Elaborating public relations roles

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 73, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 467-477

  Leichty, Greg ^b   Springston, Jeff ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0010787490     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769909607300215     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Glen Broom and George Smith, "Testing the Practitioners Impact on Clients," Public Relations Review 5 (fall 1979): 47-59.
2. David Dozier, "The Organizational Roles of Communications and Public Relations Practitioners," in Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management, ed. James Grunig (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1992), 327-56.
3. Glen Broom, "A Comparison of Sex Roles in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 8 (fall 1982): 17-22.
4. See, for example, Broom, "A Comparison of Sex Roles"; Glen Broom and David Dozier, "Advancement for Public Relations Role Models," Public Relations Review 12 (spring 1986): 37-56; David Dozier, "Toward a Reconciliation of Role Conflict in Public Relations Research" (paper presented at the meeting of the Western Communication Educators Conference, Fullerton, CA, 1983); David Dozier, "Program Evaluation and Roles of Practitioners," Public Relations Review 10 (winter 1984): 13-21; Joey Reagan, Ronald Anderson, Janine Sumner, and Scott Hill, "A Factor Analysis of Broom and Smith's Public Relations Roles Scale," Journalism Quarterly 67 (spring 1990): 177-83; Donald Wright, Larrisa Grunig, Jeffrey Springston, and Elizabeth Toth, Under the Glass Ceiling: An Analysis of Gender Issues in American Public Relations 1 (NY: Public Relations Society of America Foundation, November 1991); Elizabeth L. Toth and Larissa Grunig, "The Missing Story of Women in Public Relations," Journal of Public Relations Research 5 (summer 1993): 153-76.
5. See, for example, Broom, "A Comparison of Sex Roles"; Glen Broom and David Dozier, "Advancement for Public Relations Role Models," Public Relations Review 12 (spring 1986): 37-56; David Dozier, "Toward a Reconciliation of Role Conflict in Public Relations Research" (paper presented at the meeting of the Western Communication Educators Conference, Fullerton, CA, 1983); David Dozier, "Program Evaluation and Roles of Practitioners," Public Relations Review 10 (winter 1984): 13-21; Joey Reagan, Ronald Anderson, Janine Sumner, and Scott Hill, "A Factor Analysis of Broom and Smith's Public Relations Roles Scale," Journalism Quarterly 67 (spring 1990): 177-83; Donald Wright, Larrisa Grunig, Jeffrey Springston, and Elizabeth Toth, Under the Glass Ceiling: An Analysis of Gender Issues in American Public Relations 1 (NY: Public Relations Society of America Foundation, November 1991); Elizabeth L. Toth and Larissa Grunig, "The Missing Story of Women in Public Relations," Journal of Public Relations Research 5 (summer 1993): 153-76.
6. See, for example, Broom, "A Comparison of Sex Roles"; Glen Broom and David Dozier, "Advancement for Public Relations Role Models," Public Relations Review 12 (spring 1986): 37-56; David Dozier, "Toward a Reconciliation of Role Conflict in Public Relations Research" (paper presented at the meeting of the Western Communication Educators Conference, Fullerton, CA, 1983); David Dozier, "Program Evaluation and Roles of Practitioners," Public Relations Review 10 (winter 1984): 13-21; Joey Reagan, Ronald Anderson, Janine Sumner, and Scott Hill, "A Factor Analysis of Broom and Smith's Public Relations Roles Scale," Journalism Quarterly 67 (spring 1990): 177-83; Donald Wright, Larrisa Grunig, Jeffrey Springston, and Elizabeth Toth, Under the Glass Ceiling: An Analysis of Gender Issues in American Public Relations 1 (NY: Public Relations Society of America Foundation, November 1991); Elizabeth L. Toth and Larissa Grunig, "The Missing Story of Women in Public Relations," Journal of Public Relations Research 5 (summer 1993): 153-76.
7. See, for example, Broom, "A Comparison of Sex Roles"; Glen Broom and David Dozier, "Advancement for Public Relations Role Models," Public Relations Review 12 (spring 1986): 37-56; David Dozier, "Toward a Reconciliation of Role Conflict in Public Relations Research" (paper presented at the meeting of the Western Communication Educators Conference, Fullerton, CA, 1983); David Dozier, "Program Evaluation and Roles of Practitioners," Public Relations Review 10 (winter 1984): 13-21; Joey Reagan, Ronald Anderson, Janine Sumner, and Scott Hill, "A Factor Analysis of Broom and Smith's Public Relations Roles Scale," Journalism Quarterly 67 (spring 1990): 177-83; Donald Wright, Larrisa Grunig, Jeffrey Springston, and Elizabeth Toth, Under the Glass Ceiling: An Analysis of Gender Issues in American Public Relations 1 (NY: Public Relations Society of America Foundation, November 1991); Elizabeth L. Toth and Larissa Grunig, "The Missing Story of Women in Public Relations," Journal of Public Relations Research 5 (summer 1993): 153-76.
8. See, for example, Broom, "A Comparison of Sex Roles"; Glen Broom and David Dozier, "Advancement for Public Relations Role Models," Public Relations Review 12 (spring 1986): 37-56; David Dozier, "Toward a Reconciliation of Role Conflict in Public Relations Research" (paper presented at the meeting of the Western Communication Educators Conference, Fullerton, CA, 1983); David Dozier, "Program Evaluation and Roles of Practitioners," Public Relations Review 10 (winter 1984): 13-21; Joey Reagan, Ronald Anderson, Janine Sumner, and Scott Hill, "A Factor Analysis of Broom and Smith's Public Relations Roles Scale," Journalism Quarterly 67 (spring 1990): 177-83; Donald Wright, Larrisa Grunig, Jeffrey Springston, and Elizabeth Toth, Under the Glass Ceiling: An Analysis of Gender Issues in American Public Relations 1 (NY: Public Relations Society of America Foundation, November 1991); Elizabeth L. Toth and Larissa Grunig, "The Missing Story of Women in Public Relations," Journal of Public Relations Research 5 (summer 1993): 153-76.
9. See, for example, Broom, "A Comparison of Sex Roles"; Glen Broom and David Dozier, "Advancement for Public Relations Role Models," Public Relations Review 12 (spring 1986): 37-56; David Dozier, "Toward a Reconciliation of Role Conflict in Public Relations Research" (paper presented at the meeting of the Western Communication Educators Conference, Fullerton, CA, 1983); David Dozier, "Program Evaluation and Roles of Practitioners," Public Relations Review 10 (winter 1984): 13-21; Joey Reagan, Ronald Anderson, Janine Sumner, and Scott Hill, "A Factor Analysis of Broom and Smith's Public Relations Roles Scale," Journalism Quarterly 67 (spring 1990): 177-83; Donald Wright, Larrisa Grunig, Jeffrey Springston, and Elizabeth Toth, Under the Glass Ceiling: An Analysis of Gender Issues in American Public Relations 1 (NY: Public Relations Society of America Foundation, November 1991); Elizabeth L. Toth and Larissa Grunig, "The Missing Story of Women in Public Relations," Journal of Public Relations Research 5 (summer 1993): 153-76.
10. See, for example, Broom, "A Comparison of Sex Roles"; Glen Broom and David Dozier, "Advancement for Public Relations Role Models," Public Relations Review 12 (spring 1986): 37-56; David Dozier, "Toward a Reconciliation of Role Conflict in Public Relations Research" (paper presented at the meeting of the Western Communication Educators Conference, Fullerton, CA, 1983); David Dozier, "Program Evaluation and Roles of Practitioners," Public Relations Review 10 (winter 1984): 13-21; Joey Reagan, Ronald Anderson, Janine Sumner, and Scott Hill, "A Factor Analysis of Broom and Smith's Public Relations Roles Scale," Journalism Quarterly 67 (spring 1990): 177-83; Donald Wright, Larrisa Grunig, Jeffrey Springston, and Elizabeth Toth, Under the Glass Ceiling: An Analysis of Gender Issues in American Public Relations 1 (NY: Public Relations Society of America Foundation, November 1991); Elizabeth L. Toth and Larissa Grunig, "The Missing Story of Women in Public Relations," Journal of Public Relations Research 5 (summer 1993): 153-76.
11. Dozier, "Toward a Reconciliation of 'Role Conflict' in Public Relations Research."
12. Dozier, "The Organizational Roles," 327-56.
13. Wright et al., Under the Glass Ceiling, 1-42.
14. Hugh Culbertson, "Practitioner Roles: Their Meaning for Educators," Public Relations Review 11 (winter 1985): 5-21.
15. David Dozier, "The Innovation of Research in Public Relations Practice: Review of a Program of Studies," Public Relations Research Annual 2 (December 1990): 3-28.
16. Dozier, "The Organizational Roles," 335.
17. See, for example, Reagan et. al," A Factor Analysis," 177-83. Also see Wright et al., Under the Glass Ceiling, 21.
18. See, for example, Reagan et. al," A Factor Analysis," 177-83. Also see Wright et al., Under the Glass Ceiling, 21.
19. Mark Aldenderfer and Roger Blashfield, Cluster Analysis (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1984).
20. Raymond Friedman and Joel Podolny, "Differentiation of Boundary Spanning Roles: Labor Negotiations and Implications for Role Conflict," Administrative Science Quarterly 37 (March 1992): 28-47.
21. Klaus Krippendorff and Michael Eleey, "Monitoring a Group's Symbolic Environment," Public Relations Review 12 (spring 1986) 13-36.
22. David Jemison, "The Importance of Boundary Spanning Roles in Strategic Decision Making," Journal of Management Studies 21 (March 1984): 131-52.
23. See, for instance, Michael Tushman and Thomas Scanlan, "Boundary Spanning Individuals: Their Role in Information Transfer and Their Antecedents," Academy of Management Journal 24 (June 1981): 289-305.
24. Jemison, "The Importance of Boundary Spanning Roles."
25. Although the 43% response rate is not ideal, it is close to the mean response rate of 47% documented in a review of response rates for mail surveys documented over a sixteen-year period (see Julie Yu and Harris Cooper, "A Quantitative review of research design effects on response rates to questionnaires," Journal of Marketing Research 20 (February 1983): 36-44. Furthermore, the response rate is a little better than several large scale surveys of PR practitioners in recent years (e.g., Nicholas Tortorello and Elizabeth Wilhelm, "Eighth annual salary survey," Public Relations Journal 49 (July 1993): 10-19. Also see Wright et al., Under the Glass Ceiling, 1-42.
26. Although the 43% response rate is not ideal, it is close to the mean response rate of 47% documented in a review of response rates for mail surveys documented over a sixteen-year period (see Julie Yu and Harris Cooper, "A Quantitative review of research design effects on response rates to questionnaires," Journal of Marketing Research 20 (February 1983): 36-44. Furthermore, the response rate is a little better than several large scale surveys of PR practitioners in recent years (e.g., Nicholas Tortorello and Elizabeth Wilhelm, "Eighth annual salary survey," Public Relations Journal 49 (July 1993): 10-19. Also see Wright et al., Under the Glass Ceiling, 1-42.
27. Although the 43% response rate is not ideal, it is close to the mean response rate of 47% documented in a review of response rates for mail surveys documented over a sixteen-year period (see Julie Yu and Harris Cooper, "A Quantitative review of research design effects on response rates to questionnaires," Journal of Marketing Research 20 (February 1983): 36-44. Furthermore, the response rate is a little better than several large scale surveys of PR practitioners in recent years (e.g., Nicholas Tortorello and Elizabeth Wilhelm, "Eighth annual salary survey," Public Relations Journal 49 (July 1993): 10-19. Also see Wright et al., Under the Glass Ceiling, 1-42.
28. Broom and Smith, "Testing the Practitioners Impact."
29. The boundary spanning factors were adapted from Myriah Allen, "Communicators Spanning the Boundaries: Their Role, Power, Communication-related Skills, and Conflict Management Styles" (Ph.D. diss., University of Kentucky, 1988); see also Jemison, "The Importance of Boundary Spanning Roles."
30. The boundary spanning factors were adapted from Myriah Allen, "Communicators Spanning the Boundaries: Their Role, Power, Communication-related Skills, and Conflict Management Styles" (Ph.D. diss., University of Kentucky, 1988); see also Jemison, "The Importance of Boundary Spanning Roles."
31. We anticipated that the factor analysis would identify from five to eight factors. We used items from four boundary spanning factors utilized in previous research, in addition to the factors uncovered in previous roles research. However, we did not think we had enough information to specify either the number of factors or the factor structures in advance as is required for confirmatory factor analysis.
32. Dozier, "The Organizational Roles," 327-56; Broom and Smith, "Testing the Practitioners Impact."
33. Dozier, "The Organizational Roles," 327-56; Broom and Smith, "Testing the Practitioners Impact."
34. Dozier, "The Organizational Roles."
35. Broom and Smith, "Testing the Practitioners Impact."
36. Dozier, "The Organizational Roles."
37. Broom and Smith, "Testing the Practitioners Impact."
38. Jeff Springston and Greg Leichty, "Boundary Spanning Activities in Public Relations" (paper presented to the annual meeting of the Southern Communication Association, Lexington, KY, 1993).
39. Broom and Smith, "Testing the Practitioners Impact."
40. Donald J. Johnson, "The Coorientation Model and Consultant Roles," in Public Relations Theory, ed. Carl Botan and Vincent Hazleton (Hillsday, NJ: Erlbaum, 1989), 243-63.
41. See Allen, "Communicators Spanning the Boundaries." Also see the following reference for an example of how diary methods are employed to track communications in social and personal relationships. Steve Duck, Deborah Rutt, Margaret Hoy Hurst, and Heather Strejc, "Some evident truths about conversations in everyday relationships," Human Communication Research 18 (December 1991): 228-67.
42. See Allen, "Communicators Spanning the Boundaries." Also see the following reference for an example of how diary methods are employed to track communications in social and personal relationships. Steve Duck, Deborah Rutt, Margaret Hoy Hurst, and Heather Strejc, "Some evident truths about conversations in everyday relationships," Human Communication Research 18 (December 1991): 228-67.