Expulsion as an issue of world history

Journal of World History

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 165-180

  Kedar, Benjamin Z ^a  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0010536155     PISSN: 10456007     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jwh.2005.0039     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Robert Chazan, "Expulsion of Jews," in Dictionary of the Middle Ages, ed. Joseph R. Strayer, 13 vols. (New York, 1982-89), 4:563-65.
2. James J. Preston, "Expulsion," in The Encyclopedia of Religion, ed. Mircea Eliade, 16 vols. (New York, 1987), 5:233-36.
3. Hayyim H. Ben-Sasson and Shneur Z. Heshin, "Gerush," in Encyclopedia Hebraica, 32 vols. (Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, 1949-81), 11:280-95.
4. See, e.g., Bustenay Oded, Mass Deportations and Deportees in the Neo-Assyrian Empire (Wiesbaden, 1979), and for Egyptian and Hittite parallels, p. 2.
5. For a longitudinal survey, see Franz von Holtzendorff, Die Deportation als Strafmittel in alter und neuer Zeit und die Verbrecherkolonien der Engländer und Franzosen in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwickelung und criminalpolitischen Bedeutung (Leipzig, 1859); Theodor Mommsen, Römisches Strafrecht (Leipzig, 1899), pp. 957-58; Max Grünhut, Penal Reform: A Comparative Study (Oxford, 1948), pp. 72-83, 123-24. On the deportation of Donatist, Montanist, and Eunomian leaders, see Theodor Mommsen, ed., Theodosiani libri XVI (Berlin, 1905), 5.52, 5.54, 5.57, pp. 872-75.
6. For a longitudinal survey, see Franz von Holtzendorff, Die Deportation als Strafmittel in alter und neuer Zeit und die Verbrecherkolonien der Engländer und Franzosen in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwickelung und criminalpolitischen Bedeutung (Leipzig, 1859); Theodor Mommsen, Römisches Strafrecht (Leipzig, 1899), pp. 957-58; Max Grünhut, Penal Reform: A Comparative Study (Oxford, 1948), pp. 72-83, 123-24. On the deportation of Donatist, Montanist, and Eunomian leaders, see Theodor Mommsen, ed., Theodosiani libri XVI (Berlin, 1905), 5.52, 5.54, 5.57, pp. 872-75.
7. For a longitudinal survey, see Franz von Holtzendorff, Die Deportation als Strafmittel in alter und neuer Zeit und die Verbrecherkolonien der Engländer und Franzosen in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwickelung und criminalpolitischen Bedeutung (Leipzig, 1859); Theodor Mommsen, Römisches Strafrecht (Leipzig, 1899), pp. 957-58; Max Grünhut, Penal Reform: A Comparative Study (Oxford, 1948), pp. 72-83, 123-24. On the deportation of Donatist, Montanist, and Eunomian leaders, see Theodor Mommsen, ed., Theodosiani libri XVI (Berlin, 1905), 5.52, 5.54, 5.57, pp. 872-75.
8. For a longitudinal survey, see Franz von Holtzendorff, Die Deportation als Strafmittel in alter und neuer Zeit und die Verbrecherkolonien der Engländer und Franzosen in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwickelung und criminalpolitischen Bedeutung (Leipzig, 1859); Theodor Mommsen, Römisches Strafrecht (Leipzig, 1899), pp. 957-58; Max Grünhut, Penal Reform: A Comparative Study (Oxford, 1948), pp. 72-83, 123-24. On the deportation of Donatist, Montanist, and Eunomian leaders, see Theodor Mommsen, ed., Theodosiani libri XVI (Berlin, 1905), 5.52, 5.54, 5.57, pp. 872-75.
9. David Ayalon, "Discharges from Service, Banishments and Imprisonments in Mamluk Society," Israel Oriental Studies 2 (1972): 34-40.
10. Halil Inalcik, "Ottoman Methods of Conquest," Studia Islamica 2 (1954): 122-25; for further references, see Joseph R. Hacker, "The Ottoman System of Sürgün and Its Influence on the Jewish Society in the Ottoman Empire," Zion 55 (1990): 30 n.7 (in Hebrew). On mass deportations of Armenians, Georgians, and Zoroastrians in seventeenth-century Persia see Vera B. Moreen, "The Status of Religious Minorities in Safavid Iran, 1617-61," Journal of Near Eastern Studies 40 (1981):128-29, 131-33. On a temporary deportation of the Jews of Yemen to an arid valley in the south of that country, see Yehuda Ratzaby, "The Exile of Mawza': A Chapter of Yemenite Jewish History," Sefunot 5 (1961):337-95; and Ratzaby, "An Expulsion of the Jews in Yemen (1679-1680)," Zion 37 (1972):197-215 (both articles are in Hebrew).
11. Halil Inalcik, "Ottoman Methods of Conquest," Studia Islamica 2 (1954): 122-25; for further references, see Joseph R. Hacker, "The Ottoman System of Sürgün and Its Influence on the Jewish Society in the Ottoman Empire," Zion 55 (1990): 30 n.7 (in Hebrew). On mass deportations of Armenians, Georgians, and Zoroastrians in seventeenth-century Persia see Vera B. Moreen, "The Status of Religious Minorities in Safavid Iran, 1617-61," Journal of Near Eastern Studies 40 (1981):128-29, 131-33. On a temporary deportation of the Jews of Yemen to an arid valley in the south of that country, see Yehuda Ratzaby, "The Exile of Mawza': A Chapter of Yemenite Jewish History," Sefunot 5 (1961):337-95; and Ratzaby, "An Expulsion of the Jews in Yemen (1679-1680)," Zion 37 (1972):197-215 (both articles are in Hebrew).
12. Halil Inalcik, "Ottoman Methods of Conquest," Studia Islamica 2 (1954): 122-25; for further references, see Joseph R. Hacker, "The Ottoman System of Sürgün and Its Influence on the Jewish Society in the Ottoman Empire," Zion 55 (1990): 30 n.7 (in Hebrew). On mass deportations of Armenians, Georgians, and Zoroastrians in seventeenth-century Persia see Vera B. Moreen, "The Status of Religious Minorities in Safavid Iran, 1617-61," Journal of Near Eastern Studies 40 (1981):128-29, 131-33. On a temporary deportation of the Jews of Yemen to an arid valley in the south of that country, see Yehuda Ratzaby, "The Exile of Mawza': A Chapter of Yemenite Jewish History," Sefunot 5 (1961):337-95; and Ratzaby, "An Expulsion of the Jews in Yemen (1679-1680)," Zion 37 (1972):197-215 (both articles are in Hebrew).
13. Halil Inalcik, "Ottoman Methods of Conquest," Studia Islamica 2 (1954): 122-25; for further references, see Joseph R. Hacker, "The Ottoman System of Sürgün and Its Influence on the Jewish Society in the Ottoman Empire," Zion 55 (1990): 30 n.7 (in Hebrew). On mass deportations of Armenians, Georgians, and Zoroastrians in seventeenth-century Persia see Vera B. Moreen, "The Status of Religious Minorities in Safavid Iran, 1617-61," Journal of Near Eastern Studies 40 (1981):128-29, 131-33. On a temporary deportation of the Jews of Yemen to an arid valley in the south of that country, see Yehuda Ratzaby, "The Exile of Mawza': A Chapter of Yemenite Jewish History," Sefunot 5 (1961):337-95; and Ratzaby, "An Expulsion of the Jews in Yemen (1679-1680)," Zion 37 (1972):197-215 (both articles are in Hebrew).
14. Halil Inalcik, "Ottoman Methods of Conquest," Studia Islamica 2 (1954): 122-25; for further references, see Joseph R. Hacker, "The Ottoman System of Sürgün and Its Influence on the Jewish Society in the Ottoman Empire," Zion 55 (1990): 30 n.7 (in Hebrew). On mass deportations of Armenians, Georgians, and Zoroastrians in seventeenth-century Persia see Vera B. Moreen, "The Status of Religious Minorities in Safavid Iran, 1617-61," Journal of Near Eastern Studies 40 (1981):128-29, 131-33. On a temporary deportation of the Jews of Yemen to an arid valley in the south of that country, see Yehuda Ratzaby, "The Exile of Mawza': A Chapter of Yemenite Jewish History," Sefunot 5 (1961):337-95; and Ratzaby, "An Expulsion of the Jews in Yemen (1679-1680)," Zion 37 (1972):197-215 (both articles are in Hebrew).
15. For a brief overview, see Lauro Martines, "Political Conflict in the Italian City States," Government and Opposition 3 (1968): 88-91; various aspects of the phenomenon are discussed in Exil et civilisation en Italie (XIIe-XVIe siècles), ed. Jacques Heers and Christian Bec (Nancy, 1990).
16. For a brief overview, see Lauro Martines, "Political Conflict in the Italian City States," Government and Opposition 3 (1968): 88-91; various aspects of the phenomenon are discussed in Exil et civilisation en Italie (XIIe-XVIe siècles), ed. Jacques Heers and Christian Bec (Nancy, 1990).
17. Solomon Katz, The Jews in the Visigothic and Frankish Kingdoms of Spain and Gaul (Cambridge, Mass., 1937), pp. 11-18, 23-26; Bernhard Blumenkranz, Juifs et chrétiens dans le monde occidental, 430-1096 (Paris, 1960), pp. 99-104; for the quotation, see Shlomo Simonsohn, ed., The Apostolic See and the Jews, 8 vols. (Toronto, 1988-91), doc. 34, 1:33.
18. Solomon Katz, The Jews in the Visigothic and Frankish Kingdoms of Spain and Gaul (Cambridge, Mass., 1937), pp. 11-18, 23-26; Bernhard Blumenkranz, Juifs et chrétiens dans le monde occidental, 430-1096 (Paris, 1960), pp. 99-104; for the quotation, see Shlomo Simonsohn, ed., The Apostolic See and the Jews, 8 vols. (Toronto, 1988-91), doc. 34, 1:33.
19. Solomon Katz, The Jews in the Visigothic and Frankish Kingdoms of Spain and Gaul (Cambridge, Mass., 1937), pp. 11-18, 23-26; Bernhard Blumenkranz, Juifs et chrétiens dans le monde occidental, 430-1096 (Paris, 1960), pp. 99-104; for the quotation, see Shlomo Simonsohn, ed., The Apostolic See and the Jews, 8 vols. (Toronto, 1988-91), doc. 34, 1:33.
20. For the texts, see Simonsohn, Apostolic See, docs. 321 and 322 1:337-38; for discussion, see Solomon Grayzel, "References to the Jews in the Correspondence of John XXII," Hebrew Union College Annual 23 (1950-51): 61-63.
21. For the texts, see Simonsohn, Apostolic See, docs. 321 and 322 1:337-38; for discussion, see Solomon Grayzel, "References to the Jews in the Correspondence of John XXII," Hebrew Union College Annual 23 (1950-51): 61-63.
22. R. Philippi, ed. Preussisches Urkundenbuch, I: Politische Abtheilung (Königsberg, 1882), doc. 218, p. 162.
23. Eusèbe J. de Laurière et al., eds., Ordonnances des roys de France de la troisième race, 23 vols. (Paris, 1723-1849), 1:96. The still earlier edict of 1239, by which Duke Jean I expelled all Jews from Brittany, merely states that he did so "having in mind the good of all of Brittany": Solomon Grayzel, The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century (Philadelphia, 1933), app. C, pp. 344-45; Robert Chazan, Church, State, and Jew in the Middle Ages (New York, 1980), pp. 312-13.
24. Eusèbe J. de Laurière et al., eds., Ordonnances des roys de France de la troisième race, 23 vols. (Paris, 1723-1849), 1:96. The still earlier edict of 1239, by which Duke Jean I expelled all Jews from Brittany, merely states that he did so "having in mind the good of all of Brittany": Solomon Grayzel, The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century (Philadelphia, 1933), app. C, pp. 344-45; Robert Chazan, Church, State, and Jew in the Middle Ages (New York, 1980), pp. 312-13.
25. Eusèbe J. de Laurière et al., eds., Ordonnances des roys de France de la troisième race, 23 vols. (Paris, 1723-1849), 1:96. The still earlier edict of 1239, by which Duke Jean I expelled all Jews from Brittany, merely states that he did so "having in mind the good of all of Brittany": Solomon Grayzel, The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century (Philadelphia, 1933), app. C, pp. 344-45; Robert Chazan, Church, State, and Jew in the Middle Ages (New York, 1980), pp. 312-13.
26. Rigord, De gestis Philippi Augusti, in Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France, 24 vols. (Paris, 1869-1904), 17:9-10; partial English translation in Chazan, Church, State, and Jew, pp. 310-12.
27. Rigord, De gestis Philippi Augusti, in Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France, 24 vols. (Paris, 1869-1904), 17:9-10; partial English translation in Chazan, Church, State, and Jew, pp. 310-12.
28. De Laurière, Ordonnances, 1:299.
29. Francisco Fernández y González, Los mudejares de Castilla, considerados en símismos y respecto de la civilización española (Madrid, 1866), doc. 88, pp. 432-34.
30. Bullarium Romanum, 26 vols. (Turin, 1857-96), doc. 124, 7:432-34.
31. Gerhard Florey, Geschichte der Salzburger Protestanten und ihrer Emigration 1731/32 (Vienna, 1977), pp. 118-19.
32. Manuel Danvilla y Collado, Reinado de Carlos III, 6 vols. (Madrid, 1893-96), doc. 6, 3:636-38. See also Magnus Mörner, ed., The Expulsion of the Jesuits from Latin America (New York, 1965).
33. Manuel Danvilla y Collado, Reinado de Carlos III, 6 vols. (Madrid, 1893-96), doc. 6, 3:636-38. See also Magnus Mörner, ed., The Expulsion of the Jesuits from Latin America (New York, 1965).
34. B. H. Roberts, History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, 2nd ed., 2 vols. (Salt Lake City, 1973), 1:398.
35. Luís Suárez Fernández, ed., Documentos acerca de la expulsión de los judíos (Valladolid, 1964), doc. 177, pp. 391-95; Andrés Bernaldez, Historia de los Reyes Católicos don Fernando y doña Isabel, in Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, 154 vols. (Madrid, 1849-1962), 70:651.
36. Luís Suárez Fernández, ed., Documentos acerca de la expulsión de los judíos (Valladolid, 1964), doc. 177, pp. 391-95; Andrés Bernaldez, Historia de los Reyes Católicos don Fernando y doña Isabel, in Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, 154 vols. (Madrid, 1849-1962), 70:651.
37. De Lautière, Ordonnances, 1:96.
38. Manuel Danvilla y Collado, La expulsión de los moriscos españoles (Madrid, 1889), p. 298n.
39. Isambert, Decrusy, and Taillandier, eds., Recueil général des anciennes lois françaises depuis l'an 420 jusqu'à la révolution de 1789, 29 vols. (Paris, 1821-33), 19:532. On the pastors' jus emigrandi, see Elisabeth Labrousse, La révocation de l'édit de Nantes (Geneva, 1985), pp. 196-99.
40. Isambert, Decrusy, and Taillandier, eds., Recueil général des anciennes lois françaises depuis l'an 420 jusqu'à la révolution de 1789, 29 vols. (Paris, 1821-33), 19:532. On the pastors' jus emigrandi, see Elisabeth Labrousse, La révocation de l'édit de Nantes (Geneva, 1985), pp. 196-99.
41. Florey, Geschichte der Salzburger Protestanten, p. 123.
42. As early as the expulsion of the Jews from the French royal domain in 1182, the edict of which is not extant, the span of time between promulgation and enactment amounted to about three months: Rigord, De gestis Philippi Augusti, pp. 9-10; for an English translation, see Chazan, Church, State, and Jew, p. 311.
43. As early as the expulsion of the Jews from the French royal domain in 1182, the edict of which is not extant, the span of time between promulgation and enactment amounted to about three months: Rigord, De gestis Philippi Augusti, pp. 9-10; for an English translation, see Chazan, Church, State, and Jew, p. 311.
44. De Laurière, Ordonnances, 1:299. In the same vein, Matthew Paris reports that when Louis IX of France ordered the expulsion of the Jews in about 1253, he stipulated that those of them who were willing to become merchants or artisans could stay put: H. K. Luard, ed., Chronica majora, 7 vols., Rolls Series 57 (London, 1872-83), 5:361-62. In 1260 Duke Henry III of Brabant similarly laid down in his testament that Jews and Cahorsins should be expelled unless they agreed to trade like other merchants and forego usury: Aubert Le Mire and Jean-François Foppens, Opera diplomatica et historica, 2nd ed., 2 vols. (Brussels, 1723), 1:207. This was in line with Thomas Aquinas's advice to the duchess of Brabant that while it is legitimate to fine Jewish and Cahorsin usurers, it is preferable to compel them to work: Thomas Aquinas, Epistola ad ducissam Brabantiae, ed. H.-F. Dondaine, in Sancti Thomae de Aquino opera omnia, 50 vols. to date (Rome, 1889-), 42:376.
45. De Laurière, Ordonnances, 1:299. In the same vein, Matthew Paris reports that when Louis IX of France ordered the expulsion of the Jews in about 1253, he stipulated that those of them who were willing to become merchants or artisans could stay put: H. K. Luard, ed., Chronica majora, 7 vols., Rolls Series 57 (London, 1872-83), 5:361-62. In 1260 Duke Henry III of Brabant similarly laid down in his testament that Jews and Cahorsins should be expelled unless they agreed to trade like other merchants and forego usury: Aubert Le Mire and Jean-François Foppens, Opera diplomatica et historica, 2nd ed., 2 vols. (Brussels, 1723), 1:207. This was in line with Thomas Aquinas's advice to the duchess of Brabant that while it is legitimate to fine Jewish and Cahorsin usurers, it is preferable to compel them to work: Thomas Aquinas, Epistola ad ducissam Brabantiae, ed. H.-F. Dondaine, in Sancti Thomae de Aquino opera omnia, 50 vols. to date (Rome, 1889-), 42:376.
46. De Laurière, Ordonnances, 1:299. In the same vein, Matthew Paris reports that when Louis IX of France ordered the expulsion of the Jews in about 1253, he stipulated that those of them who were willing to become merchants or artisans could stay put: H. K. Luard, ed., Chronica majora, 7 vols., Rolls Series 57 (London, 1872-83), 5:361-62. In 1260 Duke Henry III of Brabant similarly laid down in his testament that Jews and Cahorsins should be expelled unless they agreed to trade like other merchants and forego usury: Aubert Le Mire and Jean-François Foppens, Opera diplomatica et historica, 2nd ed., 2 vols. (Brussels, 1723), 1:207. This was in line with Thomas Aquinas's advice to the duchess of Brabant that while it is legitimate to fine Jewish and Cahorsin usurers, it is preferable to compel them to work: Thomas Aquinas, Epistola ad ducissam Brabantiae, ed. H.-F. Dondaine, in Sancti Thomae de Aquino opera omnia, 50 vols. to date (Rome, 1889-), 42:376.
47. De Laurière, Ordonnances, 1:299. In the same vein, Matthew Paris reports that when Louis IX of France ordered the expulsion of the Jews in about 1253, he stipulated that those of them who were willing to become merchants or artisans could stay put: H. K. Luard, ed., Chronica majora, 7 vols., Rolls Series 57 (London, 1872-83), 5:361-62. In 1260 Duke Henry III of Brabant similarly laid down in his testament that Jews and Cahorsins should be expelled unless they agreed to trade like other merchants and forego usury: Aubert Le Mire and Jean-François Foppens, Opera diplomatica et historica, 2nd ed., 2 vols. (Brussels, 1723), 1:207. This was in line with Thomas Aquinas's advice to the duchess of Brabant that while it is legitimate to fine Jewish and Cahorsin usurers, it is preferable to compel them to work: Thomas Aquinas, Epistola ad ducissam Brabantiae, ed. H.-F. Dondaine, in Sancti Thomae de Aquino opera omnia, 50 vols. to date (Rome, 1889-), 42:376.
48. Danièle Iancu, Les Juifs en Provence (1475-1501): De l'insertion à l'expulsion (Marseilles, 1981), doc. 5, pp. 222-23.
49. Isambert, Decrusy, and Taillandier, eds., Recueil général des anciennes lois françaises, 19:532.
50. Alfonso de Espina, Fortalitium fidei contra iudeos saracenos aliosque christiane fidei inimicos (Nuremberg, 1494), pp. 167-70; see Alisa M. Ginio, "The Expulsion of the Jews from the Kingdom of France and Its Significance according to Alfonso de Espina," Michael 12 (1991): 67-82 (in Hebrew). The edict by which Charles VIII of France ordered the expulsion of the Jews of Arles in 1493 also mentions precedents: Iancu, Juifs, doc. 1, p. 216.
51. Alfonso de Espina, Fortalitium fidei contra iudeos saracenos aliosque christiane fidei inimicos (Nuremberg, 1494), pp. 167-70; see Alisa M. Ginio, "The Expulsion of the Jews from the Kingdom of France and Its Significance according to Alfonso de Espina," Michael 12 (1991): 67-82 (in Hebrew). The edict by which Charles VIII of France ordered the expulsion of the Jews of Arles in 1493 also mentions precedents: Iancu, Juifs, doc. 1, p. 216.
52. Alfonso de Espina, Fortalitium fidei contra iudeos saracenos aliosque christiane fidei inimicos (Nuremberg, 1494), pp. 167-70; see Alisa M. Ginio, "The Expulsion of the Jews from the Kingdom of France and Its Significance according to Alfonso de Espina," Michael 12 (1991): 67-82 (in Hebrew). The edict by which Charles VIII of France ordered the expulsion of the Jews of Arles in 1493 also mentions precedents: Iancu, Juifs, doc. 1, p. 216.
53. Norman Zacour, Jews and Saracens in the Consilia of Oldradus de Ponte (Toronto, 1990), pp. 54-58, 62-67 (translation), 83-84, 86-89 (text); also pp. 26-30.
54. See Kenneth R. Stow, "Expulsion Italian Style: The Case of Lucio Ferraris," Jewish History 3 (1988): 58, 63.
55. Enrica Delle Donne, L'espulsione dei Gesuiti dal Regno di Napoli (Naples, 1970), doc. 25, p. 142.
56. Alexander A. Vasiliev, Byzance et les Arabes, 3 vols. (Brussels, 1935-50), 2:2:154; David Jacoby, "Les quartiers juifs de Constantinople à l'époque byzantine," Byzantion 37 (1967): 175-83.
57. Alexander A. Vasiliev, Byzance et les Arabes, 3 vols. (Brussels, 1935-50), 2:2:154; David Jacoby, "Les quartiers juifs de Constantinople à l'époque byzantine," Byzantion 37 (1967): 175-83.
58. Andrew Sharf, Byzantine Jewry from Justinian to the Fourth Crusade (London, 1971), pp. 126, 152.
59. See, for instance, Antoine Fattal, Le statut légal des non-musulmans en pays d'Islam (Beirut, 1958), pp. 85-88.
60. Berthold Spuler, Die Mongolen in Iran: Politik, Verwaltung und Kultur der Ilchanzeit, 1220-1350, 4th ed. (Leiden, 1985), pp. 154-56.
61. See Eliyahu Ashtor, "The Social Isolation of the ahl adh-dhimma," in Essais orientailiques: Livre d'hommage à la mémoire de P. Hirschler, ed. O. Komlós (Budapest, 1950), p. 88;
62. reprinted in Ashtor, The Medieval Near East: Social and Economic History (London, 1978), article VIII, p. 88.
63. Bernard Lewis, The jews of Islam (Princeton, 1984), p. 43 (translation of Qadikhan's ruling);
64. Seth Ward, "A Fragment from an Unknown Work by al-Tabari on the Tradition 'Expel the Jews and Chtistians from the Arabian Peninsula (and the Lands of Islam)'," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 53 (1990): 407-20.
65. Charles R. Boxer, The Christian Century in Japan, 1549-1650 (Berkeley, 1967), p. 318.
66. For the edict of 1587, see George Elison, Deus Destroyed: The Image of Christianity in Early Modern Japan (Cambridge, Mass., 1973), pp. 115-23.
67. Pedro Morejon, Relación de la persecución que huvo estas años contra la Iglesia de Iapon (Saragossa, 1617), p. 5;
68. also Léon Pagès, Histoire de la religion chrétienne au Japon depuis 1598 jusqu'à 1651, 2 vols. (Paris, 1869-70), 1:253,
69. 2:104.
70. On the expulsion of Japanese Christians who declined to recant, ibid., 1:253-55, 260, 278-81,
71. and 2:117. In 1611 the English pilot William Adams reported that the emperor "demaunded also as conserning the warres betweene the Spaniard and Portingall and our countrey, and the reasons; the which I gaue him to vnderstand of all things, which he was glad to heare, as it seemed to me":
72. Thomas Rundall, ed., Memorials of the Empire of Japon in the XVI and XVII Centuries (London, 1850), pp. 24-25.
73. For other indications of Japanese interest in matters European, see ibid., pp. 28, 39, 137-39.
74. Hayyim H. Ben-Sasson, "Expulsions," in Encyclopedia Judaica, 16 vols. (Jerusalem, 1971-72), 6:1070. (At cols. 1069-71 there appears an English translation of that part of the entry quoted in note 3 above, which deals with the expulsions of Jews.)
75. Danvilla y Collado, Expulsión, pp. 276-77, 299-300.
76. Elias himself dealt with expulsion in an early article, "Die Vertreibung der Hugenotten aus Frankreich," Der Ausweg: Zeitschrift für Umschichtung, Wanderung, Siedlung 1 (1935): 369-76.
77. Sigmund Freud, Das Unbehagen in der Kultur, in Gesammelte Schriften, 17 vols. (London, 1940-52), 14:504-505.
78. On the ruler's holy obligation to defend Christian polity as leading to expulsion, see the detailed discussion (though limited to medieval Jewish history) by Kenneth R. Stow, Alienated Minority: The Jews of Medieval Latin Europe (Cambridge, Mass., 1992), pp. 226-30, 281-308. To Stow's ample bibliography one may add Anna-Dorothee von den Brincken, "Das Rechtfertigungsschreiben der Stadt Köln wegen Ausweisung der Juden im Jahre 1424. Zur Motivierung spätmittelalterlicher Judenvertreibungen in West- und Mitteleuropa," Mitteilungen aus dem Stadtarchiv von Köln 60 (1971): 305-39 (on p. 310 the author uses the term judenfrei!); Markus J. Wenninger, Man bedarf keiner Juden mehr. Ursachen und Hintergründe ihrer Vertreibung aus den deutschen Reichsstädten im 15. Jahrhundert (Vienna, 1981); Michael Toch, "'Umb gemeyns nutz und notdurfft willen': Obrigkeitliches und jurisdiktionelles Denken bei der Austreibung der Nürnberger Juden, 1498/99," Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung 11 (1984): 1-21; Fritz Backhaus, "Judenfeindschaft und Judenvertreibungen im Mittelalter: Zur Ausweisung der Juden aus dem Mittelelbraum im 15. Jahrhundert," Jahrbuch für die Geschichte Mittel- und Ostdeutschlands 36 (1987): 275-332.
79. On the ruler's holy obligation to defend Christian polity as leading to expulsion, see the detailed discussion (though limited to medieval Jewish history) by Kenneth R. Stow, Alienated Minority: The Jews of Medieval Latin Europe (Cambridge, Mass., 1992), pp. 226-30, 281-308. To Stow's ample bibliography one may add Anna-Dorothee von den Brincken, "Das Rechtfertigungsschreiben der Stadt Köln wegen Ausweisung der Juden im Jahre 1424. Zur Motivierung spätmittelalterlicher Judenvertreibungen in West- und Mitteleuropa," Mitteilungen aus dem Stadtarchiv von Köln 60 (1971): 305-39 (on p. 310 the author uses the term judenfrei!); Markus J. Wenninger, Man bedarf keiner Juden mehr. Ursachen und Hintergründe ihrer Vertreibung aus den deutschen Reichsstädten im 15. Jahrhundert (Vienna, 1981); Michael Toch, "'Umb gemeyns nutz und notdurfft willen': Obrigkeitliches und jurisdiktionelles Denken bei der Austreibung der Nürnberger Juden, 1498/99," Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung 11 (1984): 1-21; Fritz Backhaus, "Judenfeindschaft und Judenvertreibungen im Mittelalter: Zur Ausweisung der Juden aus dem Mittelelbraum im 15. Jahrhundert," Jahrbuch für die Geschichte Mittel- und Ostdeutschlands 36 (1987): 275-332.
80. On the ruler's holy obligation to defend Christian polity as leading to expulsion, see the detailed discussion (though limited to medieval Jewish history) by Kenneth R. Stow, Alienated Minority: The Jews of Medieval Latin Europe (Cambridge, Mass., 1992), pp. 226-30, 281-308. To Stow's ample bibliography one may add Anna-Dorothee von den Brincken, "Das Rechtfertigungsschreiben der Stadt Köln wegen Ausweisung der Juden im Jahre 1424. Zur Motivierung spätmittelalterlicher Judenvertreibungen in West- und Mitteleuropa," Mitteilungen aus dem Stadtarchiv von Köln 60 (1971): 305-39 (on p. 310 the author uses the term judenfrei!); Markus J. Wenninger, Man bedarf keiner Juden mehr. Ursachen und Hintergründe ihrer Vertreibung aus den deutschen Reichsstädten im 15. Jahrhundert (Vienna, 1981); Michael Toch, "'Umb gemeyns nutz und notdurfft willen': Obrigkeitliches und jurisdiktionelles Denken bei der Austreibung der Nürnberger Juden, 1498/99," Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung 11 (1984): 1-21; Fritz Backhaus, "Judenfeindschaft und Judenvertreibungen im Mittelalter: Zur Ausweisung der Juden aus dem Mittelelbraum im 15. Jahrhundert," Jahrbuch für die Geschichte Mittel- und Ostdeutschlands 36 (1987): 275-332.
81. On the ruler's holy obligation to defend Christian polity as leading to expulsion, see the detailed discussion (though limited to medieval Jewish history) by Kenneth R. Stow, Alienated Minority: The Jews of Medieval Latin Europe (Cambridge, Mass., 1992), pp. 226-30, 281-308. To Stow's ample bibliography one may add Anna-Dorothee von den Brincken, "Das Rechtfertigungsschreiben der Stadt Köln wegen Ausweisung der Juden im Jahre 1424. Zur Motivierung spätmittelalterlicher Judenvertreibungen in West- und Mitteleuropa," Mitteilungen aus dem Stadtarchiv von Köln 60 (1971): 305-39 (on p. 310 the author uses the term judenfrei!); Markus J. Wenninger, Man bedarf keiner Juden mehr. Ursachen und Hintergründe ihrer Vertreibung aus den deutschen Reichsstädten im 15. Jahrhundert (Vienna, 1981); Michael Toch, "'Umb gemeyns nutz und notdurfft willen': Obrigkeitliches und jurisdiktionelles Denken bei der Austreibung der Nürnberger Juden, 1498/99," Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung 11 (1984): 1-21; Fritz Backhaus, "Judenfeindschaft und Judenvertreibungen im Mittelalter: Zur Ausweisung der Juden aus dem Mittelelbraum im 15. Jahrhundert," Jahrbuch für die Geschichte Mittel- und Ostdeutschlands 36 (1987): 275-332.
82. On the ruler's holy obligation to defend Christian polity as leading to expulsion, see the detailed discussion (though limited to medieval Jewish history) by Kenneth R. Stow, Alienated Minority: The Jews of Medieval Latin Europe (Cambridge, Mass., 1992), pp. 226-30, 281-308. To Stow's ample bibliography one may add Anna-Dorothee von den Brincken, "Das Rechtfertigungsschreiben der Stadt Köln wegen Ausweisung der Juden im Jahre 1424. Zur Motivierung spätmittelalterlicher Judenvertreibungen in West- und Mitteleuropa," Mitteilungen aus dem Stadtarchiv von Köln 60 (1971): 305-39 (on p. 310 the author uses the term judenfrei!); Markus J. Wenninger, Man bedarf keiner Juden mehr. Ursachen und Hintergründe ihrer Vertreibung aus den deutschen Reichsstädten im 15. Jahrhundert (Vienna, 1981); Michael Toch, "'Umb gemeyns nutz und notdurfft willen': Obrigkeitliches und jurisdiktionelles Denken bei der Austreibung der Nürnberger Juden, 1498/99," Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung 11 (1984): 1-21; Fritz Backhaus, "Judenfeindschaft und Judenvertreibungen im Mittelalter: Zur Ausweisung der Juden aus dem Mittelelbraum im 15. Jahrhundert," Jahrbuch für die Geschichte Mittel- und Ostdeutschlands 36 (1987): 275-332.
83. Discussing an earlier version of this paper, Luis Roniger pointed out that, in Weberian terms, we have here a case of value-rational (wertrational) rather than instrumentally rational (zweckrational) action: that is, corporate expulsion may be interpreted as wholly rational inasmuch as it is inspired by transcendental values that formulate collective identities. To which one may retort that it was Weber who argued that, from the standpoint of instrumental rationality, value-rationality is always irrational, and its irrationality increases the more the value in question is regarded as absolute: Max Weber, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft (Tübingen, 1922), p. 13.
84. See R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe, 950-1250 (Oxford, 1987). Moore's book, along with Otto Hintze's essays on the emergence of feudalism and representative institutions, critically influenced my thinking on expulsion. But Moore's conclusion that the twelfth-century emergence of the new state machinery as such stimulated the persecution of Jews, inasmuch as its members feared Jewish competition (pp. 150-52), remains undocumented for the period in question and appears to present a prerequisite as a cause.
85. The Vulgate reading of Ezra 10:19 is: "et dederunt manus suas ut eicerent uxores suas."
86. Timothy Reuter and Gabriel Silagi, Wortkonkordanz zum Decretum Gratiani (Munich, 1990), s.v. deportare, deportatio.
87. Lex Salica, c. LXXX, ed. Karl A. Eckhardt in Monumenta Germaniae historica: Legum sectio I, 5 vols. (Hanover, 1892-1969), vol. 4, part 2, p. 130. Rothari's edict deals with the expulsion of lepers: Katherine F. Drew, The Lombard Laws (Philadelphia, 1973), p. 83.
88. Lex Salica, c. LXXX, ed. Karl A. Eckhardt in Monumenta Germaniae historica: Legum sectio I, 5 vols. (Hanover, 1892-1969), vol. 4, part 2, p. 130. Rothari's edict deals with the expulsion of lepers: Katherine F. Drew, The Lombard Laws (Philadelphia, 1973), p. 83.
89. See Bernhard Poschmann, Die abendländische Kirchenbusse im frühen Mittelalter (Breslau, 1930), pp. 15, 47, 137; J. T. McNeill and Helena M. Gamer, Medieval Handbooks of Penance (New York, 1965), pp. 252, 273.
90. See Bernhard Poschmann, Die abendländische Kirchenbusse im frühen Mittelalter (Breslau, 1930), pp. 15, 47, 137; J. T. McNeill and Helena M. Gamer, Medieval Handbooks of Penance (New York, 1965), pp. 252, 273.
91. See, for instance, William of Newburgh, Historia rerum anglicarum, ed. Richard Howlett, 2 vols., Rolls Series 82 (London, 1884-85), 1:131-32; Moore, Formation of a Persecuting Society, pp. 63, 110-11.
92. See, for instance, William of Newburgh, Historia rerum anglicarum, ed. Richard Howlett, 2 vols., Rolls Series 82 (London, 1884-85), 1:131-32; Moore, Formation of a Persecuting Society, pp. 63, 110-11.
93. Conversely, enactments dealing with the exclusion of individuals may be applied to entire groups. For instance, Paragraph 112 of the Defense (Emergency) Regulations that the British proclaimed in Palestine in September 1945 empowered the high commissioner "to make an order under his hand requiring any person to leave and remain out of Palestine" (The Palestine Gazette, 1945, suppl. 2, vol. 3, p. 1085). On the basis of this enactment, groups of Jews suspected of terrorist activities were deported to other parts of the British empire. More recently the Israeli government has used the same enactment to expel Palestinians suspected of terrorist activities, notably in December 1992, when 415 Palestinians were summarily expelled to Lebanon. The Israeli Supreme Court maintained that no collective order but rather a collection of individual orders of expulsion had been issued; this ruling was trenchantly criticized by a leading Israeli human rights organization, which characterized the expulsion as definitely nonpersonal. See B'tselem, Expulsion of Palestinians from the Territories and the Mass Expulsion in December 1992 (Jerusalem, 1993), especially pp. 37-51; also Eyal Benvenisti, "Judicial Review of Deportation Orders," Law and Government in Israel (1993), especially pp. 468-69; and Hayyim H. Cohen, "Deportation According to the Law," Law and Government in Israel 1 (1993): 471-76 (all three works are in Hebrew).
94. Conversely, enactments dealing with the exclusion of individuals may be applied to entire groups. For instance, Paragraph 112 of the Defense (Emergency) Regulations that the British proclaimed in Palestine in September 1945 empowered the high commissioner "to make an order under his hand requiring any person to leave and remain out of Palestine" (The Palestine Gazette, 1945, suppl. 2, vol. 3, p. 1085). On the basis of this enactment, groups of Jews suspected of terrorist activities were deported to other parts of the British empire. More recently the Israeli government has used the same enactment to expel Palestinians suspected of terrorist activities, notably in December 1992, when 415 Palestinians were summarily expelled to Lebanon. The Israeli Supreme Court maintained that no collective order but rather a collection of individual orders of expulsion had been issued; this ruling was trenchantly criticized by a leading Israeli human rights organization, which characterized the expulsion as definitely nonpersonal. See B'tselem, Expulsion of Palestinians from the Territories and the Mass Expulsion in December 1992 (Jerusalem, 1993), especially pp. 37-51; also Eyal Benvenisti, "Judicial Review of Deportation Orders," Law and Government in Israel (1993), especially pp. 468-69; and Hayyim H. Cohen, "Deportation According to the Law," Law and Government in Israel 1 (1993): 471-76 (all three works are in Hebrew).
95. Conversely, enactments dealing with the exclusion of individuals may be applied to entire groups. For instance, Paragraph 112 of the Defense (Emergency) Regulations that the British proclaimed in Palestine in September 1945 empowered the high commissioner "to make an order under his hand requiring any person to leave and remain out of Palestine" (The Palestine Gazette, 1945, suppl. 2, vol. 3, p. 1085). On the basis of this enactment, groups of Jews suspected of terrorist activities were deported to other parts of the British empire. More recently the Israeli government has used the same enactment to expel Palestinians suspected of terrorist activities, notably in December 1992, when 415 Palestinians were summarily expelled to Lebanon. The Israeli Supreme Court maintained that no collective order but rather a collection of individual orders of expulsion had been issued; this ruling was trenchantly criticized by a leading Israeli human rights organization, which characterized the expulsion as definitely nonpersonal. See B'tselem, Expulsion of Palestinians from the Territories and the Mass Expulsion in December 1992 (Jerusalem, 1993), especially pp. 37-51; also Eyal Benvenisti, "Judicial Review of Deportation Orders," Law and Government in Israel (1993), especially pp. 468-69; and Hayyim H. Cohen, "Deportation According to the Law," Law and Government in Israel 1 (1993): 471-76 (all three works are in Hebrew).
96. Conversely, enactments dealing with the exclusion of individuals may be applied to entire groups. For instance, Paragraph 112 of the Defense (Emergency) Regulations that the British proclaimed in Palestine in September 1945 empowered the high commissioner "to make an order under his hand requiring any person to leave and remain out of Palestine" (The Palestine Gazette, 1945, suppl. 2, vol. 3, p. 1085). On the basis of this enactment, groups of Jews suspected of terrorist activities were deported to other parts of the British empire. More recently the Israeli government has used the same enactment to expel Palestinians suspected of terrorist activities, notably in December 1992, when 415 Palestinians were summarily expelled to Lebanon. The Israeli Supreme Court maintained that no collective order but rather a collection of individual orders of expulsion had been issued; this ruling was trenchantly criticized by a leading Israeli human rights organization, which characterized the expulsion as definitely nonpersonal. See B'tselem, Expulsion of Palestinians from the Territories and the Mass Expulsion in December 1992 (Jerusalem, 1993), especially pp. 37-51; also Eyal Benvenisti, "Judicial Review of Deportation Orders," Law and Government in Israel (1993), especially pp. 468-69; and Hayyim H. Cohen, "Deportation According to the Law," Law and Government in Israel 1 (1993): 471-76 (all three works are in Hebrew).
97. New York Times, 20 August 1972, p. 13, cols. 6-7.