Fulminic Acid in the History of Organic Chemistry

Journal of Chemical Education

Volumn 77, Issue 7, 2000, Pages 851-857

  Kurzer, Frederick ^a  

^a ROYAL FREE AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0009999458     PISSN: 00219584     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ed077p851     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Kunckel, J., Baron von Löwenstern. Collegium Physico-Chymicum oder Laboratorium Chymicum... Engelleder, J. C., Ed.; Samuel Heyls: Hamburg & Leipzig, 1716; p 213. Davis, T. L. J. Chem Educ. 1927, 4, 105-113.
2. Kunckel, J., Baron von Löwenstern. Collegium Physico-Chymicum oder Laboratorium Chymicum... Engelleder, J. C., Ed.; Samuel Heyls: Hamburg & Leipzig, 1716; p 213. Davis, T. L. J. Chem Educ. 1927, 4, 105-113.
3. Tierie, G. Cornelis Drebbel (1572-1633); H. S. Paris: Amsterdam, 1932.
4. Drebbel, C. De Quinta Essentia Tractatus editus cura J. Morsi; Henricus Carstens: Hamburg, 1621. Drebbel, C. Abhandlung von der Quintessenz; in Neue Alchymistische Bibliothek, Vol. I, Part ii; Schröder, F. J. W., Ed.; Heinrich L. Bronner: Frankfurt & Leipzig, 1772; pp 291-314. See also Ferguson, J. Bibliotheca Chimica; James Maclehose: Glasgow, 1906; Vol. I, pp 223-224; Vol. II, pp 342-344.
5. Drebbel, C. De Quinta Essentia Tractatus editus cura J. Morsi; Henricus Carstens: Hamburg, 1621. Drebbel, C. Abhandlung von der Quintessenz; in Neue Alchymistische Bibliothek, Vol. I, Part ii; Schröder, F. J. W., Ed.; Heinrich L. Bronner: Frankfurt & Leipzig, 1772; pp 291-314. See also Ferguson, J. Bibliotheca Chimica; James Maclehose: Glasgow, 1906; Vol. I, pp 223-224; Vol. II, pp 342-344.
6. Drebbel, C. De Quinta Essentia Tractatus editus cura J. Morsi; Henricus Carstens: Hamburg, 1621. Drebbel, C. Abhandlung von der Quintessenz; in Neue Alchymistische Bibliothek, Vol. I, Part ii; Schröder, F. J. W., Ed.; Heinrich L. Bronner: Frankfurt & Leipzig, 1772; pp 291-314. See also Ferguson, J. Bibliotheca Chimica; James Maclehose: Glasgow, 1906; Vol. I, pp 223-224; Vol. II, pp 342-344.
7. Drebbel, C. De Quinta Essentia Tractatus editus cura J. Morsi; Henricus Carstens: Hamburg, 1621. Drebbel, C. Abhandlung von der Quintessenz; in Neue Alchymistische Bibliothek, Vol. I, Part ii; Schröder, F. J. W., Ed.; Heinrich L. Bronner: Frankfurt & Leipzig, 1772; pp 291-314. See also Ferguson, J. Bibliotheca Chimica; James Maclehose: Glasgow, 1906; Vol. I, pp 223-224; Vol. II, pp 342-344.
8. Drebbel, C. De Quinta Essentia Tractatus editus cura J. Morsi; Henricus Carstens: Hamburg, 1621. Drebbel, C. Abhandlung von der Quintessenz; in Neue Alchymistische Bibliothek, Vol. I, Part ii; Schröder, F. J. W., Ed.; Heinrich L. Bronner: Frankfurt & Leipzig, 1772; pp 291-314. See also Ferguson, J. Bibliotheca Chimica; James Maclehose: Glasgow, 1906; Vol. I, pp 223-224; Vol. II, pp 342-344.
9. Romocki, S. J. von. Geschichte der Explosivstoffe, Vol. 1; Robert Oppenheim: Berlin, 1895-96; p 367.
10. Fourcroy, A. F. Ann. Chim. 1789, 2, 219-225.
11. Berthollet, C. L. Ann. Chim. [1] 1789, 1, 52. See also Jenkins, I. D. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 1640.
12. Berthollet, C. L. Ann. Chim. [1] 1789, 1, 52. See also Jenkins, I. D. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 1640.
13. Beguin, J. Tyrocinium Chymicum e Naturae Fonte et Manuali Experentia Depromptum, 2nd ed.; Apud Antonium Boetzerum: Cologne, 1612.
14. Edward Charles Howard (1774-1816) was a member of one of the first aristocratic families of England, being the younger brother of the 12th Duke of Norfolk. He chose to pursue a scientific career, in which he achieved notable success. See Kurzer, F. Ann. Sci. 1999, 56, 113-141.
15. Howard, E. Philos. Tran. R. Soc. 1800, 901, 204-238. For a preliminary communication, see Nicholson, W., Ed. Note in J. Nat. Philos. Chem. Arts 1799, 3(Aug), 263.
16. Howard, E. Philos. Tran. R. Soc. 1800, 901, 204-238. For a preliminary communication, see Nicholson, W., Ed. Note in J. Nat. Philos. Chem. Arts 1799, 3(Aug), 263.
17. For contemporary ideas on the composition of muriatic acid, see LeGrand, H. E. Ann. Sci. 1974, 31, 213-226.
18. For accounts of Cruickshank's important scientific contributions made in his post as lecturer in chemistry at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, see Sanderson, P. M.; Kurzer, F. Chem. Ind. 1957, 456-460. Coutts, K. Ann. Sci. 1959, 15, 121-133.
19. For accounts of Cruickshank's important scientific contributions made in his post as lecturer in chemistry at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, see Sanderson, P. M.; Kurzer, F. Chem. Ind. 1957, 456-460. Coutts, K. Ann. Sci. 1959, 15, 121-133.
20. Howard, E. Tilloch's Philosophical Magazine 1800, 8, 17-35, 122-131; Nicholson's Journal 1801, 4, 173-178, 200-209, 249-254.
21. Howard, E. Tilloch's Philosophical Magazine 1800, 8, 17-35, 122-131; Nicholson's Journal 1801, 4, 173-178, 200-209, 249-254.
22. Howard, E. Biblioteque Britannique 1800, 15, 46-57, 139-156, 321-340; 1801, 16, 59-73. Ann. Chim. AN VIII, 32, 205; AN IX, 38, 323-324.
23. Howard, E. Biblioteque Britannique 1800, 15, 46-57, 139- 156, 321-340; 1801, 16, 59-73. Ann. Chim. AN VIII, 32, 205; AN IX, 38, 323-324.
24. Howard, E. Biblioteque Britannique 1800, 15, 46-57, 139- 156, 321-340; 1801, 16, 59-73. Ann. Chim. AN VIII, 32, 205; AN IX, 38, 323-324.
25. Howard, E. Biblioteque Britannique 1800, 15, 46-57, 139- 156, 321-340; 1801, 16, 59-73. Ann. Chim. AN VIII, 32, 205; AN IX, 38, 323-324.
26. Howard, E. Scherer's Allgemeines J. Chem. 1801, 5, 606-647; Gilbert's Ann. Phys. 1811, 37, 75-97.
27. Howard, E. Scherer's Allgemeines J. Chem. 1801, 5, 606-647; Gilbert's Ann. Phys. 1811, 37, 75-97.
28. Berthollet, C. L. Bibliotheque Britannique 1801, 18, 259-261; reported in Tilloch's Philosophical Magazine 1802, 12, 91-92.
29. Berthollet, C. L. Bibliotheque Britannique 1801, 18, 259-261; reported in Tilloch's Philosophical Magazine 1802, 12, 91-92.
30. Volhardt, J. Ann. Chem. 1903, 328, 1-40 (p 1).
31. Liebig, J. Rep. Pharm. 1822, 12, 412-422; 1823, 15, 361-391.
32. Liebig, J. Rep. Pharm. 1822, 12, 412-422; 1823, 15, 361-391.
33. Liebig, J. Ann. Chim. 1823, 24, 294-318. Gay-Lussac, J. L.; Liebig, J. Ann. Chim. 1824, 25, 285-311; Liebig, J. Ann. Chim. 1826, 33, 207-214.
34. Liebig, J. Ann. Chim. 1823, 24, 294-318. Gay-Lussac, J. L.; Liebig, J. Ann. Chim. 1824, 25, 285-311; Liebig, J. Ann. Chim. 1826, 33, 207-214.
35. Liebig, J. Ann. Chim. 1823, 24, 294-318. Gay-Lussac, J. L.; Liebig, J. Ann. Chim. 1824, 25, 285-311; Liebig, J. Ann. Chim. 1826, 33, 207-214.
36. Wöhler, F. Ann. Phys. Chem. 1824, 1, 117-124; 1825, 5, 385-389. See also Berl, E.J. Chem. Educ. 1938, 15, 553-562.
37. Wöhler, F. Ann. Phys. Chem. 1824, 1, 117-124; 1825, 5, 385-389. See also Berl, E.J. Chem. Educ. 1938, 15, 553-562.
38. Wöhler, F. Ann. Phys. Chem. 1824, 1, 117-124; 1825, 5, 385-389. See also Berl, E.J. Chem. Educ. 1938, 15, 553-562.
39. Freund, I. The Study of Chemical Composition; University Press: Cambridge, 1904; Chapter XVIII. Brock, W. H. Justus von Liebig, University Press: Cambridge, 1997; especially Chapter 3.
40. Freund, I. The Study of Chemical Composition; University Press: Cambridge, 1904; Chapter XVIII. Brock, W. H. Justus von Liebig, University Press: Cambridge, 1997; especially Chapter 3.
41. Berzelius, J. J. Jahresberichte über die Fortschritte der Physischen Wissenschaften 1825, 4, 110-117; 1826, 5, 85-94; 1831, 10, 82; 1832, 11, 44. See also Winderlich, R. W. J. Chem. Educ. 1948, 25, 501-505.
42. Berzelius, J. J. Jahresberichte über die Fortschritte der Physischen Wissenschaften 1825, 4, 110-117; 1826, 5, 85-94; 1831, 10, 82; 1832, 11, 44. See also Winderlich, R. W. J. Chem. Educ. 1948, 25, 501-505.
43. Berzelius, J. J. Jahresberichte über die Fortschritte der Physischen Wissenschaften 1825, 4, 110-117; 1826, 5, 85-94; 1831, 10, 82; 1832, 11, 44. See also Winderlich, R. W. J. Chem. Educ. 1948, 25, 501-505.
44. Berzelius, J. J. Jahresberichte über die Fortschritte der Physischen Wissenschaften 1825, 4, 110-117; 1826, 5, 85-94; 1831, 10, 82; 1832, 11, 44. See also Winderlich, R. W. J. Chem. Educ. 1948, 25, 501-505.
45. Berzelius, J. J. Jahresberichte über die Fortschritte der Physischen Wissenschaften 1825, 4, 110-117; 1826, 5, 85-94; 1831, 10, 82; 1832, 11, 44. See also Winderlich, R. W. J. Chem. Educ. 1948, 25, 501-505.
46. Gay-Lussac, J. L. Ann. Chim. 1814, 41, 149.
47. Scholl, R. Entwicklungsgeschichte ... der sogenannten Knallsäure und ihrer Derivate; J. F. Lehmann: München & Leipzig, 1893.
48. Wieland, H. In Sammlung Chemischer und Chemisch-Technischer Vorträge, Vol 14; Ahrens, F. B.; Herz, W., Eds.; Ferdinand Enke: Stuttgart, 1909; pp 385-461.
49. Kekulé, A. Ann. Chem. 1857, 101, 200-213; 1858, 705, 279- 286; 1858, 106, 129-159. See also Russell, C. A. The History of Valency; Leicester University Press: Leicester, 1971; pp 62-63.
50. Kekulé, A. Ann. Chem. 1857, 101, 200-213; 1858, 705, 279-286; 1858, 106, 129-159. See also Russell, C. A. The History of Valency; Leicester University Press: Leicester, 1971; pp 62-63.
51. Kekulé, A. Ann. Chem. 1857, 101, 200-213; 1858, 705, 279- 286; 1858, 106, 129-159. See also Russell, C. A. The History of Valency; Leicester University Press: Leicester, 1971; pp 62-63.
52. Kekulé, A. Ann. Chem. 1857, 101, 200-213; 1858, 705, 279- 286; 1858, 106, 129-159. See also Russell, C. A. The History of Valency; Leicester University Press: Leicester, 1971; pp 62-63.
53. Griess, P. Ann. Chem. Pharm. 1861, Suppl. 1, 100-104.
54. Scholl, R. Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Ges. 1890, 23, 3505-3519. Divers, E.; Kawakita, M. J. Chem. Soc. 1884, 45, 13-19. Divers, E. J. Chem. Soc. 1884, 45, 19-24. Armstrong, H. E. J. Chem. Soc. 1884, 25-27. Bergfeld, L. Z. ges. Schiess-und Sprengstoffwesens 1942, 37, 84-86 (Chem. Abstr. 1943, 37, 5592).
55. Scholl, R. Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Ges. 1890, 23, 3505-3519. Divers, E.; Kawakita, M. J. Chem. Soc. 1884, 45, 13-19. Divers, E. J. Chem. Soc. 1884, 45, 19-24. Armstrong, H. E. J. Chem. Soc. 1884, 25-27. Bergfeld, L. Z. ges. Schiess-und Sprengstoffwesens 1942, 37, 84-86 (Chem. Abstr. 1943, 37, 5592).
56. Scholl, R. Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Ges. 1890, 23, 3505-3519. Divers, E.; Kawakita, M. J. Chem. Soc. 1884, 45, 13-19. Divers, E. J. Chem. Soc. 1884, 45, 19-24. Armstrong, H. E. J. Chem. Soc. 1884, 25-27. Bergfeld, L. Z. ges. Schiess-und Sprengstoffwesens 1942, 37, 84-86 (Chem. Abstr. 1943, 37, 5592).
57. Scholl, R. Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Ges. 1890, 23, 3505-3519. Divers, E.; Kawakita, M. J. Chem. Soc. 1884, 45, 13-19. Divers, E. J. Chem. Soc. 1884, 45, 19-24. Armstrong, H. E. J. Chem. Soc. 1884, 25-27. Bergfeld, L. Z. ges. Schiess-und Sprengstoffwesens 1942, 37, 84-86 (Chem. Abstr. 1943, 37, 5592).
58. Scholl, R. Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Ges. 1890, 23, 3505-3519. Divers, E.; Kawakita, M. J. Chem. Soc. 1884, 45, 13-19. Divers, E. J. Chem. Soc. 1884, 45, 19-24. Armstrong, H. E. J. Chem. Soc. 1884, 25-27. Bergfeld, L. Z. ges. Schiess-und Sprengstoffwesens 1942, 37, 84-86 (Chem. Abstr. 1943, 37, 5592).
59. Scholl, R. Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Ges. 1890, 23, 3505-3519. Divers, E.; Kawakita, M. J. Chem. Soc. 1884, 45, 13-19. Divers, E. J. Chem. Soc. 1884, 45, 19-24. Armstrong, H. E. J. Chem. Soc. 1884, 25-27. Bergfeld, L. Z. ges. Schiess-und Sprengstoffwesens 1942, 37, 84-86 (Chem. Abstr. 1943, 37, 5592).
60. Carstanjen, E.; Ehrenberg, A. J. Prakt. Chem. [2] 1882, 25, 232-248. Ehrenberg, A. J. Prakt. Chem. [2] 1884, 30, 38-60 (p 41).
61. Carstanjen, E.; Ehrenberg, A. J. Prakt. Chem. [2] 1882, 25, 232-248. Ehrenberg, A. J. Prakt. Chem. [2] 1884, 30, 38-60 (p 41).
62. Steiner, A. Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Ges. 1883, 16, 1484-1486, 2419-2420.
63. Nef, J. U. Ann. Chem. 1894, 280, 291-343 (p 305).
64. Wieland, H. Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Ges. 1907, 40, 418-422.
65. Woehler, L. Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Ges. 1905, 38, 1351-1359; 1910, 43, 754-756.
66. Woehler, L. Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Ges. 1905, 38, 1351-1359; 1910, 43, 754-756.
67. Ley, H.; Kissel, H. Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Ges. 1899, 32, 1357-1368.
68. Palazzo, F. C. Atti Acad. Lincei [5] 1912, 21V, 713.
69. ←N.OH.
70. ←N.OH.
71. ←N.OH.
72. ←N.OH.
73. ←N.OH.
74. Pauling, L.; Hendricks, S. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1926, 48, 641-651.
75. Pauling, L. The Nature of the Chemical Bond; Cornell University Press: Ithaca, NY, 1938 (1st ed.), 1945 (2nd ed.); esp. Chapter VI.
76. Huisgen, R. Proc. Chem, Soc. 1961, 357-369.
77. Beck, W. ; Feldl, K. Angew. Chem. 1966, 78, 746; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1966, 5, 722-723. Beck, W.; Swoboda, P.; Feldl, K.; Tobias, R. S. Chem.Ber. 1971, 104, 533-543.
78. Beck, W. ; Feldl, K. Angew. Chem. 1966, 78, 746; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1966, 5, 722-723. Beck, W.; Swoboda, P.; Feldl, K.; Tobias, R. S. Chem.Ber. 1971, 104, 533-543.
79. Beck, W. ; Feldl, K. Angew. Chem. 1966, 78, 746; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1966, 5, 722-723. Beck, W.; Swoboda, P.; Feldl, K.; Tobias, R. S. Chem.Ber. 1971, 104, 533-543.
80. Winnewisser, M.; Bodenseh, H. K. Z. Naturforsch. 1967, 22A, 1724-1737; 1969, 24A, 1966-1972, 1973-1979.
81. Winnewisser, M.; Bodenseh, H. K. Z. Naturforsch. 1967, 22A, 1724-1737; 1969, 24A, 1966-1972, 1973-1979.
82. Winnewisser, B. P.; Winnewisser, M.; Winther, F. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 1974, 51, 65-96.
83. Grundmann, C.; Grünanger, P. The Nitrite Oxides. Versatile Tools of Theoretical and Preparative Chemistry; Springer: Berlin-New York, 1971.
84. Maier, G.; Teles, J. H.; Hess, B. A.; Schaad, L. J. Angew. Chem. 1988, 100, 1014-1016; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1988, 27, 938-939.
85. Maier, G.; Teles, J. H.; Hess, B. A.; Schaad, L. J. Angew. Chem. 1988, 100, 1014-1016; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1988, 27, 938-939.
86. Winnewisser, G.; Herbst, E. Top. Curr. Chem. 1987, 139, 119. Winnewisser, M. Chem. Unserer Zeit 1984, 18, 1, 55.
87. Winnewisser, G.; Herbst, E. Top. Curr. Chem. 1987, 139, 119. Winnewisser, M. Chem. Unserer Zeit 1984, 18, 1, 55.
88. McLean, A. D.; Loew, G. H.; Berkowitz, D. S. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 1977, 64, 184-198.
89. Winnewisser, M.; Winnewisser, B. P. Chem. Listy 1976, 70, 785-807 (Chem. Abstr. 1976, 85, 158.751k).
90. Winnewisser, M.; Winnewisser, B. P. Chem. Listy 1976, 70, 785-807 (Chem. Abstr. 1976, 85, 158.751k).
91. Albert, S.; Winnewisser, M.; Winnewisser, B. P. Microchem. Acta 1997, 14, 79-88.
92. Handy, N. C.; Murray, C. W; Amos, R. Philos. Mag. 1994, 69, 755-762.
93. Yamada, K.; Winnewisser, B. P.; Winnewisser, M. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 1975, 56, 449-470. See also ref 45.
94. Iachello, F.; Manini, N.; Oss, S. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 1992, 156, 190-200. See also Keedy, C. R. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, A296-A298.
95. Iachello, F.; Manini, N.; Oss, S. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 1992, 156, 190-200. See also Keedy, C. R. J. Chem. Educ. 1992, 69, A296-A298.
96. Preusser, J.; Winnewisser, M. Z. Naturforsch. 1996, 51A, 207-214.
97. Koput, J.; Winnewisser, B. P.; Winnewisser, M. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1996, 255, 357-362.
98. Teles, J. H.; Maier, G.; Hess, B. A.; Schaad, L. J.; Winnewisser, M.; Winnewisser, B. P. Chem. Ber. 1989, 122, 753-766.
99. Yamada, K.; Winnewisser, M.; Winnewisser, G.; Szalanski, L. B.; Gerry, M. C. L. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 1977, 64, 401-414.
100. Wyndham Hulme, E. In The Rise and Progress of the British Explosives Industry; VII International Congress of Applied Chemistry, London, 1909; pp 94-111.
101. Forsyth, A. J. Apparatus for Discharging Artillery etc. by Means of Detonating Compounds; Br. Patent 3032, 1807.
102. Romocki, S. J. von. Geschichte der Explosivstoffe, Vol. 2; Robert Oppenheim: Berlin, 1895-96; pp 51-52.
103. Goode Wright, E. Tilloch's Philosophical Magazine 1823, 62, 203-204.
104. Meyer, V.; Jacobson, P. Lehrbuch der Organischen Chemie, Vol. 1, 2nd ed.; Walter de Gruyter: Berlin & Leipzig, 1903-1920; Part 2, p 1302. Rinkenbach, H.; Audrieth, L. F. J. Chem. Educ. 1945, 22, 522-524. Harris, B. W. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 541-544.
105. Meyer, V.; Jacobson, P. Lehrbuch der Organischen Chemie, Vol. 1, 2nd ed.; Walter de Gruyter: Berlin & Leipzig, 1903-1920; Part 2, p 1302. Rinkenbach, H.; Audrieth, L. F. J. Chem. Educ. 1945, 22, 522-524. Harris, B. W. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 541-544.
106. Meyer, V.; Jacobson, P. Lehrbuch der Organischen Chemie, Vol. 1, 2nd ed.; Walter de Gruyter: Berlin & Leipzig, 1903-1920; Part 2, p 1302. Rinkenbach, H.; Audrieth, L. F. J. Chem. Educ. 1945, 22, 522-524. Harris, B. W. J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 541-544.
107. Urbanski, T. Chemistry and Technology of Explosives, Vol. 3; Pergamon: Oxford, 1967; pp 149-156.
108. Knoll, R. Das Knallquecksilber und Ahnliche Sprengstoffe; A. Hartleben: Wien & Leipzig, 1908.
109. de Mosenthal, H. J. Soc. Chem. Ind. (London) 1899, 8, 443-451. Thompson, A. F. J. Chem Educ. 1943, 20, 151-154.
110. de Mosenthal, H. J. Soc. Chem. Ind. (London) 1899, 8, 443-451. Thompson, A. F. J. Chem Educ. 1943, 20, 151-154.
111. Nobel, A. Manufacturing and Applying Explosive Compounds; Br. Patent 1813, Jul 20, 1864; Improvements in Explosive Compounds and in the Means of Igniting the Same; Br. Patent 1345, May 7, 1867; Improvements in Explosive Compounds; Br. Patent 4179, Jun 2, 1875.
112. Nobel, A. J. Soc. Arts 1875, 23, 611-626.