Reversing letters and reading transformed text in dyslexia: A reassessment

Reading and Writing

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 341-355

  Wolff, Peter H ^a   Melngailis, Ilze ^b  

^a BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b Latvia's Association for Family Planning and Sexual Health   (Latvia)

Author keywords

Developmental dyslexia; Letter reversals; Transformed text

Indexed keywords

EID: 0010201434     PISSN: 09224777     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF00395113     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Benton, A. (1962). Dyslexia in relation to form perception and directional sense. In J. Money (ed.), Reading disability: Progress and research needs in dyslexia (pp. 81-102). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
2. Cerella, J. (1994). Generalized slowing in Brinley Plots, Journal of Gerontology 49: 65-71.
3. Deich, R. F. (1971). Children's perception of differently oriented shapes: Word recognition, Perceptual Motor Skills 32: 695-700.
4. Denckla, M. B. & Rudel, R. G. (1976). Rapid 'automatized' naming of pictured objects, colors, letters and numbers by normal children, Cortex 10: 186-202.
5. Finucci, J. M., Guthrie, J. T., Childs, A. L., Abbey, H. & Childs, B. (1976). The genetics of specific reading disability, Annals of Human Genetics 40: 1-23.
6. Fisher, F. W., Liberman, I. Y. & Shankweiler, D. (1977). Reading reversals and developmental dyslexia: A further study, Annals of Dyslexia 32: 13-30.
7. Frith, U. (1976). Internal schemata for letters in good and bad readers, British Journal of Psychology 65: 233-241.
8. Geschwind, N. (1982). Why Orton was right, Annals of Dyslexia 32: 13-30.
9. Geschwind, N. & Galaburda, A. (1985). Cerebral lateralization: Biological mechanisms, associations and pathology, Archives of Neurology 42: 428-459.
10. Gibson, E. J. & Levin, H. (1975). The psychology of reading. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
11. Gross-Glenn, K., Lewis, D. C., Smith, S. D. & Lubs, H. H. (1985). Phenotype of adult familial dyslexia: Reading of visually transformed texts and nonsense passages, International Journal of Neuroscience 28: 49-59.
12. Kolers, P. A. (1968). The recognition of geometrically transformed text, Perception and Psychophysics 3: 57-64.
13. Kolers, P. A. & Perkins, D. N. (1969a). Orientation of letters and their speed of recognition, Perception and Psychophysics 5: 275-280.
14. Kolers, P. A. & Perkins, D. N. (1969b). Orientation of letters and error in their recognition, Perception and Psychophysics 5: 265-269.
15. Liberman, Y. I., Shankweiler, D., Orlando, C., Harris, K. S. & Berti, F. B. (1971). Letter confusions and reversals of sequence in the beginning reader: Implications for Orton's theory of developmental dyslexia, Cortex 7: 127-142.
16. Mann, V. A. (1986). Why some children encounter reading problems: The contribution of difficulties with language processing and phonological sophistication to early reading disability. In J. K. Torgesen & B. Y. L. Wong (eds.), Psychological and educational perspectives on learning disabilities (pp. 133-149). New York: Academic Press.
17. Mattis, S., French, J. & Rapin, I. (1975). Dyslexia in children and adults: Three independent neurological syndromes, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 17: 150-163.
18. Orton, S. T. (1937). Reading, writing and speech problems in children. New York: Norton.
19. Pennington, B. F., McCabe, L. L., Smith S. D., Lefley, D. L., Kimberling, W. J. & Lubs, H. A. (1986). Spelling errors in adults with a form of familial dyslexia, Child Development 57: 1001-1013.
20. SAS/STAT (1990). SAS/STAT User's Guide, Volume II. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, pp. 891-1026.
21. Sattler, J. M. (1974). Assessment of children's intelligence. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
22. Shankweiler, D. & Liberman, I. Y. (1976). Exploring the relation between reading and speech. In R. Knights and D. J. Bakker (eds.), Neuropsychology of learning disorders: Theoretical approaches (pp. 297-314). Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.
23. Vellutino, F. R. (1979). Dyslexia: Theory and research. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
24. Vellutino, F. R. & Scanlon, D. M. (1987). Phonological coding, phonological awareness, and reading ability: Evidence from a longitudinal and experimental study, Merril-Palmer Quarterly 33: 321-363.
25. Vellutino, F. R., Scanlon, D. M. & Tanzman, M. S. (1994). Components of reading ability. In G. Reid Lyon (ed.), Frames of reference for the assessment of learning disabilities (pp. 279-333). Baltimore, MD: Brooks.
26. Vitkovich, M., Humphries, G. W. & Lloyd-Jones, T. F. 1993. On naming a giraffe a zebra: Picture naming errors across different object categories, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, memory, and cognition 19: 243-259.
27. Wolf, M., Bally, H. & Morris, R. 1986. Automaticity, retrieval process, and reading. A longitudinal study in average and impaired readers, Child Development 57: 988-1000.
28. Wolff, P. H. (1993). Impaired temporal resolution in developmental dyslexia, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 683: 87-103.
29. Wolff, P. H. & Melngailis, I. (1994). Family patterns of developmental dyslexia: Clinical findings, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 54: 122-131.
30. Wolff, P. H., Melngailis, I., Obregon, M. & Bedrosian, M. (1995). Family patterns of developmental dyslexia, Part II: Behavioral phenotypes, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 60: 494-505.
31. Wolff, P. H., Melngailis, I. & Kotwica, K. (-) Family patterns of developmental dyslexia: Spelling errors as behavioral phenotype (Under review).
32. Wolff, P. H., Michel, G. F., Ovrut, M. & Drake, C. (1990a). Rate and timing precision of motor coordination in developmental dyslexia. Developmental Psychology 26: 349-359.
33. Wolff, P. H., Michel, G. F. & Ovrut, M. (1990b). The timing of syllable repetitions in developmental dyslexia, Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 33: 281-289.
34. Zangwill, O. L. (1960). Cerebral dominance and its relation to psychological function, Annals of Dyslexia 32: 13-30.
35. Zangwill, O. L. & Blakemore, C. 1960. Dyslexia: Reversal of eye movements during reading, Neuropsychologia 10: 371-373.