Vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: A post-infectious entity?

Current Infectious Disease Reports

Volumn 2, Issue 6, 2000, Pages 531-535

  Nyirjesy, Paul ^a  

^a TEMPLE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Calcium Citrate; Obstet Gynecol; Pelvic Floor Musculature; Ureaplasma Urealyticum; Vaginitis

Indexed keywords

EID: 0010484629     PISSN: 15233847     EISSN: 15343146     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11908-000-0057-1     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Nyirjesy P, Weitz MV, Grody MHT, Lorber B: Over-the-counter and alternative medicines in the treatment of chronic vaginal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 1997, 90:50–53. This study analyzes self-use of a variety of over-the-counter and alternative medicines for chronic vulvovaginal symptoms. It also lists the types of conditions most commonly encountered in a vaginitis clinic. VVS was seen in 15% of patients.
2. Ashman RB, Ott AK: Autoimmunity as a factor in recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis and the minor vestibular gland syndrome. J Reprod Med 1989, 34:264–266.
3. Umpierre SA, Kaufman RH, Adam E, et al.: Human papillomavirus DNA in tissue biopsy specimens of vulvar vestibulitis patients treated with interferon. Obstet Gynecol 1991, 78:693–695.
4. Solomons CC, Melmed MH, Heitler SM: Calcium citrate for vulvar vestibulitis: A case report. J Reprod Med 1991, 36:879–882.
5. Bazin S, Bouchard C, Brisson J, et al.: Vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: An exploratory case-control study. Obstet Gynecol 1994, 83:47–50.
6. Sarma AV, Foxman B, Bayirli B, et al.: Epidemiology of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: An exploratory case control study. Sex Trans Infect 1999, 75:320–326. This case-control study evaluates a variety of epidemiological factors in vulvar vestibulitis syndrome (VVS) patients and friend controls. It is the first study to suggest that vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is seen more commonly than otherwise supected in VVS patients.
7. Bornstein J, Goldik Z, Stolar Z, et al.: Predicting the outcome of surgical treatment of vulvar vestibulitis. Obstet Gynecol 1997, 89:695–698. This study is an example of treatment outcomes that can be expected after surgical treatment for VVS.
8. Marinoff S, Turner M, Hirsch R, Richard G: Intralesional a interferon: Cost-effective therapy for vulvar vestibulitis syndrome. J Reprod Med 1991, 38:19–24.
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12. Foster DC, Hasday JD: Elevated levels of interleukin-1b and tumor necrosis factor-a in vulvar vestibulitis. Obstet Gynecol 1997, 89:291–296. This study documents some of the local immunological changes in vestibular tissue, compared to controls. It also reveals some of the local cytokine changes that may influence the development of localized inflammation and tenderness.
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19. Wilkinson EJ, Guerrero E, Daniel R, et al.: Vulvar vestibulitis is rarely associated with human papillomavirus infection types 6, 11, 16, or 18. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1993, 12:344–349.
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22. Ledger WJ, Polaneczky MM, Yih MC, et al.: Difficulties in the diagnosis of Candida vaginitis. Infect Dis Clin Pract 2000, 9:66–69. This study examines Candida culture to PCR, and also examines the accuracy of physician diagnosed VVC.
23. Fidel PL Jr, Sobel JD: Immunopathogenesis of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1996, 9:335–348.
24. Witkin SS, Jeremias J, Ledger WJ: Vaginal eosinophils and IgE antibodies to Candida albicans in women with recurrent vaginitis. J Med Vet Mycol 1989, 27:57–58.
25. Fidel PL Jr, Lynch ME, Redondo-Lopez V, et al.: Systemic cell-mediated immune reactivity in women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. J Infect Dis 1993, 168:1458–1465.
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27. Jeremias J, Ledger WJ, Witkin SS: Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism in women with vulvar vestibulitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000, 182:283–285. This study’s findings suggest that there is a genetic component to VVS.