jekyll, Old English Household Life (London, 1925), p. 5.
148. C. F. G. Masterman, England after War, p. 155.
149. The VCA conference on 11th March 1924 was informed that 60,000 regular agricultural labourers lost their employment during the period June 1921-1923. The V.C.A. News, 5, May 1924, 2.
150. S. L. Bensusan, Latter Day Rural England (London, 1928), p. 12.
151. J. Robertson Scott, England's Green and Pleasant Land, p. 130, 91 ; J. Brown, Agriculture in England: A Survey of Farming 1870-1947 (Manchester, 1987), pp. 76-86.
152. J. Robertson Scott, England's Green and Pleasant Land, p. 130, 91 ; J. Brown, Agriculture in England: A Survey of Farming 1870-1947 (Manchester, 1987), pp. 76-86.
153. Evening Standard, 11th June 1998.
154. List of Capital projects supported by the Millenium Commission by area and country, statement of Key Points, The Millenium Map and Milestones, Issue 11, (Spring 1998). These documents were produced by the Millennium Commission and published in 1998.