The Lady CleRés at the Prudential: The Beginning of Vertical Segregation by Sex in Clerical WoRé in Nineteenth-Century Britain

Gender and History

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 65-81

  Jordan, Ellen ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0010079559     PISSN: 09535233     EISSN: 14680424     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0424.1996.tb00224.x     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. The Post Office had appointed the first female clerks to the Telegraph Clearing House in May 1871 . I ist of Officers of the General Post Offices in London, Edinburgh, and Dublin (H.M.S.O., London, 1873), p. 59.
2. Parliamentary Papers 7873, Vol. 71, pp. xxxvii-xlviii
3. Gregory Anderson, Victorian Clerks (Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1976), p. 10.
4. 'Ladies as clerks: by a government official', Fraser's Magazine, 12 (1 875), p. 340.
5. 'Ladies as clerks: by a government official', pp. 339-40.
6. Sidney Webb, 'The alleged differences in the wages paid to men and women for similar work', Economic journal, 1 (1891), pp. 652-3; Susanne Dohrn, 'Pioneers in a dead-end profession: the first women clerks in banks and insurance companies', in The White-Blouse Revolution, ed. Gregory Anderson (Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1988), p. 57.
7. Susanne Dohrn, 'Pioneers in a dead-end profession: the first women clerks in banks and insurance companies', in The White-Blouse Revolution, ed. Gregory Anderson (Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1988), p. 57.
8. Catherine Hakim, Occupational Segregation: A Comparative Study of the Degree and Pattern of the Differentiation between Men and Women's Work in Britain, the United States and Other Countries (Department of Employment, Research Paper No. 9, London, 1979)
9. Cynthia Cockburn, In the Way of Women: Men's Resistance to Sex Equality in Organizations (Macmillan, London, 1991), p. 63.
10. Lee Holcombe, Victorian Ladies at Work: Middle Class Working Women in England and Wales, 7850-7914 (David and Charles, Newton Abbot, 1973).
11. Holcombe, Victorian Ladies at Work, pp. 10-1 4, 141 -2, 144.
12. See Shirley Dex, The Sexual Division of Work: Conceptual Revolutions in the Social Sciences (Harvester, Brighton, 19851, pp. 131 -4.
13. Samuel Cohn, The Process of Occupational Sex-Typing: The Feminization of Clerical Labor in Great Britain (Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1985)
14. Gregory Anderson, 'The white-blouse revolution', in The White-Blouse Revolution, ed. Anderson, pp. 2 4
15. Margery Davies, Woman's Place is at the Typewriter: Office Work and Office Workers 7870-1930 (Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 19821, pp. 9-50
16. Graham S. Lowe, Women in the Administrative Revolution: The Feminization of Clerical Work (Polity Press, London, 1987), pp. 26-7
17. Carole Elizabeth Adams, Women Clerks in Wilhelmine Germany: Issues of Class and Gender (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988), pp. 6-1 5.
18. Meta Zimmeck, 'Jobs for the girls: the expansion of clerical work for women, 1850-1 91 4', in Unequal Opportunities: Women's Employment in England 1800-1 918, ed. Angela John (Blackwell, Oxford, 1986), p. 155; Heidi Hartmann, 'Capitalism, patriarchy, and job segregation by sex', Signs, 1 (1 976), pp. 137-69.
19. Heidi Hartmann, 'Capitalism, patriarchy, and job segregation by sex', Signs, 1 (1 976), pp. 137-69.
20. Cohn, The Process of Occupational Sex-Typing, p. 33.
21. Jane E. Lewis, 'Women clerical workers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century', in The White-Blouse Revolution, ed. Anderson, pp. 34-6, 44-5.
22. Lewis, 'Wornen clerical workers', p. 31.
23. F. Scudamore, Report by Mr Scudamore on the Re-organization of the Telegraph System of the United Kingdom (H.M.S.O., London, 1871 1, pp. 78-9.
24. Cohn, The Process of Occupational Sex-Typing, pp. 93-7.
25. For example, Sonya O. Rose, 'Gender antagonism and class conflict: exclusionary strategies of male trade unionists in nineteenth century Britain', Social History, 12 (1988), pp. 198-202
26. K. Grint, 'Women and equality: the acquisition of equal pay in the Post Office 1870-1961', Sociology, 22 (1988), pp. 97-100
27. Claire Williams, Blue, White and Pink Collar Workers in Australia: Telecom Technicians, Flight Attendants and Bank Employees (Allen and Unwin, Sydney, 1988), pp. 149-55.
28. Rosemary Crornpton and Gareth Jones, White Collar Proletariat: Deskilling and Gender in the Clerical Labour Process (Maanillan, London, 1984), p. 248; Sylvia Walby, ktriarchy at Work (Polity Press, London, 1986), p. 154.
29. Sylvia Walby, ktriarchy at Work (Polity Press, London, 1986), p. 154.
30. Ava Baron, 'Introduction', in Work Engendered: Toward a New History of American Labor, ed. Baron (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1991 j, p. 30.
31. Baron, 'Introduction', Work Engendered, pp. 36-7.
32. Alice Kessler-Harris, 'Treating the male as 'other': Redefining the parameters of labor history', Labor History, 34 (1993j, pp. 197, 197-201,
33. Lewis, 'Women clerical workers', p. 31.
34. A Century of Service: The Story of the Prudential 1848-1 948 (Centenary volume published by the Prudential Assurance Company), pp. 5-1 5.
35. Peter Traynor, archivist for the Prudential Corporation, provided this account of how 'industrials' were handled.
36. Michael J. Childs, 'Boy labour in late Victorian and Edwardian England and the remaking of the working class', Journal of Social History, 23 (1990), pp. 783-802, has identified this trend as characteristic of the period and prevalent in the transport and manufacturing sectors as well as the clerical area.
37. Anderson, Victorian Clerks, pp. 14-5.
38. Parliamentary Papers 1875, Vol. 23, pp. 203, 182-3, 15.
39. Janetta Manners, 'The employment of women in the public service', Quarterly Review, 151 (1881), p. 187.
40. Parliamentary Papers 1893-4, Vol. 106, p. xiii
41. Webb, 'The alleged differences in the wages paid to men and women', p. 652.
42. Walby, Patriarchy at Work, p. 154.
43. Hilda Martindale, Women Servants ofthe State 1870-1938: A History of Women in the Civil Service (Allen and Unwin, London, 1938); Rosalie Silverstone, 'Office work for women: An historical review', Business History, 18 (1976), pp. 102-4; Grint, 'Women and equality'.
44. Rosalie Silverstone, 'Office work for women: An historical review', Business History, 18 (1976), pp. 102-4; Grint, 'Women and equality'.
45. 'Prudential Assurance Company', Post Magazine and Insurance Monitor, 35 (14 March 1874), p. 108.
46. David Lockwood, The Black-coated Worker: A Study in Class Consciousness (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989), p. 125.
47. The changes at the Prudential occurred during the period when the patronage system in government appointments began to be dismantled. G. Kitson Clark, The Making of Victorian England (Methuen, London, 1962), pp. 43-4.
48. Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1750-1850 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1987), chs 3, 9.
49. 'Ladies as clerks: by a government official', p. 340.
50. Philippa Levine, Victorian Feminism 1850-1900 (Hutchinson, London, 1987), pp. 82-9; Elizabeth Helsinger et al., The Woman Question: Society and Literature in Britain and America 1837-1883 (Garland, New York, 1983), pp. 134-50; Zimmeck, 'Jobs for the girls', pp. 156-8.
51. Elizabeth Helsinger et al., The Woman Question: Society and Literature in Britain and America 1837-1883 (Garland, New York, 1983), pp. 134-50; Zimmeck, 'Jobs for the girls', pp. 156-8.
52. Zimmeck, 'Jobs for the girls', pp. 156-8.
53. Margaret Oliphant, 'Social Science', Blackwoods Magazine, 88 (1 860), p. 71 4.
54. 'Prudential Assurance Company', Post Magazine and Insurance Monitor, 35
55. Oliphant, 'Social Science', p. 71 0.
56. John Duguid Milne, Industrial and Social Pqsition of Women in the Middle and Lower Ranks (Chapman and Hall, London, 1857), p. 88
57. Frances Power Cobbe, 'What shall we do with our old maids?', Fraser's Magazine, 66 (1 862), p. 597.
58. Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1857, pp. 544, 545
59. Ivy Pinchbeck, Women Workers and the Industrial Revolution 1750-7850 (1930; repr. Cass, London, 19691, p. 90
60. 'How to utilize the powers of women', English Woman's Journal, 3 (1859), p. 43.
61. Emily Faithfull, 'The unfit employments in which women are engaged: A paper read at the Social Science Congress', Victoria Magazine, 2 (Nov. 1863-April 1864),
62. Bessie Rayner Parkes, Essays on Women's Work (Strahan, London, 1865), p. 157.
63. Mercy Grogan, How Women May Earn a Living (Cassell, Petter, Galpin, London, c.1880), p. 87.
64. Walby, Patriarchy at Work, p. 154
65. Rose, 'Gender antagonism and class conflict', p. 195
66. Grint, 'Women and equality', pp. 97-9; Cockburn, In the Way of Women, (1 4 March 1874), p. 108. p. 73. pp. 62-3.
67. Cockburn, In the Way of Women, (1 4 March 1874), p. 108. p. 73. pp. 62-3.