The Effects of Sex, Joint Angle, and the Gastrocnemius Muscle on Passive Ankle Joint Complex Stiffness

Journal of Athletic Training

Volumn 36, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 369-377

  Riemann, Bryan L ^a,b   DeMont, Richard G ^a   Ryu, Keeho ^a   Lephart, Scott M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^b GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Flexibility; Muscle; Pathology; Range of motion; Rehabilitation

Indexed keywords

EID: 0010008773     PISSN: 10626050     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Riemann BL, Lephart SM. Anatomical and physiologic basis for the sensorimotor system. J Athl Train. In press.
2. Johansson H, Sjolander P. The neurophysiology of joints. In: Wright V, Radin EL, eds. Mechanics of Joints: Physiology, Pathophysiology and Treatment. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, 1993:243-290.
3. McNair PJ, Wood GA, Marshall RN. Stiffness of the hamstring muscles and its relationship to function in anterior cruciate ligament deficient individuals. Clin Biomech. 1991;7:131-137.
4. Louie JK, Mote CD Jr. Contribution of the musculature to rotatory laxity and torsional stiffness at the knee. J Biomech. 1987;20:281-300.
5. Blanpied P, Smidt GL. Human plantarflexor stiffness to multiple single-stretch trials. J Biomech. 1992;25:29-39.
6. Wilson GJ, Wood GA, Elliott BC. The relationship between stiffness of the musculature and static flexibility: an alternative explanation for the occurance of muscular injury. Int J Sports Med. 1991;12:403-407.
7. Helliwell PS. Joint stiffness. In: Wright V, Radin EL, eds. Mechanics of Joints: Physiology, Pathophysiology and Treatment. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1993:203-218.
8. Wright V. Stiffness: a review of its measurement and physiological importance. Physiotherapy. 1973;59:107-111.
9. Lieber RL, Friden J. Neuromuscular stabilization of the shoulder girdle. In: Matsen FA, Fu FH, Hawkins R, eds. The Shoulder: A Balance of Mobility and Stability. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1993. 91-105.
10. Sinkjaer T, Toft E, Andreassen S, Hornemann BC. Muscle stiffness in human ankle dorsiflexors: instrinsic and reflex components. J Neurophysiol. 1988;60:1110-1121.
11. Weiss PL, Hunter IW, Kearney RE. Human ankle joint stiffness over the full range of muscle activation levels. J Biomech. 1988;21:539-544.
12. Morgan DL. Separation of active and passive components of short-range stiffness of muscle. Am J Physiol. 1977;232:C45-C49.
13. Weiss PL, Kearney RE, Hunter IW. Position dependence of ankle joint dynamics, I: passive mechanics. J Biomech. 1986;19:727-735.
14. Hufschmidt A, Mauritz KH. Chronic transformation of muscle in spasticity: a peripheral contribution to increased tone. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1985;48:676-685.
15. Gregor RJ. Skeletal muscle mechanics and movement. In: Grabiner M, ed. Current Issues in Biomechanics. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1993:171-211.
16. Gottlieb GL, Agarwal GC. Dependence of human ankle compliance on joint ankle. J Biomech. 1978;11:177-181.
17. Gelberman R, Goldberg V, Kai-Nan A, Banes A. Tendon. In: Woo SL, Buckwalter J, eds. Injury and Repair of the Musculoskeletal Soft Tissues. Park Ridge, IL: American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons; 1988:5-40.
18. Caplan A, Carlson B, Faulkner J, Fischman D, Garrett W. Skeletal muscle. In: Woo SL, Buckwalter J, eds. Injury and Repair of the Musculoskeletal Soft Tissues. Park Ridge, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1988:213-291.
19. Frank C, Woo S, Andriacchi T, et al. Normal ligament: structure, function and composition. In: Woo SL, Buckwalter J, eds. Injury and Repair of the Musculoskeletal Soft Tissues. Park Ridge, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1988:45-101.
20. Hawkins D. Ligament biomechanics. In: Grabiner M, ed. Current Issues in Biomechanics. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1993:123-150.
21. Magnusson SP, Simonsen EB, Aagaard P, Kjaer M. Biomechanical responses to repeated stretches in human hamstring muscle in vivo. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24:622-628.
22. Grillner S. The role of muscle stiffness in meeting the changing postural and locomotor requirements for force development by the ankle extensors. Acta Physiol Scand. 1972;86:92-108.
23. Blanpied P, Smidt GL. The difference in stiffness of the active plantarflexors between young and elderly human females. J Gerontol. 1993;48: M58-M63.
24. Allison GT, Weston R, Shaw R, et al. The reliability of quadriceps muscle stiffness in individuals with Osgood-Schlatter disease. J Sport Rehabil. 1998;7:258-266.
25. Chesworth BM, Vandervoort AA. Age and passive ankle stiffness in healthy women. Phys Ther. 1989;69:217-224.
26. Howe A, Thompson D, Wright V. Reference values for metacarpophalangeal joint stiffness in normals. Ann Rheum Dis. 1985;44:469-476.
27. Oatis CA. The use of a mechanical model to describe the stiffness and damping characteristics of the knee joint in healthy adults. Phys Ther. 1993;73:740-749.
28. Chleboun GS, Howell JN, Conatser RR, Giesey JJ. The relationship between elbow flexor volume and angular stiffness at the elbow. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 1997;12:383-392.
29. Wiegner AW, Watts RL. Elastic properties of muscles measured at the elbow in man, I: normal controls. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1986; 49:1171-1176.
30. Enoka RM. Neuromechanical Basis of Kinesiology. 2nd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1994.
31. Lakie M, Robson LG. Thixotropic changes in human muscle fatigue stiffness and the effects of fatigue. Quart J Exper Physiol. 1988;73:487-500.
32. Taylor DC, Dalton JD, Searber AV, Garrett WE Jr. Viscoeleastic properties of muscle-tendon units: the biomechanical effects of stretching. Am J Sports Med. 1990;18:300-309.
33. Winter DA. Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 1990.
34. Toft E, Espersen GT, Kalund S, Sinkjaer T, Hornemann BC. Passive tension of the ankle before and after stretching. Am J Sports Med. 1989;17: 489-494.
35. Donner A, Eliasziw M. Sample size requirements for reliability studies. Stat Med. 1987;6:441-448.
36. Shrout PE, Fleiss JL. Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychol Bull. 1979;86:420-428.
37. Chesworth BM, Vandervoort AA. Reliability of a torque motor system for measurement of passive ankle joint stiffness in control subjects. Physiother Can. 1988;40:300-303.
38. Ryan AJ, Allman FL. Sports Medicine. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1974.
39. Basmajian JV, DeLuca CJ. Muscles Alive: Their Functions Revealed by Electromyography. 5th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1985.
40. Johns RJ, Wright V. Relative importance of various tissues in joint stiffness. J Appl Physiol. 1962;17:824-828.
41. Sale D, Quinlan J, Marsh E, McComas AJ, Belanger AY. Influence of joint position on ankle plantar flexion in humans. J Appl Physiol. 1982; 52:1636-1642.
42. Nigg BM, Skarvan G, Frank CB, Yeadon MR. Elongation and forces of ankle ligaments in physiological range of motion. Foot Ankle. 1990;11: 30-40.
43. Gareis H, Solomonow M, Baratta R, Best R, D'Ambrosia R. The isometric length-force models of nine different skeletal muscles. J Biomech. 1992;25:903-916.
44. Grieve DW, Pheasant S, Cavanagh PR. Prediction of gastrocnemius length from knee and ankle posture. In: Asmussen E, Jorensen K, eds. Biomechanics VI-A. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press; 1978:405-412.
45. Komi PV. Physiological and biomechanical correlates of muscle function: effects of muscle structure and stretch-shortening cycle on force and speed. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1984;12:81-121.
46. Komi PV, Karlsson J. Skeletal muscle fibre types, enzyme activities and physical performance in young males and females. Acta Physiol Scand. 1978;103:210-218.
47. Shorten MR. Muscle elasticity and human performance. Med Sport Sci. 1987;25:1-18.
48. Winters JM. Hill-based muscle models: a systems engineering perspective. In: Winters J, Woo SLY, eds. Biomechanics and Movement Organization. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1990:68-93.
49. Evetovich TK, Housh TJ, Johnson GO, Smith DB, Ebersole KT, Perry SR. Gender comparisons of the mechanomyographic responses to maximal concentric and eccentric isokinetic muscle actions. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30:1697-1702.
50. Lynch NA, Metter EJ, Lindle RS, et al. Muscle quality, I: age associated differences between arm and leg muscle groups. J Appl Physiol. 1999; 86:188-194.
51. Latash ML, Zatsiorsky VM. Joint stiffness: myth or reality? Hum Mov Sci. 1993;12:653-692.
52. Akazawa K, Okuno R. Negative and positive stiffness of elbow flexors with constant muscle activation in isovelocity movements. Paper presented at: 13th Congress of International Society of Electrophysiology and Kinesiology; June 25-28, 2000; Sapporo, Japan.
53. Dyhre-Poulsen P, Simonsen EB, Voigt M. Dynamic control of muscle stiffness and H reflex modulation during hopping and jumping in man. J Physiol. 1991;437:287-304.
54. Murray MP. Gait as a total pattern of movement. Am J Phys Med. 1967; 46:290-333.
55. Apkarian J, Naumann S, Cairns B. A three-dimensional kinematic and dynamic model of the lower limb. J Biomech. 1989;22:143-155.
56. McNair PJ, Stanley SN. Effect of passive stretching and jogging on the series elastic muscle stiffness and range of motion of the ankle joint. Br J Sports Med. 1996;30:313-318.