An English paradise to regain? Ebenezer Howard, the town and country planning association and English ruralism

Rural History

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 113-128

  Heathorn, Stephen ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0010972425     PISSN: 09567933     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s095679330000193x     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. I wish to thank Russell T. McCutcheon, Annie Gilbert Coleman, Bob Barrows, Philip Scarpino, Liz Bellamy and the two Rural History referees for their comments on earlier drafts of this essay.
2. Robert Fishman, Urban Utopias in the Twentieth Century: Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier (New York, 1978), p. 23.
3. For the world-wide influence of elements of Garden City ideas, see Stephen V. Ward, ed., The Garden City: Past, Present and Future (London, 1992).
4. In July of 1997, a newly formed lobby group, the Countryside Alliance, staged a rally in London's Hyde Park to call on the new Labour government to defend 'rural values' from town dwellers. According to the Guardian newspaper, the loudest applause from the 250,000 people at the rally was reserved for the speech of farmer Willie Poole, who cried, 'Stop letting these townie buggers grind us down.'
5. Peter Hall and Colin Ward, Sociable Cities: The Legacy of Ebenezer Howard (New York, 1998), and Standish Meacham, Regaining Paradise: Englishness and the Early Garden City Movement (New Haven, CT, 1999) .
6. Peter Hall and Colin Ward, Sociable Cities: The Legacy of Ebenezer Howard (New York, 1998), and Standish Meacham, Regaining Paradise: Englishness and the Early Garden City Movement (New Haven, CT, 1999) .
7. Lloyd Rodwin, The British New Towns Policy (Cambridge, MA, 1956).
8. Andrew Saint, 'The New Towns', The Cambridge Cultural History of Britain, Volume 9: Modern Britain, edited by Boris Ford (Cambridge, 1992), p. 152.
9. Hall and Ward, Sociable Cities, pp. 55, 67-9, 103-7.
10. Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow (Reprinted by MIT Press, 1965), pp. 50-4, 142.
11. Howard, Garden Cities, pp. 58-88.
12. Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee on Physical Deterioration (1904), Cd. 2175, Vol. I. Report and Appendix.
13. Meacham, Regaining Paradise, pp. 11-43.
14. A. Champion and D. Atkins, The Counterurbanisation Cascade: An Analysis of the Census Special Migration Statistics for Great Britain (Newcastle, 1996), quoted in Hall and Ward, Sociable Cities, p. 106.
15. A. Champion and D. Atkins, The Counterurbanisation Cascade: An Analysis of the Census Special Migration Statistics for Great Britain (Newcastle, 1996), quoted in Hall and Ward, Sociable Cities, p. 106.
16. Robert Beevers, The Garden City Utopia: A Critical Biography of Ebenezer Howard (London, 1988); Stanley Buder, Visionaries and Planners: The Garden City Movement and the Modern Community (Oxford, 1990).
17. Robert Beevers, The Garden City Utopia: A Critical Biography of Ebenezer Howard (London, 1988); Stanley Buder, Visionaries and Planners: The Garden City Movement and the Modern Community (Oxford, 1990).
18. F. J. Osborn, 'Sir Ebenezer Howard: The Evolution of his Ideas,' Town Planning Review, Vol. XXI, No. 3 (Oct. 1950), pp. 225-6.
19. Fishman, Urban Utopias, pp. 38-9.
20. Beevers, Garden City Utopia, p. 40.
21. Buder, Visionaries and Planners, pp. 59-60.
22. Howard, Garden Cities, pp. 46-8.
23. Howard, 'Commonsense Socialism,' quoted in Beevers, Garden City Utopia, p. 31.
24. David Gervais, Literary Englands: Versions of Englishness in Modern Writing (Cambridge, 1993), p. 1.
25. David Hollinghurst, The Spell (London, 1998), Julian Barnes, England, England (London, 1998).
26. David Hollinghurst, The Spell (London, 1998), Julian Barnes, England, England (London, 1998).
27. See David Lowenthal, 'British National Identity and the English Landscape', Rural History, 2 (1991), 205-30, and Alun Howkins, 'The Discovery of Rural England', in Robert Colls and Philip Dodd, eds., Englishness: Politics and Culture (London, 1986), pp. 62-88.
28. See David Lowenthal, 'British National Identity and the English Landscape', Rural History, 2 (1991), 205-30, and Alun Howkins, 'The Discovery of Rural England', in Robert Colls and Philip Dodd, eds., Englishness: Politics and Culture (London, 1986), pp. 62-88.
29. E. J. Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire (Harmondsworth, 1969), p. 170.
30. Howkins, 'Discovery of Rural England', pp. 65-6.
31. Raymond Williams, The Country and the City (London, 1973), p. 248.
32. Martin Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit, 1850-1980 (Cambridge, 1982), pp. 46-7.
33. Howkins, 'Discovery of Rural England', pp. 64, 82-3.
34. Gervais, Literary Englands, p. 74.
35. G. K. Chesterton quoted by David Lowenthal, 'British National Identity and the English Landscape', p. 215.
36. Gervais, Literary Englands, p. 2.
37. Masterman quoted by Wiener, English Culture, pp. 50-1.
38. See Tom Williamson and Liz Bellamy, Property and Landscape: A Social History of Landownership and the English Countryside (London, 1987).
39. Wiener, English Culture, pp. 49-63 (quotation, p. 63).
40. Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (Oxford, 1975).
41. Hubert Butterfield, The Englishman and his History (Cambridge, 1945), p. 2; George Orwell, The Lion and the Unicorn (1941) in his England, Your England, and Other Essays (London, 1954), pp. 193-4.
42. Hubert Butterfield, The Englishman and his History (Cambridge, 1945), p. 2; George Orwell, The Lion and the Unicorn (1941) in his England, Your England, and Other Essays (London, 1954), pp. 193-4.
43. For the influence of this view over much of the twentieth century see John Ahier, Industry, Children and the Nation (Brighton, 1988).
44. For a detailed discussion of these issues see Stephen Heathorn, For Home, Country and Race: Constructing Gender, Class and Englishness in the Elementary School, 1880-1914 (University of Toronto Press, 2000).
45. V. Gammon, 'Folk song collecting in Sussex and Surrey,' History Workshop Journal, (Autumn 1980), p. 80.
46. Herbert Foss, Ralph Vaughan Williams: A Study (London, 1950).
47. Meacham, Regaining Paradise, pp. 70-95.
48. Meacham, Regaining Paradise, p. 82.
49. R. Unwin and B. Parker, 'The Art of Building a Home' (1901), reprinted in Walter L. Crees, ed., The Legacy of Raymond Unwin (Cambridge MA, 1967), p. 51.
50. Meacham, Regaining Paradise, p. 85.
51. M. Miller, Letchworth: The First Garden City, (Chichester, 1989), pp. 88-111.
52. Buder, Visionaries and Planners, pp. 79-83.
53. Dugald Macfadyen, Sir Ebenezer Howard and the Town Planning Movement (Manchester, 1933), p. 31.
54. Meacham, Regaining Paradise, p. 146-77.
55. Stephen Ward, 'The Garden City Introduced,' in Ward, ed., Garden City, pp. 8.
56. W. Ostrowski, 'Sir Ebenezer Howard in Poland,' Town and Country Planning, Vol. XXXIV, no. 11 (Nov. 1966), pp. 511-12.
57. Hall and Ward, Sociable Cities, pp. 198-203.
58. Ralph Neville, 'The Divorce of Man from Nature,' Garden Cities and Town Planning, Vol. IV, No. 34 (August 1909), p. 227.
59. Frederick H. A. Arlens, 'English Origins' in Ward, ed., Garden City, pp. 37-9.
60. Gareth Stedman Jones, Outcast London (Harmondsworth, 1971), pp. 128-30.
61. Greta Jones, Social Hygiene in Twentieth Century Britain (New York, 1986), p. 29.
62. Buder, Visionaries and Planners, p. 66.